Amended IN Senate June 11, 2018 CALIFORNIA LEGISLATURE 20172018 REGULAR SESSION Assembly Bill No. 2469Introduced by Assembly Member BermanFebruary 14, 2018 An act to amend Section 25605 of add Section 23378.05 to the Business and Professions Code, relating to alcoholic beverages. LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL'S DIGESTAB 2469, as amended, Berman. Alcoholic beverages: off-site licensees. beer wholesalers: beer sales.Existing law, the Alcoholic Beverage Control Act, is administered by the Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control to prevent unlicensed manufacturing, selling, and disposing of alcoholic beverages, among other things. Existing law prohibits an off-sale licensee from delivering alcoholic beverages from an order received over the telephone or other electronic means without proof of age and identity, as specified, when the beverages are delivered. and regulates the granting of licenses for the manufacture, distribution, and sale of alcoholic beverages within the state. Under existing law, any violation of the Alcoholic Beverage Control Act is a misdemeanor, as provided.This bill would additionally prohibit an off-sale licensee from delivering alcoholic beverages from an order received by digital means without proof of age and identity. require a beer wholesaler to comply with specified requirements for any sale or offer of sale of beer within the state. By expanding existing crimes by imposing additional duties on a licensee under the Alcoholic Beverage Control Act, the bill would impose a state-mandated local program.The California Constitution requires the state to reimburse local agencies and school districts for certain costs mandated by the state. Statutory provisions establish procedures for making that reimbursement.This bill would provide that no reimbursement is required by this act for a specified reason.Digest Key Vote: MAJORITY Appropriation: NO Fiscal Committee: YES Local Program: YES Bill TextThe people of the State of California do enact as follows:SECTION 1.Section 25605 of the Business and Professions Code is amended to read:25605.No off-sale licensee shall deliver any alcoholic beverages pursuant to orders received for alcoholic beverages by telephone or other electronic or digital means unless upon delivery the recipient shall be able to furnish proof of age and identity to indicate that he or she is 21 years of age or over.SECTION 1. Section 23378.05 is added to the Business and Professions Code, to read:23378.05. (a) For any sale or offer of sale of beer by a beer wholesaler within the state, the beer wholesaler shall comply with all of the following:(1) The beer wholesaler shall file and maintain with the department a written territorial agreement with each beer manufacturer prior to the wholesalers sale or offer of sale of each beer manufacturers beer.(2) The beer wholesaler shall file prices with the department for each beer manufacturers beer prior to the wholesalers sale or offer of sale of each manufacturers beer.(3) (A) The beer wholesaler shall own or lease a warehouse sufficient to store at one time either a stock of beer equal to 10 percent or more of the wholesalers annual volume of beer case and keg sales to retailers within this state or whose cost of acquisition is one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) or more.(B) The beer wholesaler shall maintain at all times in a warehouse either owned or leased by the wholesaler a stock of beer equal to not less than 5 percent of the wholesalers annual volume of beer case and keg sales to retailers within this state or whose cost of acquisition is one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) or more.(C) If a beer wholesaler has more than one leased or owned licensed warehouse premises, the wholesaler shall be required to comply with the conditions of subparagraphs (A) and (B) only in connection with one licensed warehouse premises.(4) The beer wholesaler shall receive all beer for sale at the wholesalers licensed warehouse premises, unload and maintain beer on the premises, and record the beer into the wholesalers inventory and for the California Beverage Container Recycling and Litter Reduction Act, prior to any sale or reloading for delivery.(5) The beer wholesaler shall sell only beer that the wholesaler owns and has in physical possession and that is not acquired, held, or offered for sale under consignment.(6) The beer wholesaler shall sell beer only from the wholesalers licensed warehouse premises or pursuant to Section 23388.(7) The beer wholesaler shall deliver all beer sold to retailers for delivery from the wholesalers licensed warehouse premises only with equipment owned, leased, or rented by the wholesaler.(8) The beer wholesaler shall sell beer for resale generally and not to a single retailer or retailers that have a direct or indirect interest in the wholesaler or in each other and that are owned in whole or in part or managed or controlled directly or indirectly by the retailer or retailers.(b) For purposes of this section, beer manufacturer means any holder of a beer manufacturers license, any holder of an out-of-state beer manufacturers certificate, or any holder of a beer and wine importers general license.SEC. 2. No reimbursement is required by this act pursuant to Section 6 of Article XIIIB of the California Constitution because the only costs that may be incurred by a local agency or school district will be incurred because this act creates a new crime or infraction, eliminates a crime or infraction, or changes the penalty for a crime or infraction, within the meaning of Section 17556 of the Government Code, or changes the definition of a crime within the meaning of Section 6 of Article XIIIB of the California Constitution. Amended IN Senate June 11, 2018 CALIFORNIA LEGISLATURE 20172018 REGULAR SESSION Assembly Bill No. 2469Introduced by Assembly Member BermanFebruary 14, 2018 An act to amend Section 25605 of add Section 23378.05 to the Business and Professions Code, relating to alcoholic beverages. LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL'S DIGESTAB 2469, as amended, Berman. Alcoholic beverages: off-site licensees. beer wholesalers: beer sales.Existing law, the Alcoholic Beverage Control Act, is administered by the Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control to prevent unlicensed manufacturing, selling, and disposing of alcoholic beverages, among other things. Existing law prohibits an off-sale licensee from delivering alcoholic beverages from an order received over the telephone or other electronic means without proof of age and identity, as specified, when the beverages are delivered. and regulates the granting of licenses for the manufacture, distribution, and sale of alcoholic beverages within the state. Under existing law, any violation of the Alcoholic Beverage Control Act is a misdemeanor, as provided.This bill would additionally prohibit an off-sale licensee from delivering alcoholic beverages from an order received by digital means without proof of age and identity. require a beer wholesaler to comply with specified requirements for any sale or offer of sale of beer within the state. By expanding existing crimes by imposing additional duties on a licensee under the Alcoholic Beverage Control Act, the bill would impose a state-mandated local program.The California Constitution requires the state to reimburse local agencies and school districts for certain costs mandated by the state. Statutory provisions establish procedures for making that reimbursement.This bill would provide that no reimbursement is required by this act for a specified reason.Digest Key Vote: MAJORITY Appropriation: NO Fiscal Committee: YES Local Program: YES Amended IN Senate June 11, 2018 Amended IN Senate June 11, 2018 CALIFORNIA LEGISLATURE 20172018 REGULAR SESSION Assembly Bill No. 2469 Introduced by Assembly Member BermanFebruary 14, 2018 Introduced by Assembly Member Berman February 14, 2018 An act to amend Section 25605 of add Section 23378.05 to the Business and Professions Code, relating to alcoholic beverages. LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL'S DIGEST ## LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL'S DIGEST AB 2469, as amended, Berman. Alcoholic beverages: off-site licensees. beer wholesalers: beer sales. Existing law, the Alcoholic Beverage Control Act, is administered by the Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control to prevent unlicensed manufacturing, selling, and disposing of alcoholic beverages, among other things. Existing law prohibits an off-sale licensee from delivering alcoholic beverages from an order received over the telephone or other electronic means without proof of age and identity, as specified, when the beverages are delivered. and regulates the granting of licenses for the manufacture, distribution, and sale of alcoholic beverages within the state. Under existing law, any violation of the Alcoholic Beverage Control Act is a misdemeanor, as provided.This bill would additionally prohibit an off-sale licensee from delivering alcoholic beverages from an order received by digital means without proof of age and identity. require a beer wholesaler to comply with specified requirements for any sale or offer of sale of beer within the state. By expanding existing crimes by imposing additional duties on a licensee under the Alcoholic Beverage Control Act, the bill would impose a state-mandated local program.The California Constitution requires the state to reimburse local agencies and school districts for certain costs mandated by the state. Statutory provisions establish procedures for making that reimbursement.This bill would provide that no reimbursement is required by this act for a specified reason. Existing law, the Alcoholic Beverage Control Act, is administered by the Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control to prevent unlicensed manufacturing, selling, and disposing of alcoholic beverages, among other things. Existing law prohibits an off-sale licensee from delivering alcoholic beverages from an order received over the telephone or other electronic means without proof of age and identity, as specified, when the beverages are delivered. and regulates the granting of licenses for the manufacture, distribution, and sale of alcoholic beverages within the state. Under existing law, any violation of the Alcoholic Beverage Control Act is a misdemeanor, as provided. This bill would additionally prohibit an off-sale licensee from delivering alcoholic beverages from an order received by digital means without proof of age and identity. require a beer wholesaler to comply with specified requirements for any sale or offer of sale of beer within the state. By expanding existing crimes by imposing additional duties on a licensee under the Alcoholic Beverage Control Act, the bill would impose a state-mandated local program. The California Constitution requires the state to reimburse local agencies and school districts for certain costs mandated by the state. Statutory provisions establish procedures for making that reimbursement. This bill would provide that no reimbursement is required by this act for a specified reason. ## Digest Key ## Bill Text The people of the State of California do enact as follows:SECTION 1.Section 25605 of the Business and Professions Code is amended to read:25605.No off-sale licensee shall deliver any alcoholic beverages pursuant to orders received for alcoholic beverages by telephone or other electronic or digital means unless upon delivery the recipient shall be able to furnish proof of age and identity to indicate that he or she is 21 years of age or over.SECTION 1. Section 23378.05 is added to the Business and Professions Code, to read:23378.05. (a) For any sale or offer of sale of beer by a beer wholesaler within the state, the beer wholesaler shall comply with all of the following:(1) The beer wholesaler shall file and maintain with the department a written territorial agreement with each beer manufacturer prior to the wholesalers sale or offer of sale of each beer manufacturers beer.(2) The beer wholesaler shall file prices with the department for each beer manufacturers beer prior to the wholesalers sale or offer of sale of each manufacturers beer.(3) (A) The beer wholesaler shall own or lease a warehouse sufficient to store at one time either a stock of beer equal to 10 percent or more of the wholesalers annual volume of beer case and keg sales to retailers within this state or whose cost of acquisition is one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) or more.(B) The beer wholesaler shall maintain at all times in a warehouse either owned or leased by the wholesaler a stock of beer equal to not less than 5 percent of the wholesalers annual volume of beer case and keg sales to retailers within this state or whose cost of acquisition is one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) or more.(C) If a beer wholesaler has more than one leased or owned licensed warehouse premises, the wholesaler shall be required to comply with the conditions of subparagraphs (A) and (B) only in connection with one licensed warehouse premises.(4) The beer wholesaler shall receive all beer for sale at the wholesalers licensed warehouse premises, unload and maintain beer on the premises, and record the beer into the wholesalers inventory and for the California Beverage Container Recycling and Litter Reduction Act, prior to any sale or reloading for delivery.(5) The beer wholesaler shall sell only beer that the wholesaler owns and has in physical possession and that is not acquired, held, or offered for sale under consignment.(6) The beer wholesaler shall sell beer only from the wholesalers licensed warehouse premises or pursuant to Section 23388.(7) The beer wholesaler shall deliver all beer sold to retailers for delivery from the wholesalers licensed warehouse premises only with equipment owned, leased, or rented by the wholesaler.(8) The beer wholesaler shall sell beer for resale generally and not to a single retailer or retailers that have a direct or indirect interest in the wholesaler or in each other and that are owned in whole or in part or managed or controlled directly or indirectly by the retailer or retailers.(b) For purposes of this section, beer manufacturer means any holder of a beer manufacturers license, any holder of an out-of-state beer manufacturers certificate, or any holder of a beer and wine importers general license.SEC. 2. No reimbursement is required by this act pursuant to Section 6 of Article XIIIB of the California Constitution because the only costs that may be incurred by a local agency or school district will be incurred because this act creates a new crime or infraction, eliminates a crime or infraction, or changes the penalty for a crime or infraction, within the meaning of Section 17556 of the Government Code, or changes the definition of a crime within the meaning of Section 6 of Article XIIIB of the California Constitution. The people of the State of California do enact as follows: ## The people of the State of California do enact as follows: No off-sale licensee shall deliver any alcoholic beverages pursuant to orders received for alcoholic beverages by telephone or other electronic or digital means unless upon delivery the recipient shall be able to furnish proof of age and identity to indicate that he or she is 21 years of age or over. SECTION 1. Section 23378.05 is added to the Business and Professions Code, to read:23378.05. (a) For any sale or offer of sale of beer by a beer wholesaler within the state, the beer wholesaler shall comply with all of the following:(1) The beer wholesaler shall file and maintain with the department a written territorial agreement with each beer manufacturer prior to the wholesalers sale or offer of sale of each beer manufacturers beer.(2) The beer wholesaler shall file prices with the department for each beer manufacturers beer prior to the wholesalers sale or offer of sale of each manufacturers beer.(3) (A) The beer wholesaler shall own or lease a warehouse sufficient to store at one time either a stock of beer equal to 10 percent or more of the wholesalers annual volume of beer case and keg sales to retailers within this state or whose cost of acquisition is one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) or more.(B) The beer wholesaler shall maintain at all times in a warehouse either owned or leased by the wholesaler a stock of beer equal to not less than 5 percent of the wholesalers annual volume of beer case and keg sales to retailers within this state or whose cost of acquisition is one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) or more.(C) If a beer wholesaler has more than one leased or owned licensed warehouse premises, the wholesaler shall be required to comply with the conditions of subparagraphs (A) and (B) only in connection with one licensed warehouse premises.(4) The beer wholesaler shall receive all beer for sale at the wholesalers licensed warehouse premises, unload and maintain beer on the premises, and record the beer into the wholesalers inventory and for the California Beverage Container Recycling and Litter Reduction Act, prior to any sale or reloading for delivery.(5) The beer wholesaler shall sell only beer that the wholesaler owns and has in physical possession and that is not acquired, held, or offered for sale under consignment.(6) The beer wholesaler shall sell beer only from the wholesalers licensed warehouse premises or pursuant to Section 23388.(7) The beer wholesaler shall deliver all beer sold to retailers for delivery from the wholesalers licensed warehouse premises only with equipment owned, leased, or rented by the wholesaler.(8) The beer wholesaler shall sell beer for resale generally and not to a single retailer or retailers that have a direct or indirect interest in the wholesaler or in each other and that are owned in whole or in part or managed or controlled directly or indirectly by the retailer or retailers.(b) For purposes of this section, beer manufacturer means any holder of a beer manufacturers license, any holder of an out-of-state beer manufacturers certificate, or any holder of a beer and wine importers general license. SECTION 1. Section 23378.05 is added to the Business and Professions Code, to read: ### SECTION 1. 23378.05. (a) For any sale or offer of sale of beer by a beer wholesaler within the state, the beer wholesaler shall comply with all of the following:(1) The beer wholesaler shall file and maintain with the department a written territorial agreement with each beer manufacturer prior to the wholesalers sale or offer of sale of each beer manufacturers beer.(2) The beer wholesaler shall file prices with the department for each beer manufacturers beer prior to the wholesalers sale or offer of sale of each manufacturers beer.(3) (A) The beer wholesaler shall own or lease a warehouse sufficient to store at one time either a stock of beer equal to 10 percent or more of the wholesalers annual volume of beer case and keg sales to retailers within this state or whose cost of acquisition is one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) or more.(B) The beer wholesaler shall maintain at all times in a warehouse either owned or leased by the wholesaler a stock of beer equal to not less than 5 percent of the wholesalers annual volume of beer case and keg sales to retailers within this state or whose cost of acquisition is one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) or more.(C) If a beer wholesaler has more than one leased or owned licensed warehouse premises, the wholesaler shall be required to comply with the conditions of subparagraphs (A) and (B) only in connection with one licensed warehouse premises.(4) The beer wholesaler shall receive all beer for sale at the wholesalers licensed warehouse premises, unload and maintain beer on the premises, and record the beer into the wholesalers inventory and for the California Beverage Container Recycling and Litter Reduction Act, prior to any sale or reloading for delivery.(5) The beer wholesaler shall sell only beer that the wholesaler owns and has in physical possession and that is not acquired, held, or offered for sale under consignment.(6) The beer wholesaler shall sell beer only from the wholesalers licensed warehouse premises or pursuant to Section 23388.(7) The beer wholesaler shall deliver all beer sold to retailers for delivery from the wholesalers licensed warehouse premises only with equipment owned, leased, or rented by the wholesaler.(8) The beer wholesaler shall sell beer for resale generally and not to a single retailer or retailers that have a direct or indirect interest in the wholesaler or in each other and that are owned in whole or in part or managed or controlled directly or indirectly by the retailer or retailers.(b) For purposes of this section, beer manufacturer means any holder of a beer manufacturers license, any holder of an out-of-state beer manufacturers certificate, or any holder of a beer and wine importers general license. 23378.05. (a) For any sale or offer of sale of beer by a beer wholesaler within the state, the beer wholesaler shall comply with all of the following:(1) The beer wholesaler shall file and maintain with the department a written territorial agreement with each beer manufacturer prior to the wholesalers sale or offer of sale of each beer manufacturers beer.(2) The beer wholesaler shall file prices with the department for each beer manufacturers beer prior to the wholesalers sale or offer of sale of each manufacturers beer.(3) (A) The beer wholesaler shall own or lease a warehouse sufficient to store at one time either a stock of beer equal to 10 percent or more of the wholesalers annual volume of beer case and keg sales to retailers within this state or whose cost of acquisition is one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) or more.(B) The beer wholesaler shall maintain at all times in a warehouse either owned or leased by the wholesaler a stock of beer equal to not less than 5 percent of the wholesalers annual volume of beer case and keg sales to retailers within this state or whose cost of acquisition is one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) or more.(C) If a beer wholesaler has more than one leased or owned licensed warehouse premises, the wholesaler shall be required to comply with the conditions of subparagraphs (A) and (B) only in connection with one licensed warehouse premises.(4) The beer wholesaler shall receive all beer for sale at the wholesalers licensed warehouse premises, unload and maintain beer on the premises, and record the beer into the wholesalers inventory and for the California Beverage Container Recycling and Litter Reduction Act, prior to any sale or reloading for delivery.(5) The beer wholesaler shall sell only beer that the wholesaler owns and has in physical possession and that is not acquired, held, or offered for sale under consignment.(6) The beer wholesaler shall sell beer only from the wholesalers licensed warehouse premises or pursuant to Section 23388.(7) The beer wholesaler shall deliver all beer sold to retailers for delivery from the wholesalers licensed warehouse premises only with equipment owned, leased, or rented by the wholesaler.(8) The beer wholesaler shall sell beer for resale generally and not to a single retailer or retailers that have a direct or indirect interest in the wholesaler or in each other and that are owned in whole or in part or managed or controlled directly or indirectly by the retailer or retailers.(b) For purposes of this section, beer manufacturer means any holder of a beer manufacturers license, any holder of an out-of-state beer manufacturers certificate, or any holder of a beer and wine importers general license. 23378.05. (a) For any sale or offer of sale of beer by a beer wholesaler within the state, the beer wholesaler shall comply with all of the following:(1) The beer wholesaler shall file and maintain with the department a written territorial agreement with each beer manufacturer prior to the wholesalers sale or offer of sale of each beer manufacturers beer.(2) The beer wholesaler shall file prices with the department for each beer manufacturers beer prior to the wholesalers sale or offer of sale of each manufacturers beer.(3) (A) The beer wholesaler shall own or lease a warehouse sufficient to store at one time either a stock of beer equal to 10 percent or more of the wholesalers annual volume of beer case and keg sales to retailers within this state or whose cost of acquisition is one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) or more.(B) The beer wholesaler shall maintain at all times in a warehouse either owned or leased by the wholesaler a stock of beer equal to not less than 5 percent of the wholesalers annual volume of beer case and keg sales to retailers within this state or whose cost of acquisition is one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) or more.(C) If a beer wholesaler has more than one leased or owned licensed warehouse premises, the wholesaler shall be required to comply with the conditions of subparagraphs (A) and (B) only in connection with one licensed warehouse premises.(4) The beer wholesaler shall receive all beer for sale at the wholesalers licensed warehouse premises, unload and maintain beer on the premises, and record the beer into the wholesalers inventory and for the California Beverage Container Recycling and Litter Reduction Act, prior to any sale or reloading for delivery.(5) The beer wholesaler shall sell only beer that the wholesaler owns and has in physical possession and that is not acquired, held, or offered for sale under consignment.(6) The beer wholesaler shall sell beer only from the wholesalers licensed warehouse premises or pursuant to Section 23388.(7) The beer wholesaler shall deliver all beer sold to retailers for delivery from the wholesalers licensed warehouse premises only with equipment owned, leased, or rented by the wholesaler.(8) The beer wholesaler shall sell beer for resale generally and not to a single retailer or retailers that have a direct or indirect interest in the wholesaler or in each other and that are owned in whole or in part or managed or controlled directly or indirectly by the retailer or retailers.(b) For purposes of this section, beer manufacturer means any holder of a beer manufacturers license, any holder of an out-of-state beer manufacturers certificate, or any holder of a beer and wine importers general license. 23378.05. (a) For any sale or offer of sale of beer by a beer wholesaler within the state, the beer wholesaler shall comply with all of the following: (1) The beer wholesaler shall file and maintain with the department a written territorial agreement with each beer manufacturer prior to the wholesalers sale or offer of sale of each beer manufacturers beer. (2) The beer wholesaler shall file prices with the department for each beer manufacturers beer prior to the wholesalers sale or offer of sale of each manufacturers beer. (3) (A) The beer wholesaler shall own or lease a warehouse sufficient to store at one time either a stock of beer equal to 10 percent or more of the wholesalers annual volume of beer case and keg sales to retailers within this state or whose cost of acquisition is one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) or more. (B) The beer wholesaler shall maintain at all times in a warehouse either owned or leased by the wholesaler a stock of beer equal to not less than 5 percent of the wholesalers annual volume of beer case and keg sales to retailers within this state or whose cost of acquisition is one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) or more. (C) If a beer wholesaler has more than one leased or owned licensed warehouse premises, the wholesaler shall be required to comply with the conditions of subparagraphs (A) and (B) only in connection with one licensed warehouse premises. (4) The beer wholesaler shall receive all beer for sale at the wholesalers licensed warehouse premises, unload and maintain beer on the premises, and record the beer into the wholesalers inventory and for the California Beverage Container Recycling and Litter Reduction Act, prior to any sale or reloading for delivery. (5) The beer wholesaler shall sell only beer that the wholesaler owns and has in physical possession and that is not acquired, held, or offered for sale under consignment. (6) The beer wholesaler shall sell beer only from the wholesalers licensed warehouse premises or pursuant to Section 23388. (7) The beer wholesaler shall deliver all beer sold to retailers for delivery from the wholesalers licensed warehouse premises only with equipment owned, leased, or rented by the wholesaler. (8) The beer wholesaler shall sell beer for resale generally and not to a single retailer or retailers that have a direct or indirect interest in the wholesaler or in each other and that are owned in whole or in part or managed or controlled directly or indirectly by the retailer or retailers. (b) For purposes of this section, beer manufacturer means any holder of a beer manufacturers license, any holder of an out-of-state beer manufacturers certificate, or any holder of a beer and wine importers general license. SEC. 2. No reimbursement is required by this act pursuant to Section 6 of Article XIIIB of the California Constitution because the only costs that may be incurred by a local agency or school district will be incurred because this act creates a new crime or infraction, eliminates a crime or infraction, or changes the penalty for a crime or infraction, within the meaning of Section 17556 of the Government Code, or changes the definition of a crime within the meaning of Section 6 of Article XIIIB of the California Constitution. SEC. 2. No reimbursement is required by this act pursuant to Section 6 of Article XIIIB of the California Constitution because the only costs that may be incurred by a local agency or school district will be incurred because this act creates a new crime or infraction, eliminates a crime or infraction, or changes the penalty for a crime or infraction, within the meaning of Section 17556 of the Government Code, or changes the definition of a crime within the meaning of Section 6 of Article XIIIB of the California Constitution. SEC. 2. No reimbursement is required by this act pursuant to Section 6 of Article XIIIB of the California Constitution because the only costs that may be incurred by a local agency or school district will be incurred because this act creates a new crime or infraction, eliminates a crime or infraction, or changes the penalty for a crime or infraction, within the meaning of Section 17556 of the Government Code, or changes the definition of a crime within the meaning of Section 6 of Article XIIIB of the California Constitution. ### SEC. 2.