First Regular Session
Seventy-fourth General Assembly
STATE OF COLORADO
REVISED
This Version Includes All Amendments Adopted
on Second Reading in the Second House
LLS NO. 23-0162.03 Jacob Baus x2173
HOUSE BILL 23-1013
House Committees Senate Committees
Judiciary Judiciary
Appropriations Appropriations
A BILL FOR AN ACT
C
ONCERNING MEASURES TO REGULA TE THE USE OF RESTRICTIVE101
PRACTICES ON INDIVIDUALS IN CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES , AND,
102
IN CONNECTION THEREWITH , MAKING AN APPROPRIATION .103
Bill Summary
(Note: This summary applies to this bill as introduced and does
not reflect any amendments that may be subsequently adopted. If this bill
passes third reading in the house of introduction, a bill summary that
applies to the reengrossed version of this bill will be available at
http://leg.colorado.gov/
.)
Legislative Oversight Committee Concerning the Treatment
of Persons with Behavioral Health Disorders in the Criminal and
Juvenile Justice Systems. The bill prohibits the use of a clinical restraint
on an individual, unless:
! The use is to prevent the individual from committing
SENATE
Amended 2nd Reading
May 2, 2023
HOUSE
3rd Reading Unamended
April 24, 2023
HOUSE
Amended 2nd Reading
April 21, 2023
HOUSE SPONSORSHIP
Amabile, Bacon, Bird, Boesenecker, Brown, deGruy Kennedy, Dickson, Froelich, Gonzales-
Gutierrez, Herod, Jodeh, Lindsay, Lindstedt, Mabrey, Michaelson Jenet, Ortiz, Parenti,
Sharbini, Sirota, Snyder, Story, Velasco, Weissman, Willford, Woodrow, Young
SENATE SPONSORSHIP
Fields and Rodriguez,
Shading denotes HOUSE amendment. Double underlining denotes SENATE amendment.
Capital letters or bold & italic numbers indicate new material to be added to existing law.
Dashes through the words or numbers indicate deletions from existing law. imminent and serious harm to the individual's self or
another person, based on immediately present evidence and
circumstances;
! All less restrictive interventions have been exhausted; and
! The clinical restraint is ordered by a licensed mental health
provider.
The bill requires facilities that utilize clinical restraints to
implement procedures to ensure frequent and consistent monitoring for
the individual subjected to the clinical restraint and uniform
documentation procedures concerning the use of the clinical restraint.
The bill limits the amount of time an individual may be subjected
to a clinical restraint per each restraint episode and within a calendar year.
The bill prohibits the use of an involuntary medication on an
individual, unless:
! The individual is determined to be dangerous to the
individual's self or another person and the treatment is in
the individual's medical interest;
! All less restrictive alternative interventions have been
exhausted; and
! The involuntary medication is administered after
exhaustion of procedural requirements that ensure a
hearing, opportunity for review, and right to counsel.
The bill requires the department of corrections (department) to
submit an annual report to the judiciary committees of the senate and
house of representatives with data concerning the use of clinical restraints
and involuntary medication in the preceding calendar year.
The bill requires the department to include specific data
concerning the placement of individuals in settings with heightened
restrictions in its annual administrative segregation report.
Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Colorado:1
SECTION 1. In Colorado Revised Statutes, add 17-1-167 as2
follows:3
17-1-167. Use of restraints for state inmates - criteria -4
documentation - intake assessment - report - rules - definitions.5
(1) BY JULY 1, 2027, THE DEPARTMENT SHALL IMPLEMENT POLICIES AND6
PRACTICES THAT CONFORM TO THE MINIMUM STANDARDS PRESCRIBED BY7
THE MOST UPDATED RESTRAINT AND SECLUSION STANDARDS OF THE8
1013-2- NATIONAL COMMISSION ON CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE . THE1
DEPARTMENT SHALL CONTINUOUSLY AMEND ITS PRACTICES AND POLICIES2
TO COMPLY, AT A MINIMUM, WITH THE THOSE MINIMUM STANDARDS .3
(2) (a) A FACILITY OR QUALIFIED FACILITY SHALL ENSURE THAT4
THE USE OF RESTRAINT IS DOCUMENTED AND MAINTAINED IN THE5
ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORD OF THE INDIVIDUAL WHO WAS RESTRAINED.6
AT A MINIMUM, THE FACILITY OR QUALIFIED FACILITY SHALL DOCUMENT:7
(I) THE ORDER FOR CLINICAL RESTRAINT, THE DATE AND TIME OF8
THE ORDER, AND THE SIGNATURE OF THE LICENSED OR LICENSE-ELIGIBLE9
MENTAL HEALTH PROVIDER WHO ISSUED THE CLINICAL RESTRAINT ORDER.10
IF THE ORDER IS AUTHORIZED BY TELEPHONE , THE ORDER MUST BE11
TRANSCRIBED AND SIGNED AT THE TIME OF ISSUANCE BY A PERSON WITH12
AUTHORITY TO ACCEPT ORDERS. THE ORDERING LICENSED OR LICENSE-13
ELIGIBLE MENTAL HEALTH PROVIDER SHALL SIGN THE ORDER AS SOON AS14
PRACTICABLE.15
(II) A CLEAR EXPLANATION OF THE CLINICAL BASIS FOR USE OF THE16
CLINICAL RESTRAINT, INCLUDING THE LESS-INTRUSIVE INTERVENTIONS17
THAT WERE EMPLOYED AND FAILED, AND EVIDENCE OF THE IMMEDIATE18
CIRCUMSTANCES JUSTIFYING THE BELIEF THAT THE USE OF RESTRAINT WAS19
TO PREVENT THE INDIVIDUAL FROM COMMITTING IMMINENT AND SERIOUS20
HARM TO THE INDIVIDUAL'S SELF OR ANOTHER PERSON;21
(III) THE SPECIFIC BEHAVIORAL CRITERIA THE INDIVIDUAL MUST22
EXHIBIT FOR THE CLINICAL RESTRAINT EPISODE TO BE TERMINATED ;23
(IV) ANY MODIFICATIONS TO THE ORDER , AND THE TIME AND24
DATE, AND THE SIGNATURE OF THE LICENSED OR LICENSE-ELIGIBLE25
MENTAL HEALTH PROVIDER, OR MENTAL HEALTH CLINICIAN AS DEFINED BY26
DEPARTMENT RULE OR DESIGNATED BY THE DEPARTMENT, WHO MODIFIES27
1013
-3- THE ORDER;1
(V) THE DATE AND TIME OF AN ORDER MODIFICATION, THE DATE2
AND TIME OF THE MODIFICATION, AND THE SIGNATURE OF THE LICENSED3
OR LICENSE-ELIGIBLE MENTAL HEALTH PROVIDER, OR MENTAL HEALTH4
CLINICIAN AS DEFINED BY DEPARTMENT RULE OR DESIGNATED BY THE5
DEPARTMENT, WHO ISSUED THE CLINICAL RESTRAINT ORDER. IF THE ORDER6
IS MODIFIED BY TELEPHONE, THE MODIFICATION MUST BE TRANSCRIBED7
AND SIGNED AT THE TIME OF ISSUANCE BY A PERSON WITH AUTHORITY TO8
ACCEPT THE MODIFICATION . THE ORDERING LICENSED OR9
LICENSE-ELIGIBLE MENTAL HEALTH PROVIDER, OR MENTAL HEALTH10
CLINICIAN AS DEFINED BY DEPARTMENT RULE OR DESIGNATED BY THE11
DEPARTMENT, SHALL SIGN THE ORDER AS SOON AS PRACTICABLE ; AND12
(VI) THE DATE AND TIME OF THE TERMINATION OF THE ORDER, THE13
SIGNATURE OF THE PERSON WHO TERMINATED THE ORDER , THE14
OBSERVATIONS, AND EVIDENCE THAT THE INDIVIDUAL EXHIBITED15
BEHAVIOR JUSTIFYING THE TERMINATION OF THE ORDER .16
(b) THE FACILITY OR QUALIFIED FACILITY SHALL ENSURE THE17
DOCUMENTATION AND RETENTION REQUIRED PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION18
ARE CONDUCTED PURSUANT TO ALL APPLICABLE STATE AND FEDERAL19
LAWS REGARDING THE CONFIDENTIALITY OF THE INDIVIDUAL 'S20
INFORMATION AND SHALL ENSURE AN INDIVIDUAL MAY ACCESS THE21
INFORMATION OR DEMAND RELEASE OF THE INFORMATION TO A THIRD22
PARTY.23
(3) A QUALIFIED FACILITY SHALL PERFORM AN EVALUATION UPON24
EVERY INDIVIDUAL'S INTAKE TO THE RESPECTIVE FACILITY FOR THE25
PURPOSE OF ASSESSING THE INDIVIDUAL'S RISK OF SELF-HARM BEHAVIORS26
AND WHETHER THE INDIVIDUAL HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY SUBJECTED TO27
1013
-4- CLINICAL FOUR-POINT RESTRAINTS. A LICENSED OR LICENSE-ELIGIBLE1
MENTAL HEALTH PROVIDER, MENTAL HEALTH CLINICIAN AS DEFINED BY2
DEPARTMENT RULE OR DESIGNATED BY THE DEPARTMENT, QUALIFIED3
HEALTH-CARE PROVIDER, OR MENTAL HEALTH ADMINISTRATOR SHALL4
INITIATE APPROPRIATE SAFETY PLANNING TO ADDRESS CONCERNS AND5
ATTEMPT TO AVOID THE USE OF CLINICAL RESTRAINTS , IF POSSIBLE.6
(4) (a) SUBJECT TO THE PROVISIONS OF THIS SECTION, A QUALIFIED7
FACILITY SHALL NOT USE AN INVOLUNTARY MEDICATION ON AN8
INDIVIDUAL UNLESS:9
(I) THE INDIVIDUAL IS DETERMINED TO BE DANGEROUS TO THE10
INDIVIDUAL'S SELF OR ANOTHER PERSON, AND THE TREATMENT IS IN THE11
INDIVIDUAL'S MEDICAL INTEREST;12
(II) THE QUALIFIED FACILITY HAS EXHAUSTED ALL13
LESS-RESTRICTIVE ALTERNATIVE INTERVENTIONS ;14
(III) THE INVOLUNTARY MEDICATION IS ADMINISTERED AFTER15
EXHAUSTION OF PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS ESTABLISHED PURSUANT TO16
THIS SECTION; AND17
(IV) THE MAJORITY OF THE INVOLUNTARY MEDICATION18
COMMITTEE DESCRIBED IN SUBSECTION (4)(b) OF THIS SECTION APPROVES19
OF THE INVOLUNTARY MEDICATION .20
(b) THE QUALIFIED FACILITY SHALL CONVENE AN INVOLUNTARY21
MEDICATION COMMITTEE, COMPRISED OF A LICENSED PSYCHIATRIST, A22
LICENSED PSYCHOLOGIST, A LICENSED OR LICENSE-ELIGIBLE MENTAL23
HEALTH PROVIDER, AND THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE QUALIFIED FACILITY24
OR THE SUPERINTENDENT'S DESIGNEE.25
(c) AN ORDER FOR AN INVOLUNTARY MEDICATION MUST NOT :26
(I) EXCEED ONE HUNDRED EIGHTY DAYS FROM THE DATE OF THE27
1013
-5- ORDER; AND1
(II) PERMIT THE USE OF MORE THAN TEN DIFFERENT PSYCHOTROPIC2
MEDICATIONS DURING THE ONE HUNDRED EIGHTY-DAY PERIOD. THIS DOES3
NOT LIMIT THE AMOUNT OF DOSES OF THE MEDICATIONS TO BE4
ADMINISTERED, AS MEDICALLY APPROPRIATE.5
(d) A QUALIFIED FACILITY SHALL ENSURE THAT THE USE OF6
INVOLUNTARY MEDICATION IS DOCUMENTED AND MAINTAINED IN THE7
INDIVIDUAL'S ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORD. AT A MINIMUM, THE8
QUALIFIED FACILITY SHALL DOCUMENT :9
(I) THE ORDER FOR INVOLUNTARY MEDICATION ;10
(II) THE DATE AND TIME OF THE ORDER; AND11
(III) A CLEAR EXPLANATION OF THE CLINICAL BASIS FOR USE OF12
THE INVOLUNTARY MEDICATION, INCLUDING THE LESS-INTRUSIVE13
INTERVENTIONS THAT WERE EMPLOYED AND FAILED AND EVIDENCE OF THE14
IMMEDIATE CIRCUMSTANCES JUSTIFYING THE DETERMINATION THAT THE15
INDIVIDUAL IS DANGEROUS TO THE INDIVIDUAL 'S SELF OR ANOTHER16
PERSON AND THAT THE TREATMENT IS IN THE INDIVI DUAL'S MEDICAL17
INTEREST.18
(e) THE FACILITY OR QUALIFIED FACILITY SHALL ENSURE THE19
DOCUMENTATION AND MAINTENANCE REQUIRED PURSUANT TO THIS20
SECTION ARE CONDUCTED PURSUANT TO ALL APPLICABLE STATE AND21
FEDERAL LAWS REGARDING THE CONFIDENTIALITY OF THE INFORMATION.22
(f) THIS SUBSECTION (4) DOES NOT APPLY TO EMERGENCY23
MEDICINE ADMINISTERED PURSUANT TO DEPARTMENT POLICY .24
(5) (a) ON OR BEFORE JANUARY 1, 2024 AND ON OR BEFORE25
JANUARY 1 EACH YEAR THEREAFTER, THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF THE26
DEPARTMENT SHALL SUBMIT A REPORT TO THE JUDICIARY COMMITTEES OF27
1013
-6- THE SENATE AND HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES , OR ANY SUCCESSOR1
COMMITTEES, CONCERNING THE USE OF CLINICAL RESTRAINTS AND2
INVOLUNTARY MEDICATION IN THE PRECEDING CALENDAR YEAR. AT A3
MINIMUM, THE REPORT MUST INCLUDE:4
(I) THE TOTAL NUMBER OF CLINICAL AMBULATORY RESTRAINT5
EPISODES AND CLINICAL FOUR-POINT RESTRAINT EPISODES;6
(II) THE TOTAL NUMBER OF INVOLUNTARY MEDICATION ORDERS7
ISSUED;8
(III) THE AVERAGE AMOUNT OF TIME OF A CLINICAL AMBULATORY9
RESTRAINT EPISODE AND CLINICAL FOUR -POINT RESTRAINT EPISODE;10
(IV) THE AVERAGE DURATION OF INVOLUNTARY MEDICATION11
ORDERS ISSUED;12
(V) THE LONGEST CLINICAL AMBULATORY RESTRAINT EPISODE13
AND THE LONGEST CLINICAL FOUR-POINT RESTRAINT EPISODE;14
(VI) THE PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL CLINICAL AMBULATORY15
RESTRAINT EPISODES THAT EXCEEDED TWO HOURS, AND THE PERCENTAGE16
OF TOTAL CLINICAL FOUR-POINT RESTRAINT EPISODES THAT EXCEEDED17
TWO HOURS;18
(VII) THE PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL CLINICAL AMBULATORY19
RESTRAINT EPISODES THAT INVOLVED AN INDIVIDUAL DIAGNOSED WITH A20
BEHAVIORAL HEALTH DISORDER OR INTELLECTUAL OR DEVELOPMENTAL21
DISABILITY, AND THE PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL CLINICAL FOUR -POINT22
RESTRAINT EPISODES THAT INVOLVED AN INDIVIDUAL DIAGNOSED WITH A23
BEHAVIORAL HEALTH DISORDER OR INTELLECTUAL OR DEVELOPMENTAL24
DISABILITY;25
(VIII) THE PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL INVOLUNTARY MEDICATION26
ORDERS THAT INVOLVED AN INDIVIDUAL DIAGNOSED WITH A BEHAVIORAL27
1013
-7- HEALTH DISORDER OR INTELLECTUAL OR DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITY,1
AND THE PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL CLINICAL FOUR-POINT RESTRAINT2
EPISODES THAT INVOLVED AN INDIVIDUAL DIAGNOSED WITH A3
BEHAVIORAL HEALTH DISORDER OR INTELLECTUAL OR DEVELOPMENTAL4
DISABILITY;5
(IX) THE PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL CLINICAL AMBULATORY6
RESTRAINT EPISODES THAT INVOLVED AN INDIVIDUAL WHO WAS7
SUBJECTED TO THE RESTRAINT FOR A SECOND OR SUBSEQUENT EPISODE8
WITHIN THE YEAR, AND THE PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL CLINICAL FOUR-POINT9
RESTRAINT EPISODES THAT INVOLVED AN INDIVIDUAL WHO WAS10
SUBJECTED TO THE RESTRAINT FOR A SECOND OR SUBSEQUENT EPISODE11
WITHIN THE YEAR;12
(X) THE PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL INVOLUNTARY MEDICATION13
ORDERS THAT INVOLVED AN INDIVIDUAL WHO WAS SUBJECTED TO A14
SECOND OR SUBSEQUENT ORDER WITHIN THE YEAR ;15
(XI) THE TOTAL NUMBER OF INVOLUNTARY MEDICATION ORDERS16
THAT EXCEEDED ONE HUNDRED EIGHTY DAYS ; AND17
(XII) AN IMPLEMENTATION PLAN TO CONFORM WITH THE18
REQUIREMENTS PURSUANT TO SUBSECTION (1) OF THIS SECTION,19
INCLUDING TIME LINES, A SUMMARY OF PROGRESS, AND A COMPLIANCE20
REPORT.21
(b) BEGINNING IN 2024 AND EACH YEAR THEREAFTER, THE22
DEPARTMENT SHALL PRESENT FINDINGS FROM THE REPORT DESCRIBED BY23
THIS SECTION TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AND SENATE JUDICIARY24
COMMITTEES, OR ANY SUCCESSOR COMMITTEES, DURING THE HEARINGS25
HELD PURSUANT TO THE "SMART ACT", PART 2 OF ARTICLE 7 OF TITLE 2.26
(c) NOTWITHSTANDING THE REQUIREMENT IN SECTION 24-1-13627
1013
-8- (11)(a)(I), THE REQUIREMENT TO SUBMIT THE REPORT REQUIRED IN THIS1
SUBSECTION (5) CONTINUES INDEFINITELY.2
(d) THE DEPARTMENT SHALL ENSURE THE REPORT REQUIRED IN3
THIS SUBSECTION (5) DOES NOT DISCLOSE ANY INFORMATION IN VIOLATION4
OF APPLICABLE STATE AND FEDERAL LAWS REGARDING THE5
CONFIDENTIALITY OF INDIVIDUALS' INFORMATION.6
(6) AS USED IN THIS SECTION, UNLESS THE CONTEXT OTHERWISE7
REQUIRES:8
(a) "CLINICAL AMBULATORY RESTRAINT " MEANS A DEVICE USED9
TO INVOLUNTARILY LIMIT AN INDIVIDUAL'S FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT, BUT10
STILL PERMITS THE ABILITY OF THE INDIVIDUAL TO WALK AND MOVE11
WHILE SUBJECTED TO THE DEVICE.12
(b) "CLINICAL FOUR-POINT RESTRAINT" MEANS A DEVICE USED TO13
INVOLUNTARILY LIMIT AN INDIVIDUAL'S FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT BY14
SECURING THE INDIVIDUAL'S ARMS AND LEGS.15
(c) "CLINICAL RESTRAINT" MEANS A DEVICE USED TO16
INVOLUNTARILY LIMIT AN INDIVIDUAL'S FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT.17
"CLINICAL RESTRAINT" INCLUDES CLINICAL AMBULATORY RESTRAINTS18
AND CLINICAL FOUR-POINT RESTRAINTS.19
(d) "CORRECTIONAL FACILITY" HAS THE SAME MEANING AS SET20
FORTH IN SECTION 17-1-102 (1.7).21
(e) "DEPARTMENT" MEANS THE DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,22
CREATED AND EXISTING PURSUANT TO SECTION 24-1-128.5.23
(f) "FACILITY" MEANS A CORRECTIONAL FACILITY OR A PRIVATE24
CONTRACT PRISON.25
(g) "INVOLUNTARY MEDICATION " MEANS GIVING AN INDIVIDUAL26
MEDICATION INVOLUNTARILY; EXCEPT THAT "INVOLUNTARY MEDICATION"27
1013
-9- DOES NOT INCLUDE THE INVOLUNTARY ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICATION1
OR ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICATION FOR VOLUNTARY LIFE-SAVING2
MEDICAL PROCEDURES.3
(h) "LICENSED OR LICENSE-ELIGIBLE MENTAL HEALTH PROVIDER"4
HAS THE SAME MEANING AS DEFINED IN SECTION 27-60-108 (2)(a), OR5
MEANS A PERSON WHO HAS COMPLETED THE EDUCATION REQUIREMENTS6
TO BE A LICENSED MENTAL HEALTH PROVIDER AS DEFINED IN SECTION7
27-60-108 (2)(a), BUT IS IN THE PROCESS OF COMPLETING THE EXPERIENCE8
AND EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS TO BECOMING LICENSED .9
(i) "PRIVATE CONTRACT PRISON" HAS THE SAME MEANING AS SET10
FORTH IN SECTION 17-1-102 (7.3).11
(j) "QUALIFIED FACILITY" MEANS:12
(I) A CORRECTIONAL FACILITY INFIRMARY ;13
(II) THE SAN CARLOS CORRECTIONAL FACILITY; AND14
(III) THE DENVER WOMEN'S CORRECTIONAL FACILITY.15
(k) "QUALIFIED HEALTH-CARE PROVIDER" MEANS A LICENSED16
PHYSICIAN, A LICENSED ADVANCED PRACTICE REGISTERED NURSE, OR A17
LICENSED REGISTERED NURSE.18
SECTION 2. In Colorado Revised Statutes, 17-1-113.9, amend19
(1) as follows:20
17-1-113.9. Use of administrative segregation for state inmates21
- reporting. (1) Notwithstanding section 24-1-136 (11)(a)(I), on or22
before January 1, 2012, and each January 1 thereafter, the executive23
director shall provide a written report to the judiciary committees of the24
senate and house of representatives, or any successor committees,25
concerning the status of administrative segregation; reclassification26
efforts for offenders INDIVIDUALS DIAGNOSED with mental BEHAVIORAL27
1013
-10- health disorders or intellectual and developmental disabilities, including1
duration of stay, reason for placement, and number and percentage2
discharged; and any internal reform efforts since July 1, 2011. THE3
REPORT MUST INCLUDE DATA CONCERNING THE PLACEMENT OF4
INDIVIDUALS IN ALL SETTINGS WITH HEIGHTENED RESTRICTIONS,5
INCLUDING THE TOTAL NUMBER OF PLACEMENTS IN EACH SETTING, THE6
TOTAL NUMBER OF PLACEMENTS IN EACH SETTING INVOLVING AN7
INDIVIDUAL DIAGNOSED WITH A BEHAVIORAL HEALTH DISORDER OR8
INTELLECTUAL OR DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITY , THE AVERAGE DURATION9
OF STAY OF AN INDIVIDUAL IN EACH SETTING, THE REASONS FOR10
PLACEMENT IN EACH SETTING, AND THE TOTAL NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS11
DISCHARGED FROM EACH SETTING .12
SECTION 3. Appropriation. (1) For the 2023-24 state fiscal13
year, $18,872 is appropriated to the department of corrections. This14
appropriation is from the general fund. To implement this act, the15
department may use this appropriation as follows:16
(a) $12,000 for the purchase of information technology services;17
and18
(b) $6,872 for use by institutions for operating expenses related19
to the mental health subprogram.20
(2) For the 2023-24 state fiscal year, $12,000 is appropriated to21
the office of the governor for use by the office of information technology.22
This appropriation is from reappropriated funds received from the23
department of corrections under subsection (1)(a) of this section. To24
implement this act, the office may use this appropriation to provide25
information technology services for the department of corrections.26
SECTION 4. Safety clause. The general assembly hereby finds,27
1013
-11- determines, and declares that this act is necessary for the immediate1
preservation of the public peace, health, or safety.2
1013
-12-