First Regular Session
Seventy-fourth General Assembly
STATE OF COLORADO
INTRODUCED
LLS NO. 23-0783.02 Jane Ritter x4342
SENATE BILL 23-087
Senate Committees House Committees
Education
A BILL FOR AN ACT
C
ONCERNING CREATION OF A TEACHER DEGREE APPRENTICESHIP101
PROGRAM AS AN ALTERNATIVE RO UTE TO TEACHER LICENSURE .102
Bill Summary
(Note: This summary applies to this bill as introduced and does
not reflect any amendments that may be subsequently adopted. If this bill
passes third reading in the house of introduction, a bill summary that
applies to the reengrossed version of this bill will be available at
http://leg.colorado.gov
.)
As an alternative route to teacher licensure, the bill creates a
teacher degree apprenticeship program (apprenticeship program), which
builds on elements of current alternative teacher licensure programs,
including a bachelor's degree requirement, training programs approved by
the state department of education (CDE), and structured on-the-job
training. The apprenticeship program is run collaboratively with the
SENATE SPONSORSHIP
Marchman and Baisley, Bridges
HOUSE SPONSORSHIP
Kipp and Wilson,
Shading denotes HOUSE amendment. Double underlining denotes SENATE amendment.
Capital letters or bold & italic numbers indicate new material to be added to existing law.
Dashes through the words or numbers indicate deletions from existing law. United States department of labor apprenticeship office (DOL office) and
utilizes apprentice mentor teachers and apprenticeship program sponsors.
The bill allows CDE to issue a teacher apprenticeship
authorization (authorization) to a person (apprentice) who is employed by
a school district, board of cooperative services, charter school, or institute
charter school (school) who is actively registered in an apprenticeship
program, and who is actively enrolled in an affiliated bachelor's degree
program from an accredited institution. The authorization is valid for 4
years while the apprentice completes the bachelor's degree requirement
of the program. CDE may renew the authorization for 2 years. An
authorization is invalid if the apprentice withdraws from any part of the
apprenticeship program or fails to make satisfactory progress.
Upon application from an entity with expertise in apprenticeship
or teacher preparation, CDE shall authorize the entity to serve as a teacher
apprenticeship program sponsor (sponsor). Applications to serve as a
sponsor must include a proposed work process schedule and related
instruction required by the DOL office. CDE shall review each
application and approve or disapprove the sponsor. If approved, the
sponsor may apply to CDE for approval of an apprenticeship program.
An apprenticeship program must meet the following criteria:
! Be registered with the DOL office;
! Incorporate a bachelor's degree program from an accredited
institution in a related field of study relative to the licensure
type; and
! Incorporate on-the-job training in meaningful and
time-saving ways.
Every 5 years after apprenticeship program approval, CDE shall
consult with the DOL office concerning the federally required audit of the
apprenticeship program to ensure the apprenticeship program continues
to meet requirements.
Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Colorado:1
SECTION 1. Legislative declaration. (1) The general assembly2
finds and declares that:3
(a) The state of Colorado has a significant teacher shortage;4
(b) According to the Colorado department of education, in the5
2021-22 school year, the state needed to hire seven thousand teachers and6
other support services professionals;7
(c) The existing teacher preparation system produced three8
SB23-087-2- thousand two hundred and one educators, leaving a gap of three thousand1
seven hundred and ninety-nine educators. Further, persons who complete2
existing teacher preparation programs do not represent the diverse3
populations they serve, as seventy-two percent of persons who complete4
such programs are female and seventy-four percent are White.5
(d) The current paths to teacher licensure limit the number and6
types of individuals who can access them. The existing traditional and7
alternative teacher preparation programs have established important8
standards of rigor that can be applied to new frameworks to positively9
impact the teacher shortage.10
(e) New paths to licensure are more suitable for first-generation11
college students, individuals who require full-time employment,12
individuals already working in schools, individuals outside of the13
commuting distance of existing teacher programs, and others who lack14
access to traditional teacher preparation programs;15
(f) The current alternative path to teacher licensure offers an16
opportunity only for those individuals who already hold a bachelor's17
degree;18
(g) Another option to make teacher licensure accessible to19
Coloradans who do not yet hold a bachelor's degree is necessary to20
expand the teacher candidate pool and meet the needs of Colorado's21
schools and students;22
(h) A teacher degree apprenticeship program builds on elements23
established by current alternative routes, including a bachelor's degree24
requirement, department of education-approved training programs, and25
structured on-the-job training. A teacher degree apprenticeship program26
gets teachers teaching more quickly, keeps rural residents training and27
SB23-087
-3- working in their communities, and ultimately sets apprentices up for1
success by putting first-year teachers in the classroom with years of2
practical experience from an apprenticeship. It positions apprentices to3
begin the first year of teaching with more than four thousand hours of4
on-the-job experience and creates flexibility without sacrificing quality5
standards.6
(i) A paid United States department of labor-approved registered7
apprenticeship incorporated into a licensure pathway would create a more8
equitable path to a career in education. Apprenticeship in a teacher9
licensure program further ensures quality by not only adhering to the10
United States department of labor-approved registered apprenticeship11
competencies, but also aligns with the Colorado department of education12
quality standards.13
(j) Coloradans would benefit from an earn-and-learn model that14
incorporates apprenticeship and allows for flexibility in degree and15
licensure.16
(2) Therefore, the general assembly declares that it is necessary to17
create a new teacher licensure program in Colorado that authorizes18
registered apprenticeship as a path to licensure.19
SECTION 2. In Colorado Revised Statutes, 22-60.5-102, add20
(3.5), (6.5), (6.7), (8.5), (9.1), (22), and (23) as follows:21
22-60.5-102. Definitions. As used in this article 60.5, unless the22
context otherwise requires:23
(3.5) "A
FFILIATED BACHELOR'S DEGREE PROGRAM" MEANS THE24
BACHELOR'S DEGREE THAT IS IDENTIFIED IN THE INSTRUCTION PLAN25
SUBMITTED BY THE APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM SPONSOR .26
(6.5) "A
PPRENTICE MENTOR TEACHER" MEANS A PROFESSIONALLY27
SB23-087
-4- LICENSED TEACHER IN GOOD STANDING , DESIGNATED BY THE1
APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM SPONSOR , WHO PROVIDES EXEMPLARY2
MODELING AND COUNSELING TO A TEACHER APPRENTICE , WHO IS TRAINED3
IN THE APPRENTICESHIP MODEL, AND WHO TAKES RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE4
TRAINING, MENTORING, AND PROGRESS OF THE TEACHER APPRENTICE .5
(6.7) "A
PPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM SPONSOR " MEANS AN ENTITY6
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE REGISTRATION, ADMINISTRATION, AND OPERATION7
OF A TEACHER DEGREE APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM .8
(8.5) "B
OARD OF COOPERATIVE SERVICES" OR "BOCES" HAS THE9
SAME MEANING AS SET FORTH IN SECTION 22-5-103.10
(9.1) "C
ERTIFICATE OF APPRENTICESHIP COMPLETION " MEANS A11
CERTIFICATE THAT HAS BEEN ISSUED BY THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT12
OF LABOR OR THE COLORADO APPRENTICESHIP AGENCY THAT CERTIFIES13
A TEACHER APPRENTICE HAS SATISFACTORILY GAINED THE SKILLS ,14
ABILITIES, AND COMPETENCIES, AND COMPLETED THE REQUIREMENTS OF15
AN APPRENTICESHIP.16
(22) "T
EACHER APPRENTICE", OR "APPRENTICE", MEANS A17
STUDENT WHO IS REGISTERED AND ENROLLED IN AN APPROVED TEACHER18
DEGREE APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM , IS ENROLLED IN AN AFFILIATED19
BACHELOR'S DEGREE PROGRAM FROM AN ACCREDITED INSTITUTION , AND20
HAS OBTAINED A COLORADO TEACHER APPRENTICESHIP AUTHORIZATION21
PURSUANT TO SECTION 22-60.5-111. A "TEACHER APPRENTICE" CAN ALSO22
MEAN A STUDENT ENROLLED IN AN APPROVED TEACHER DEGREE23
APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM THAT IS REGISTERED BEFORE THE EFFECTIVE24
DATE OF THIS SUBSECTION (22).25
(23) "T
EACHER DEGREE APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM " MEANS A26
TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAM CONTAINING ALL OF THE ELEMENTS OF A27
SB23-087
-5- COMPETENCY-BASED APPRENTICESHIP REQUIRED BY THE UNITED STATES1
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND APPROVED BY THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF2
EDUCATION AND SPONSORED BY AN A PPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM SPONSOR3
OR A TEACHER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM APPROVED PRIOR TO THE4
EFFECTIVE DATE OF THIS SUBSECTION (23).5
SECTION 3. In Colorado Revised Statutes, 22-60.5-111, add6
(16) as follows:7
22-60.5-111. Authorization - types - applicants' qualifications8
- rules. (16) Teacher apprenticeship authorization. (a) (I) T
HE9
DEPARTMENT MAY ISSUE A TEACHER APPRENTICESHIP AUTHORIZATION TO10
AN APPRENTICE THAT ALLOWS THE APPRENTICE TO BE EMPLOYED BY A11
SCHOOL DISTRICT AS A TEACHER APPRENTICE IN ROLES OF INCREASING12
RESPONSIBILITY, INCLUDING WORKING AS A SUBSTITUTE TEACHER AND A13
TEACHER OF RECORD . TO RECEIVE A TEACHER APPRENTICESHIP14
AUTHORIZATION, A PERSON SHALL:15
(A) B
E EMPLOYED BY A SCHOOL DISTRICT , BOCES, CHARTER16
SCHOOL, OR INSTITUTE CHARTER SCHOOL AS A TEACHER APPRENTICE ;17
(B) B
E ACTIVELY REGISTERED IN A TEACHER APPRENTICESHIP18
PROGRAM; AND19
(C) B
E ACTIVELY ENROLLED IN AN AFFILIATED BACHELOR 'S20
DEGREE PROGRAM FROM AN ACCREDITED INSTITUTION .21
(II) T
HE DEPARTMENT SHALL ISSUE A TEACHER APPRENTICESHIP22
AUTHORIZATION TO A PERSON WHO MEETS THE CRITERIA PURSUANT TO23
SUBSECTION (16)(a)(I) OF THIS SECTION NO LATER THAN THIRTY DAYS24
AFTER RECEIPT OF THE INITIAL APPLICATION.25
(III) T
HE TEACHER APPRENTICESHIP AUTHORIZATION IS VALID FOR26
A PERIOD OF FOUR YEARS WHILE THE APPRENTICE COMPLETES THE27
SB23-087
-6- AFFILIATED BACHELOR 'S DEGREE AND ON -THE-JOB TRAINING1
REQUIREMENTS. THE DEPARTMENT MAY RENEW THE AUTHORIZATION FOR2
TWO YEARS AND MAY PROVIDE ADDITIONAL TWO -YEAR EXTENSIONS AT ITS3
DISCRETION.4
(IV) T
HE TEACHER APPRENTICESHIP AUTHORIZATION IS5
AUTOMATICALLY REVOKED IF THE TEACHER APPRENTICE WITHDRAWS6
FROM THE TEACHER APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM OR WITHDRAWS FROM THE7
AFFILIATED BACHELOR'S DEGREE PROGRAM . THE APPRENTICESHIP8
PROGRAM SPONSOR MAY REVOKE THE AUTHORIZATION IF THE APPRENTICE9
DOES NOT MAKE SATISFACTORY PROGRESS IN THE TEACHER10
APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM , AS DETERMINED BY THE EMPLOYER . THE11
APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM SPONSOR IS RESPONSIBLE FOR NOTIFYING THE12
DEPARTMENT WHEN AN APPRENTICE WITHDRAWS FROM THE TEACHER13
DEGREE APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM .14
(b) T
HE TEACHER APPRENTICESHIP AUTHORIZATION INCLUDES :15
(I) A
UTHORIZATION FOR THE APPRENTICE TO WORK AS A16
SUBSTITUTE TEACHER, BUT NOT TO EXCEED THE STANDARD OF LEVEL 117
PRACTICES;18
(II) A
UTHORIZATION TO STUDENT TEACH , BUT NOT TO EXCEED THE19
STANDARD OF LEVEL 2 PRACTICES, AS WELL AS ANY EXAMINATION20
DEEMED NECESSARY FOR LICENSING ; AND21
(III) A
UTHORIZATION TO WORK AS A TEACHER OF RECORD UNDER22
THE TEACHER APPRENTICESHIP AUTHORIZATION . THIS AUTHORIZATION23
MUST NOT REQUIRE COMPLETION OF A BACHELOR 'S DEGREE, AND MUST24
NOT EXCEED THE STANDARD OF LEVEL 3 PRACTICES, AS WELL AS ANY25
EXAMINATION DEEMED NECESSARY FOR LICENSURE .26
SECTION 4. In Colorado Revised Statutes, add 22-60.5-111.527
SB23-087
-7- as follows:1
22-60.5-111.5. Teacher degree apprenticeship program -2
standards - apprenticeship program sponsors - application for3
approval - criteria for approval - program audit. (1) T
HE4
DEPARTMENT SHALL CREATE AND ESTABLISH STANDARDS FOR A TEACHER5
DEGREE APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM ON OR BEFORE SEPTEMBER 1, 2023.6
T
HE DEPARTMENT 'S STANDARDS MUST NOT IMPOSE HIGHER7
REQUIREMENTS OR RESTRICTIONS THAN THE STANDARDS SET FORTH IN8
SECTION 22-60.5-111 (16) FOR TEACHER APPRENTICESHIP AUTHORIZATION .9
T
HE STANDARDS MUST INCLUDE :10
(a) T
HE MINIMUM PASSING SCORE FOR ANY EXAMINATION , WHICH11
MUST NOT EXCEED WHAT IS REQUIRED FOR ANY TEACHER LICENSURE12
CANDIDATE;13
(b) A
PPRENTICE COMPETENCIES, WHICH ARE INDEPENDENTLY AND14
EXCLUSIVELY EVALUATED BY THE APPRENTICE MENTOR TEACHER ,15
PROGRAM ADMINISTRATOR , OR PROGRAM EVALUATOR ;16
(c) A
PROVISION THAT APPRENTICE MENTOR TEACHERS ARE17
SELECTED AT THE FULL DISCRETION OF THE EMPLOYER ; AND18
(d) A
REQUIREMENT THAT A TEACHER APPRENTICE WORKS AS A19
TEACHER OF RECORD FOR A MINIMUM OF ONE YEAR .20
(2) (a) T
HE STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION SHALL AUTHORIZE21
QUALIFIED AGENCIES WITH EXPERTISE IN APPRENTICESHIP OR IN TEACHER22
PREPARATION TO SERVE AS APPR ENTICESHIP PROGRAM SPONSORS IN23
PARTNERSHIP WITH EMPLOYER PARTNERS , INCLUDING ANY SCHOOL24
DISTRICTS, BOCES, CHARTER SCHOOLS , NONPUBLIC SCHOOLS , OR25
INSTITUTES. THE DEPARTMENT SHALL DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF NEW26
AGENCIES ELIGIBLE TO RECEIVE AUTHORIZATION .27
SB23-087
-8- (b) AN ENTITY THAT WISHES TO SERVE AS AN APPRENTICESHIP1
PROGRAM SPONSOR SHALL NOTIFY THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION2
AND SUBMIT AN APPLICATION THAT , AT A MINIMUM, DOCUMENTS THE3
ENTITY'S EXPERTISE WITH APPRENTICESHIP OR WITH TEACHER4
PREPARATION.5
(c) W
ITHIN THIRTY DAYS AFTER AN ENTITY SUBMITS A COMPLETE6
APPLICATION TO THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION , THE STATE7
BOARD OF EDUCATION SHALL NOTIFY THE ENTITY THAT THE STATE BOARD8
OF EDUCATION HAS EITHER APPROVED OR DISAPPROVED THE SPONSORSHIP9
APPLICATION.10
(3) (a) I
N ADDITION TO SUBMITTING AN APPLICATION TO BE11
APPROVED AS AN APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM SPONSOR , THE ENTITY SHALL12
SUBMIT AN APPLICATION FOR THE SPONSOR 'S TEACHER DEGREE13
APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM TO THE STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION FOR14
APPROVAL. THE APPLICATION FOR THE TEACHER DEGREE APPRENTICESHIP15
PROGRAM MUST INCLUDE A PROPOS ED WORK PROCESS SCHEDULE AND16
RELATED INSTRUCTION PLAN AS SET FORTH BY THE UNITED STATES17
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR.18
(b) T
HE STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SHALL REVIEW19
APPLICATIONS FOR THE TEACHER DEGREE APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM AND20
SHALL MAKE RECOMMENDATIONS TO THE STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION21
FOR APPROVAL OR DENIAL OF THE APPLICATIONS .22
(c) W
ITHIN NINETY DAYS AFTER AN APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM23
SPONSOR SUBMITS A COMPLETE APPLICATION TO THE STATE DEPARTMENT24
OF EDUCATION, THE STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION SHALL NOTIFY THE25
APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM SPONS OR THAT THE STATE BOARD OF26
EDUCATION HAS EITHER APPROVED OR DENIED THE APPLICATION FOR THE27
SB23-087
-9- TEACHER DEGREE APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM . IF THE APPLICATION IS1
DENIED, THE STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION SHALL CITE THE REASONS FOR2
THE DENIAL.3
(4) A
N APPROVED TEACHER DEGREE APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM4
MUST MEET THE FOLLOWING CRITERIA :5
(a) B
E REGISTERED WITH THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF6
LABOR OR THE COLORADO APPRENTICESHIP AGENCY ;7
(b) I
NCLUDE A PLAN FOR TRAINING AND SUPPORTING APPRENTICE8
MENTOR TEACHERS;9
(c) I
NCLUDE A WAGE SCALE COMMENSURATE WITH EXISTING PAY10
SCALES WITHIN THE SCHOOL DISTRICT BASED ON THE LEVEL OF WORK11
BEING PERFORMED;12
(d) T
HE APPROVED TEACHER DEGREE APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM13
INCORPORATES A BACHELOR 'S DEGREE PROGRAM FROM AN ACCREDITED14
INSTITUTION IN A RELATED FIELD OF STUDY RELATIVE TO THE LICENSURE15
TYPE FIELD OF STUDY RELATED TO THE ENDORSEMENT AREA THAT THE16
PROGRAM'S PARTICIPANTS WILL PURSUE . THE BACHELOR'S DEGREE17
PROGRAM DOES NOT NEED TO BE AN APPROVED EDUCATOR PREPARATION18
PROGRAM PURSUANT TO SECTION 23-1-121.19
(e) T
HE BACHELOR'S DEGREE PROGRAM REFERENCED IN20
SUBSECTION (4)(d) OF THIS SECTION MUST INCORPORATE ON -THE-JOB21
TRAINING IN MEANINGFUL AND TIME-SAVING WAYS THROUGH ONE OF THE22
FOLLOWING MECHANISMS :23
(I) O
FFERING THIRTY OR MORE CREDITS FOR SUCCESSFULLY24
COMPLETING ON-THE-JOB TRAINING;25
(II) C
REATING A RESIDENCY MODEL THAT COUNTS AS26
TWENTY-FIVE PERCENT OR MORE TOWARD THE DEGREE ;27
SB23-087
-10- (III) FULFILLING HOMEWORK REQUIREMENTS FOR SIXTY OR MORE1
CREDITS IN THE BACHELOR'S DEGREE PROGRAM; OR2
(IV) O
PERATING AS A COMPETENCY-BASED BACHELOR'S DEGREE3
PROGRAM.4
(5) (a) E
VERY FIVE YEARS AFTER PROGRAM APPROVAL , THE STATE5
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SHALL CONSULT WITH THE UNITED STATES6
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR APPRENTICESHIP OFFICE , OR COLORADO7
APPRENTICESHIP AGENCY REPRESENTATIVES , REGARDING THE AUDIT8
REQUIRED PURSUANT TO 29 CFR 29.3 TO REVIEW PROGRAM COMPLIANCE9
AND AUDIT FINDINGS TO ENSURE THE APPROVED TEACHER DEGREE10
APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM CONTINUES TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS . AN11
APPROVED TEACHER DEGREE APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM THAT DOES NOT12
MEET THE REQUIREMENTS IS SUBJECT TO DISQUALIFICATION BY THE STATE13
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR14
APPRENTICESHIP OFFICE, OR THE COLORADO APPRENTICESHIP AGENCY .15
(b) I
F DISQUALIFIED, THE APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM SPONSOR MAY16
CONTINUE TO OPERATE THE TEACHER DEGREE APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM17
ONLY AS LONG AS NECESSARY TO ALLOW THE ACTIVELY REGISTERED18
APPRENTICES TO FINISH.19
(c) I
F THE APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM SPONSOR REDESIGNS THE20
TEACHER DEGREE APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM TO MEET THE21
REQUIREMENTS, AND THE STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION APPROVES THE22
REDESIGNED TEACHER DEGREE APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM , THE23
APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM SPONSOR MAY REINSTATE APPRENTICESHIP24
ENROLLMENT.25
(6) T
HE STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SHALL ANNUALLY26
INCLUDE DATA ON TEACHER DEGREE APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAMS IN THE27
SB23-087
-11- EXISTING EDUCATOR PREPARATI ON PROGRAM REPORT DASHBOARD ,1
CONSISTENT WITH THE DATA AND REPORTING REQUIREMENTS IN SECTION2
22-2-112 (1)(q). T
HE DEPARTMENT SHALL COORDINATE WITH THE UNITED3
S
TATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR OR THE COLORADO APPRENTICESHIP4
AGENCY TO SOURCE THE DATA .5
SECTION 5. In Colorado Revised Statutes, 22-60.5-201, amend6
(1)(c)(II) introductory portion and (1)(c)(II)(B); and add (1)(c)(II)(C) as7
follows:8
22-60.5-201. Types of teacher licenses issued - term - rules.9
(1) The department is designated as the sole agency authorized to issue10
the following teacher licenses to persons of good moral character:11
(c) Professional teacher license. (II) The department of
12
education may, in its discretion, issue a professional teacher license to any13
applicant who:14
(B) Has previously held a professional teacher license issued15
pursuant to this article ARTICLE 60.5 or an equivalent certificate which16
THAT was issued pursuant to article 60 of this title TITLE 22 prior to July17
1, 1994;
OR18
(C) H
OLDS A CERTIFICATE OF APPRENTICESHIP COMPLETION FROM19
AN APPROVED TEACHER DEGREE APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM PURSUANT TO20
SECTION 22-60.5-111.21
SECTION 6. Act subject to petition - effective date. This act22
takes effect at 12:01 a.m. on the day following the expiration of the23
ninety-day period after final adjournment of the general assembly; except24
that, if a referendum petition is filed pursuant to section 1 (3) of article V25
of the state constitution against this act or an item, section, or part of this26
act within such period, then the act, item, section, or part will not take27
SB23-087
-12- effect unless approved by the people at the general election to be held in1
November 2024 and, in such case, will take effect on the date of the2
official declaration of the vote thereon by the governor.3
SB23-087
-13-