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OLR Bill Analysis
sSB 925
AN ACT PROHIBITING THE IMPORT, SALE AND POSSESSION OF
AFRICAN ELEPHANTS, LIONS, LEOPARDS, BLACK
RHINOCEROS, WHITE RHINOCEROS AND GIRAFFES.
SUMMARY
This bill generally bans importing, possessing, selling, offering for
sale, or transporting in Connecticut a specimen (dead or alive) of any
of six types of African animals, which the bill collectively refers to as
the “big six African species.” It applies to certain elephants, lions,
leopards, giraffes, and two rhinoceros species.
The bill establishes a graduated penalty structure for violations,
ranging from no penalty for someone who, unaware and in good faith,
violates the ban, to a class D felony for someone with at least two prior
violations subject to penalty. In all cases, the bill requires seizing the
specimen and any other property or item used in connection with the
violation. The specimen, property, or item is then forfeited and, unless
the specimen is alive, destroyed.
The bill contains several exemptions, including for a specimen that
is already legally in the state or distributed to a beneficiary or heir, as
long as the owner or distributee timely obtains a certificate of
possession from the Department of Energy and Environmental
Protection (DEEP). The ban also does not apply to fossils and ivory
and the following under certain conditions: circuses; museums;
zoological institutions; and motion picture, television, or digital media
production companies.
Lastly, the bill specifies that the ban does not prohibit transporting
through the state endangered or threatened species subject to the terms
of another state’s permit, which existing law allows.
The United States regulates the trade of the species covered by the 2021SB-00925-R010637-BA.DOCX
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bill, except the African giraffe, through the Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES) and laws such as the Endangered Species Act (16 U.S.C. § 1531
et seq.). Specifically, trade of the species requires permits at a minimum
(see BACKGROUND).
EFFECTIVE DATE: October 1, 2021
SCOPE OF BAN
Species Covered
The ban applies to any specimen of any of the following six species:
1. African elephant (loxodonta Africana),
2. African lion (panthera leo),
3. African leopard (panthera pardus pardus),
4. African giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis),
5. Black rhinoceros (diceros bicornis), and
6. White rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum cottoni).
A specimen generally includes any part, product, or offspring of the
species, whether dead or alive, including part of a manufactured or
food product (see Exemptions, below).
Exemptions
Fossils and Ivory. The bill’s ban does not apply to fossils or ivory.
Individuals and Museums. The bill also exempts from the ban, if
federal law does not prohibit it, a specimen that is:
1. located or possessed in Connecticut before October 1, 2021, and
whose legal owner obtains a certificate of possession from DEEP
within the 180 days after that date;
2. distributed directly to a legal beneficiary of a trust or to a legal
heir who obtains a certificate of possession from DEEP within 2021SB-00925-R010637-BA.DOCX
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180 days after receiving the specimen; or
3. part of a museum collection of an institution with a federal
educational or scientific tax exemption or will be used by a
zoological institution for educational purposes, as long as it is
not subsequently sold, offered for sale, traded, bartered, or
distributed to another party.
For a transfer to a legal beneficiary or heir to be exempt, the
specimen must also have been located or possessed by the decedent
before October 1, 2021, and the beneficiary or heir may not then sell or
offer the specimen for sale, or trade, barter, or distribute it to someone
else.
Zoos, Circuses, and Production Companies. The bill does not
apply to zoological institutions and circuses when they import,
transport, or possess live big six African species.
The bill also specifies that its ban does not apply to the exhibition,
purchase, transport, or use of these animals in a motion picture,
television, or digital media production if the involved production
company employs or contracts with a federally licensed dealer or
exhibitor or a federally registered carrier, intermediate handler, or
unlicensed exhibitor.
By law, these dealers and exhibitors must meet U.S. Department of
Agriculture (USDA) standards for humanely handling, caring for,
treating, and transporting animals (7 U.S.C. § 2143). Carriers and
intermediate handlers must follow USDA requirements for accepting
animals for transport, such as documentation, transport conditions,
and delivery notification (9 C.F.R. § 3.136).
PENALTIES
Under the bill, a first offense is an infraction (see BACKGROUND),
unless the violator was unaware, in good faith, of the violation when
he or she committed it. In that case, there is no penalty (other than
forfeiting the specimen or related property or other item, see below).
For someone who previously did not commit an infraction because of 2021SB-00925-R010637-BA.DOCX
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good faith unawareness, a second offense is an infraction.
The bill makes the first offense committed after an infraction a class
B misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of up to $1,000, up to six months
in prison, or both. An offense committed after a class B misdemeanor is
a class D felony, punishable by a fine of up to $5,000, up to five years
in prison, or both.
SEIZURE AND DESTRUCT ION
Beginning October 1, 2021, any law enforcement officer may enforce
the bill's provisions, including executing warrants to search for and
seize a banned specimen.
The bill requires (1) seizing the specimen and any other property or
item used in connection with violating the ban and (2) holding the
specimen, property, or item pending any criminal proceeding. In the
proceeding, the bill allows secondary evidence, such as photographs,
to be admissible as evidence to the same extent as the banned
specimen.
Under the bill, a violator or someone who is the subject of a
judgment restraining him or her from violating the ban must forfeit the
specimen, property, or other item seized and held related to a
violation, regardless of good faith unawareness. The specimen (unless
alive), property, or item must also be destroyed.
BACKGROUND
Infractions
Infractions are punishable by fines, usually set by Superior Court
judges, of between $35 and $90, plus a $20 or $35 surcharge and an
additional fee based on the amount of the fine. There may be
additional charges depending on the type of infraction. With the
various additional charges, the total amount due can be over $300 but
often is less than $100.
An infraction is not a crime, and violators can pay the fine by mail
without making a court appearance. 2021SB-00925-R010637-BA.DOCX
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International Law on Animal Trade
CITES is an international treaty under which governments agree to
restrict international trade in certain plants and animals and products
derived from them. It provides a framework for countries to follow
when adopting legislation to implement the treaty. Trade in protected
species must be licensed and there are different levels of protection
based on a species’ endangered status. CITES currently has 183
members as parties to the treaty, including the United States.
Legislative History
The Senate referred the bill (File 216) to the Judiciary Committee
which reported a substitute establishing the bill’s graduated penalty
structure, rather than having any violation of the bill’s provisions be a
felony punishable by a fine of up to $10,000, up to two years in prison,
or both.
COMMITTEE ACTION
Environment Committee
Joint Favorable Substitute
Yea 24 Nay 8 (03/12/2021)
Judiciary Committee
Joint Favorable Substitute
Yea 32 Nay 6 (05/03/2021)