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General Assembly Substitute Bill No. 5453
February Session, 2024
AN ACT CONCERNING THE MEMBERSHIP AND PROCESSES OF
THE CONNECTICUT SITING COUNCIL.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in General
Assembly convened:
Section 1. Section 16-50j of the general statutes is repealed and the 1
following is substituted in lieu thereof (Effective October 1, 2024): 2
(a) There is established [a "Connecticut Siting Council"] the 3
Connecticut Siting Council, hereinafter referred to in this title as the 4
"council", which shall be within the Department of Energy and 5
Environmental Protection for administrative purposes only. 6
(b) Except [for proceedings under chapter 445, this subsection and 7
subsection (c) of this section, the] as provided in subsection (c) of this 8
section, on and after October 1, 2024, the council shall consist of: (1) The 9
Commissioner of Energy and Environmental Protection, or [his] the 10
commissioner's designee; (2) the chairperson of the Public Utilities 11
Regulatory Authority, or the chairperson's designee; (3) one designee of 12
the speaker of the House and one designee of the president pro tempore 13
of the Senate; [and] (4) five members of the public, to be appointed by 14
the Governor, at least two of whom [shall be] are experienced in the field 15
of ecology [, and not more than one of whom] and at least three of whom 16
are experienced in the field of engineering; and (5) four ad hoc members, 17
three of whom are electors from the municipality in which the proposed 18
facility is to be located and one of whom is an elector from a neighboring 19 Substitute Bill No. 5453
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municipality likely to be most affected by the proposed facility. Such ad 20
hoc members shall be appointed by the chief elected official of the 21
municipality such member represents. Not more than three of the 22
members designated or appointed under subdivisions (3) to (5), 23
inclusive, of this subsection shall have affiliation, past or present, with 24
(A) any utility or governmental utility regulatory agency, including any 25
direct financial investment in any utility, other than a mutual fund, or 26
[with] (B) any person owning, operating, controlling, or presently 27
contracting with respect to a facility, a hazardous waste facility, as 28
defined in section 22a-115, or an ash residue disposal area. 29
(c) For proceedings under chapter 445, [subsection (b) of this section 30
and this subsection,] the council shall consist of (1) the Commissioners 31
of Public Health and Emergency Services and Public Protection or their 32
designated representatives; (2) the designees of the speaker of the House 33
of Representatives and the president pro tempore of the Senate as 34
provided in subsection (b) of this section; (3) the five members of the 35
public as provided in subsection (b) of this section; and (4) four ad hoc 36
members [, three of whom shall be electors from the municipality in 37
which the proposed facility is to be located and one of whom shall be an 38
elector from a neighboring municipality likely to be most affected by the 39
proposed facility. The] as provided in subsection (b) of this section. 40
(d) For the appointment of ad hoc members in accordance with 41
subsections (b) and (c) of this section, the municipality most affected by 42
the proposed facility shall be determined by the permanent members of 43
the council. If any one of the five members of the public or of the 44
designees of the speaker of the House of Representatives or the 45
president pro tempore of the Senate resides [(A)] (1) in the municipality 46
in which a hazardous waste facility is proposed to be located for a 47
proceeding concerning a hazardous waste facility or in which a low-48
level radioactive waste facility is proposed to be located for a proceeding 49
concerning a low-level radioactive waste facility, or [(B)] (2) in the 50
neighboring municipality likely to be most affected by the proposed 51
facility, the appointing authority shall appoint a substitute member for 52
the proceedings on such proposal. If any appointee is unable to perform 53 Substitute Bill No. 5453
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[his] such appointee's duties on the council due to illness, or has a 54
substantial financial or employment interest which is in conflict with the 55
proper discharge of [his] the appointee's duties under this chapter, the 56
appointing authority shall appoint a substitute member for proceedings 57
on such proposal. An appointee shall report any substantial financial or 58
employment interest which might conflict with the proper discharge of 59
[his] the appointee's duties under this chapter to the appointing 60
authority who shall determine if such conflict exists. If any state agency 61
is the applicant, an appointee shall not be deemed to have a substantial 62
employment conflict of interest because of employment with the state 63
unless such appointee is directly employed by the state agency making 64
the application. Ad hoc members [shall be appointed by the chief elected 65
official of the municipality they represent and] shall continue their 66
membership until the council issues a letter of completion of the 67
development and management plan to the applicant. 68
[(d)] (e) The [chairman] chairperson of the council shall be appointed 69
by the Governor from among the five public members appointed by 70
[him] the Governor, with the advice and consent of the House or Senate, 71
and shall serve as [chairman] chairperson at the pleasure of the 72
Governor. 73
[(e)] (f) The public members of the council, including the [chairman] 74
chairperson, the members appointed by the speaker of the House and 75
president pro tempore of the Senate and the four ad hoc members 76
specified in [subsection] subsections (b) and (c) of this section, shall be 77
compensated for their attendance at public hearings, executive sessions, 78
or other council business as may require their attendance at the rate of 79
two hundred dollars, provided in no case shall the daily compensation 80
exceed two hundred dollars. 81
(g) The council shall employ such employees as may be necessary to 82
carry out the provisions of this chapter, provided not less than two of 83
such employees shall have expertise in engineering and not less than 84
three of such employees shall have expertise in financial analysis. 85 Substitute Bill No. 5453
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[(f)] (h) The council shall, in addition to its other duties prescribed in 86
this chapter, adopt, amend, or rescind suitable regulations to carry out 87
the provisions of this chapter and the policies and practices of the 88
council in connection therewith, and appoint and prescribe the duties of 89
such staff as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this chapter. 90
The [chairman] chairperson of the council, with the consent of five or 91
more other members of the council, may appoint an executive director, 92
who shall be the chief administrative officer of the Connecticut Siting 93
Council. The executive director shall be exempt from classified service. 94
[(g)] (i) Prior to commencing any hearing pursuant to section 16-50m, 95
the council shall consult with and solicit written comments from (1) the 96
Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, the Department 97
of Public Health, the Council on Environmental Quality, the 98
Department of Agriculture, the Public Utilities Regulatory Authority, 99
the Office of Policy and Management, the Department of Economic and 100
Community Development and the Department of Transportation, and 101
(2) in a hearing pursuant to section 16-50m, for a facility described in 102
subdivision (3) of subsection (a) of section 16-50i, the Department of 103
Emergency Services and Public Protection, the Department of 104
Administrative Services and the Labor Department. Copies of such 105
comments shall be made available to all parties prior to the 106
commencement of the hearing. Subsequent to the commencement of the 107
hearing, said departments and council may file additional written 108
comments with the council within such period of time as the council 109
designates. All such written comments shall be made part of the record 110
provided by section 16-50o. Said departments and council shall not 111
enter any contract or agreement with any party to the proceedings or 112
hearings described in this section or section 16-50p, as amended by this 113
act, that requires said departments or council to withhold or retract 114
comments, refrain from participating in or withdraw from said 115
proceedings or hearings. 116
Sec. 2. Subsections (a) and (b) of section 16-50l of the general statutes 117
are repealed and the following is substituted in lieu thereof (Effective 118
October 1, 2024): 119 Substitute Bill No. 5453
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(a) To initiate a certification proceeding, an applicant for a certificate 120
shall file with the council an application, in such form as the council may 121
prescribe, accompanied by a filing fee of not more than twenty-five 122
thousand dollars, which fee shall be established in accordance with 123
section 16-50t, and a municipal participation fee of twenty-five 124
thousand dollars to be deposited in the account established pursuant to 125
section 16-50bb, except that an application for a facility described in 126
subdivision (5) or (6) of subsection (a) of section 16-50i shall not pay such 127
municipal participation fee. An application shall contain such 128
information as the applicant may consider relevant and the council or 129
any department or agency of the state exercising environmental controls 130
may by regulation require, including the following information: 131
(1) In the case of facilities described in subdivisions (1), (2) and (4) of 132
subsection (a) of section 16-50i: (A) A description, including estimated 133
costs, of the proposed transmission line, substation or switchyard, 134
covering, where applicable underground cable sizes and specifications, 135
overhead tower design and appearance and heights, if any, conductor 136
sizes, and initial and ultimate voltages and capacities; (B) a statement 137
and full explanation of why the proposed transmission line, substation 138
or switchyard is necessary and how the facility conforms to a long-range 139
plan for expansion of the electric power grid serving the state and 140
interconnected utility systems, that will serve the public need for 141
adequate, reliable and economic service; (C) a map of suitable scale of 142
the proposed routing or site, showing details of the rights-of-way or site 143
in the vicinity of settled areas, parks, recreational areas and scenic areas, 144
residential areas, private or public schools, child care centers, as 145
described in section 19a-77, group child care homes, as described in 146
section 19a-77, family child care homes, as described in section 19a-77, 147
licensed youth camps, and public playgrounds and showing existing 148
transmission lines within one mile of the proposed route or site; (D) a 149
justification for adoption of the route or site selected, including 150
comparison with alternative routes or sites which are environmentally, 151
technically and economically practical; (E) a description of the effect of 152
the proposed transmission line, substation or switchyard on the 153 Substitute Bill No. 5453
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environment, ecology, and scenic, historic and recreational values; (F) a 154
justification for overhead portions, if any, including life-cycle cost 155
studies comparing overhead alternatives with underground 156
alternatives, and effects described in subparagraph (E) of this 157
subdivision of undergrounding; (G) a schedule of dates showing the 158
proposed program of right -of-way or property acquisition, 159
construction, completion and operation; (H) an identification of each 160
federal, state, regional, district and municipal agency with which 161
proposed route or site reviews have been undertaken, including a copy 162
of each written agency position on such route or site; and (I) an 163
assessment of the impact of any electromagnetic fields to be produced 164
by the proposed transmission line; [and] 165
(2) In the case of facilities described in subdivision (3) of subsection 166
(a) of section 16-50i: (A) A description of the proposed electric 167
generating or storage facility; (B) a statement and full explanation of 168
why the proposed facility is necessary; (C) a statement of loads and 169
resources, as described in section 16-50r; (D) safety and reliability 170
information, including planned provisions for emergency operations 171
and shutdowns; (E) estimated cost information, including plant costs, 172
fuel costs, plant service life and capacity factor, and total generating cost 173
per kilowatt-hour, both at the plant and related transmission, and 174
comparative costs of alternatives considered; (F) a schedule showing the 175
program for design, material acquisition, construction and testing, and 176
operating dates; (G) available site information, including maps and 177
description and present and proposed development, and geological, 178
scenic, ecological, seismic, biological, water supply, population and load 179
center data; (H) justification for adoption of the site selected, including 180
comparison with alternative sites; (I) design information, including a 181
description of facilities, plant efficiencies, electrical connections to the 182
system, and control systems; (J) a description of provisions, including 183
devices and operations, for mitigation of the effect of the operation of 184
the facility on air and water quality, for waste disposal, and for noise 185
abatement, and information on other environmental aspects; and (K) a 186
listing of federal, state, regional, district and municipal agencies from 187 Substitute Bill No. 5453
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which approvals either have been obtained or will be sought covering 188
the proposed facility, copies of approvals received and the planned 189
schedule for obtaining those approvals not yet received; and 190
(3) In addition to the requirements of subdivisions (1) and (2) of this 191
subsection, in the case of any facility described in subdivision (1) of 192
subsection (a) of section 16-50i, an analysis of: (A) The costs compared 193
to the benefits of the proposed facility for ratepayers of this state while 194
also comparing the proposed location and type of proposed facility to 195
any feasible alternative locations or types of facilities; (B) how the costs 196
of the proposed facility will be reimbursed to or distributed among 197
ratepayers of this state compared to how such costs will be reimbursed 198
or distributed by other states; and (C) the benefits to the ratepayers of 199
this state from the construction of the proposed facility compared to any 200
benefits to individuals in other states. 201
(b) Each application shall be accompanied by proof of service of a 202
copy of such application on: (1) Each municipality in which any portion 203
of such facility is to be located, both as primarily proposed and in the 204
alternative locations listed, and any adjoining municipality having a 205
boundary not more than two thousand five hundred feet from such 206
facility, which copy shall be served on the chief executive officer of each 207
such municipality and shall include notice of the date on or about which 208
the application is to be filed, and the zoning commissions, planning 209
commissions, planning and zoning commissions, conservation 210
commissions and inland wetlands agencies of each such municipality, 211
and the regional councils of governments which encompass each such 212
municipality; (2) the Attorney General; (3) each member of the 213
legislature in whose assembly or senate district the facility or any 214
alternative location listed in the application is to be located; (4) any 215
agency, department or instrumentality of the federal government that 216
has jurisdiction, whether concurrent with the state or otherwise, over 217
any matter that would be affected by such facility; (5) each state 218
department, agency and commission named in subsection [(g)] (i) of 219
section 16-50j, as amended by this act; and (6) such other state and 220
municipal bodies as the council may by regulation designate. A notice 221 Substitute Bill No. 5453
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of such application shall be given to the general public, in municipalities 222
entitled to receive notice under subdivision (1) of this subsection, by the 223
publication of a summary of such application and the date on or about 224
which it will be filed. Such notice shall be published under the 225
regulations to be promulgated by the council, in such form and in such 226
newspapers as will serve substantially to inform the public of such 227
application and to afford interested persons sufficient time to prepare 228
for and to be heard at the hearing prescribed in section 16-50m. Such 229
notice shall be published in not less than ten-point type. A notice of such 230
an application for a certificate for a facility described in subdivision (3), 231
(4), (5) or (6) of subsection (a) of section 16-50i shall also be sent, by 232
certified or registered mail, to each person appearing of record as an 233
owner of property which abuts the proposed primary or alternative sites 234
on which the facility would be located. Such notice shall be sent at the 235
same time that notice of such application is given to the general public. 236
Notice of an application for a certificate for a facility described in 237
subdivision (1) of subsection (a) of section 16-50i shall also be provided 238
to each electric distribution company customer in the municipality 239
where the facility is proposed to be placed. Such notice shall (A) be 240
provided on a separate enclosure with each customer's monthly bill for 241
one or more months, (B) be provided by the electric distribution 242
company not earlier than sixty days prior to filing the application with 243
the council, but not later than the date that the application is filed with 244
the council, and (C) include: A brief description of the project, including 245
its location relative to the affected municipality and adjacent streets; a 246
brief technical description of the project including its proposed length, 247
voltage, and type and range of heights of support structures or 248
underground configuration; the reason for the project; the address and 249
a toll-free telephone number of the applicant by which additional 250
information about the project can be obtained; and a statement in print 251
no smaller than twenty-four-point type size stating "NOTICE OF 252
PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF A HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRIC 253
TRANSMISSION LINE". 254
Sec. 3. Section 16-50l of the general statutes is amended by adding 255 Substitute Bill No. 5453
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subsection (g) as follows (Effective October 1, 2024): 256
(NEW) (g) Any applicant submitting an initial application under this 257
section for a facility described in subdivision (1) of subsection (a) of 258
section 16-50i where the applicant intends to submit one or more 259
additional applications under this section within the next five years for 260
additional facilities described in said subdivision that will either be 261
physically connected to the facility included in the initial application or 262
located within five miles of such facility shall indicate such intention in 263
the initial application, and provide any information regarding such 264
additional facilities required by the council. 265
Sec. 4. Subdivision (3) of subsection (a) of section 16-50p of the 266
general statutes is repealed and the following is substituted in lieu 267
thereof (Effective October 1, 2024): 268
(3) The council shall file, with its order, an opinion stating in full its 269
reasons for the decision. The council shall not grant a certificate, either 270
as proposed or as modified by the council, unless it shall find and 271
determine, using a clear and convincing standard of evidence: 272
(A) Except as provided in subsection (b) or (c) of this section, a public 273
need for the facility and the basis of the need; 274
(B) The nature of the probable environmental impact of the facility 275
alone and cumulatively with other existing facilities, including a 276
specification of every significant adverse effect, including, but not 277
limited to, (i) electromagnetic fields that, whether alone or cumulatively 278
with other effects, impact on, and conflict with the policies of the state 279
concerning the natural environment, (ii) ecological balance, (iii) public 280
health and safety, (iv) scenic, historic, aesthetic and recreational values, 281
(v) agriculture, (vi) forests and parks, (vii) air and water purity, [and] 282
(viii) fish, aquaculture and wildlife, and (ix) economic value; 283
(C) Why the adverse effects or conflicts referred to in subparagraph 284
(B) of this subdivision are not sufficient reason to deny the application; 285 Substitute Bill No. 5453
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(D) In the case of an electric transmission line, (i) what part, if any, of 286
the facility shall be located overhead, (ii) that the facility conforms to a 287
long-range plan for expansion of the electric power grid of the electric 288
systems serving the state and interconnected utility systems and will 289
serve the interests of electric system economy and reliability, (iii) that 290
the benefits of the facility outweigh the costs to ratepayers of the state 291
when compared to any reasonable alternative locations or types of 292
facilities; (iv) that the plan for the facility is the most cost-effective 293
method when compared to reasonable alternatives; (v) that the division 294
of the costs of the facility to be distributed among the ratepayers of the 295
state is reasonable when compared to the costs borne by ratepayers of 296
other states that will benefit from the facility; and [(iii)] (vi) that the 297
overhead portions, if any, of the facility are cost effective and the most 298
appropriate alternative based on a life-cycle cost analysis of the facility 299
and underground alternatives to such facility, are consistent with the 300
purposes of this chapter, with such regulations or standards as the 301
council may adopt pursuant to section 16-50t, including, but not limited 302
to, the council's best management practices for electric and magnetic 303
fields for electric transmission lines and with the Federal Power 304
Commission "Guidelines for the Protection of Natural Historic Scenic 305
and Recreational Values in the Design and Location of Rights-of-Way 306
and Transmission Facilities" or any successor guidelines and any other 307
applicable federal guidelines and are to be contained within an area that 308
provides a buffer zone that protects the public health and safety, as 309
determined by the council. In establishing such buffer zone, the council 310
shall consider, among other things, residential areas, private or public 311
schools, licensed child care centers, licensed youth camps or public 312
playgrounds adjacent to the proposed route of the overhead portions 313
and the level of the voltage of the overhead portions and any existing 314
overhead transmission lines on the proposed route. At a minimum, the 315
existing right-of-way shall serve as the buffer zone; 316
(E) In the case of an electric or fuel transmission line, that the location 317
of the line will not pose an undue hazard to persons or property along 318
the area traversed by the line; 319 Substitute Bill No. 5453
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(F) In the case of a facility described in subdivision (6) of subsection 320
(a) of section 16-50i that is (i) proposed to be installed on land under 321
agricultural restriction, as provided in section 22-26cc, that the facility 322
will not result in a material decrease of acreage and productivity of the 323
arable land, (ii) proposed to be installed on land near a building 324
containing a school, as defined in section 10-154a, or a commercial child 325
care center, as described in subdivision (1) of subsection (a) of section 326
19a-77, that the facility will not be less than two hundred fifty feet from 327
such school or commercial child care center unless the location is 328
acceptable to the chief elected official of the municipality or the council 329
finds that the facility will not have a substantial adverse effect on the 330
aesthetics or scenic quality of the neighborhood in which such school or 331
commercial child care center is located, or (iii) proposed to be installed 332
on land owned by a water company, as defined in section 25-32a, and 333
which involves a new ground-mounted telecommunications tower, that 334
such land owned by a water company is preferred over any alternative 335
telecommunications tower sites provided the council shall, pursuant to 336
clause (iii) of this subparagraph, consult with the Department of Public 337
Health to determine potential impacts to public drinking water supplies 338
in considering all the environmental impacts identified pursuant to 339
subparagraph (B) of this subdivision. The council shall not render any 340
decision pursuant to this subparagraph that is inconsistent with federal 341
law or regulations; and 342
(G) That, for a facility described in subdivision (5) or (6) of subsection 343
(a) of section 16-50i, the council has considered the manufacturer's 344
recommended safety standards for any equipment, machinery or 345
technology for the facility. 346
Sec. 5. Section 16-50p of the general statutes is amended by adding 347
subsection (k) as follows (Effective October 1, 2024): 348
(NEW) (k) In reviewing a certificate for a solar photovoltaic facility 349
that has a generating capacity greater than two megawatts of electricity 350
that is proposed to be located within a five-mile radius of any solar 351
photovoltaic facility that has a generating capacity greater than one 352 Substitute Bill No. 5453
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hundred megawatts, the council shall be bound by the approval, 353
disapproval or conditions concerning such facility that any chief 354
executive officer of any municipality in which such facility is located 355
submits to the council, provided the chief executive officer submits such 356
approval, disapproval or conditions not later than thirty days after such 357
chief executive officer is served a copy of the application for such 358
certificate pursuant to subsection (b) of section 16-50l, as amended by 359
this act. The provisions of this subsection shall not apply to any 360
certificate for a solar photovoltaic facility that is proposed as part of an 361
expansion of an existing facility pursuant to an existing certificate issued 362
by the council, whether such expansion is proposed on the site of the 363
existing facility or on land or parcels contiguous to the parcel or parcels 364
that comprise the site of the existing facility. 365
Sec. 6. Section 16-50s of the general statutes is repealed and the 366
following is substituted in lieu thereof (Effective October 1, 2024): 367
The council [may] shall give appropriate consideration in all 368
proceedings to (1) the amounts expended by a utility for research on 369
generation and transmission of the form of energy furnished by it and 370
the environmental effect thereof, (2) the amounts expended by such 371
utility for promotion, including advertising, of the use of the form of 372
energy furnished by it and (3) the relationship between such 373
expenditures. 374
Sec. 7. Subsection (c) of section 16-50z of the general statutes is 375
repealed and the following is substituted in lieu thereof (Effective October 376
1, 2024): 377
(c) When a public service company intends to acquire residential real 378
property by condemnation, [and the owner of such property disputes 379
the company's need to acquire such property, the owner may bring the 380
issue of the purpose for which the property is being acquired to the 381
Siting Council not later than thirty days following the owner being 382
informed of the company's intention] the company shall notify the 383
owner of the property not less than sixty days prior to the intended date 384 Substitute Bill No. 5453
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of condemnation, by certified mail, with the envelope marked in not less 385
than twelve-point size bold type, as follows: "NOTICE REGARDING 386
POTENTIAL CONDEMNATION OF YOUR PROPERTY", and send a 387
second such notice by certified mail not less than thirty days prior to the 388
intended date of condemnation. The company shall include in its 389
[notification] notifications under this section to the owner of its intention 390
to acquire such property by condemnation, a statement that the owner 391
may bring the issue of the purpose for which the property is being 392
acquired to the Connecticut Siting Council. [The company shall send 393
such notification to the owner by certified mail.] If the owner of such 394
property disputes the company's need to acquire such property, the 395
owner may bring the issue of the purpose for which the property is 396
being acquired to the Connecticut Siting Council not later than thirty 397
days following the second notice to the owner under this section. Upon 398
written request by the owner, the council shall initiate a proceeding to 399
determine whether the proposed taking is necessary and consistent with 400
the provisions of section 16a-35k. The council shall (1) provide the 401
owner of the property and the public service company with notice of the 402
proceeding, (2) hold a hearing in accordance with the provisions of 403
chapter 54 as part of such a proceeding, and (3) render a decision upon 404
the record not later than ninety days following the council's receipt of 405
the written request for such a proceeding, provided the parties may 406
agree to a longer period, which decision shall state whether the 407
proposed taking is necessary and consistent with the provisions of 408
section 16a-35k and include appropriate findings. The public service 409
company shall pay the expenses incurred by the council in conducting 410
a proceeding pursuant to this subsection. If a public service company 411
and the owner of real property agree that the proposed taking is 412
necessary and consistent with the provisions of section 16a-35k but 413
cannot agree on fair compensation for the property, or if the public 414
service company or owner disagrees with the decision of the council 415
regarding whether the proposed taking is necessary and consistent with 416
the provisions of section 16a-35k, the public service company or the 417
owner may petition the Superior Court to determine the issue in 418
question. Such a petition shall be submitted to the superior court for the 419 Substitute Bill No. 5453
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judicial district in which the property is located. 420
This act shall take effect as follows and shall amend the following
sections:
Section 1 October 1, 2024 16-50j
Sec. 2 October 1, 2024 16-50l(a) and (b)
Sec. 3 October 1, 2024 16-50l(g)
Sec. 4 October 1, 2024 16-50p(a)(3)
Sec. 5 October 1, 2024 16-50p(k)
Sec. 6 October 1, 2024 16-50s
Sec. 7 October 1, 2024 16-50z(c)
Statement of Legislative Commissioners:
In Section 1(b), a reference to "October 1, 2024" was added and Section
1(b)(5) was reordered for clarity; in Section 1(e), "him" was changed to
"the Governor" for consistency; and in Section 2(a)(3), repetitive
references to "an analysis of" were deleted for consistency with standard
drafting conventions.
GAE Joint Favorable Subst. -LCO