This document does not reflect the intent or official position of the bill sponsor or House of Representatives.
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DATE: 5/23/2022
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES STAFF FINAL BILL ANALYSIS
BILL #: HB 197 Pub. Rec./Nonjudicial Arrest Record of a Minor
SPONSOR(S): Smith, D. and others
TIED BILLS: CS/HB 195 IDEN./SIM. BILLS: CS/SB 344
FINAL HOUSE FLOOR ACTION: 115 Y’s
0 N’s GOVERNOR’S ACTION: Approved
SUMMARY ANALYSIS
HB 197 passed the House on February 24, 2022, and subsequently passed the Senate on March 8, 2022.
CS/HB 195 passed the House on February 24, 2022, and subsequently passed the Senate on March 8, 2022.
The Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE) must expunge a nonjudicial arrest record of a juvenile who has
successfully completed a diversion program for a misdemeanor offense and who otherwise meets the eligibility
criteria. Moreover, a juvenile who successfully completes a diversion program for a first-time misdemeanor
offense may lawfully deny or fail to acknowledge his or her participation in a diversion program and the
expunction of a nonjudicial arrest record, unless the inquiry is made by a criminal justice agency for the
purpose of: determining eligibility for other diversion programs; a criminal investigation; or making a
prosecutorial decision under s. 985.15, F.S.
CS/HB 195 (2022), to which this bill is linked, requires FDLE to expunge a juvenile’s nonjudicial arrest record
following his or her successful completion of a diversion program for any offense that is not a forcible felony or
a felony involving the manufacture, sale, purchase, transport, possession, or use of a firearm or weapon, rather
than only a misdemeanor. Under CS/HB 195 (2022), a juvenile who is granted an expunction based on
successfully completing a diversion program for a qualifying offense, rather than only a first-time misdemeanor,
may lawfully deny or fail to acknowledge his or her participation in a diversion program and the expunction of a
nonjudicial arrest record, except when the inquiry is made by a criminal justice agency for specified purposes.
This bill, which is linked to the passage of CS/HB 195 (2022), amends s. 943.0582, F.S., to create a public
records exemption for a sealed or expunged nonjudicial arrest record of a minor who successfully completes a
diversion program for a qualifying offense. Under the bill, such a record is confidential and exempt from public
disclosure, except that the record must be made available to criminal justice agencies only for the purpose of:
determining eligibility for diversion programs; a criminal investigation; or making a prosecutorial decision under
s. 985.15, F.S.
The bill provides for retroactive application of the public records exemption. Per the Open Government Sunset
Review Act, this exemption will be automatically repealed on October 2, 2027, unless reenacted by the
Legislature.
The bill may have an insignificant negative fiscal impact on agencies responsible for complying with public
records requests and redacting confidential and exempt information prior to releasing a record.
The bill was approved by the Governor on May 12, 2022, ch. 2022-112, L.O.F., and will become effective on
the same date that CS/HB 195 (2022) takes effect.
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I. SUBSTANTIVE INFORMATION
A. EFFECT OF CHANGES:
Background
Public Records
Article I, section 24(a) of the Florida Constitution sets forth the state’s public policy regarding access to
government records. This section guarantees every person a right to inspect or copy any public record
of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government. The Legislature, however, may
provide by general law for the exemption of records from the requirements of article I, section 24(a) of
the Florida Constitution.
1
The general law must state with specificity the public necessity justifying the
exemption
2
and must be no broader than necessary to accomplish its purpose.
3
Public policy regarding access to government records is addressed further in s. 119.07(1)(a), F.S.,
which guarantees every person a right to inspect and copy any state, county, or municipal record,
unless the record is exempt. Furthermore, the Open Government Sunset Review Act
4
provides that a
public record or public meeting exemption may be created or maintained only if it serves an identifiable
public purpose. In addition, it may be no broader than necessary to meet one of the following purposes:
Allow the state or its political subdivisions to effectively and efficiently administer a
governmental program, which administration would be significantly impaired without the
exemption.
Protect sensitive personal information that, if released, would be defamatory or would
jeopardize an individual’s safety; however, only the identity of an individual may be exempted
under this provision.
Protect trade or business secrets.
5
The Open Government Sunset Review Act requires the automatic repeal of a newly created public
record exemption on October 2nd of the fifth year after creation or substantial amendment, unless the
Legislature reenacts the exemption.
6
Juvenile Diversion Program Expunction
Diversion Programs
Diversion is a program designed to divert a juvenile from entering the juvenile justice system by placing
him or her on a less restrictive track that affords more opportunities for rehabilitation and restoration.
7
The goal of diversion is to maximize the opportunity for success and minimize the likelihood of
recidivism.
8
A juvenile may have the opportunity to participate in either a prearrest or postarrest diversion program.
A prearrest diversion program is an intervention program that holds a juvenile accountable for his or her
1
Art. I, s. 24(c), Fla. Const.
2
This portion of a public record exemption is commonly referred to as a “public necessity statement.”
3
Art. I, s. 24(c), Fla. Const.
4
S. 119.15, F.S.
5
S. 119.15(6)(b), F.S.
6
S. 119.15(3), F.S.
7
Florida Department of Juvenile Justice, Glossary, http://www.djj.state.fl.us/youth-families/glossary (last visited Mar. 21, 2022).
8
Center for Health & Justice at TASC, A National Survey of Criminal Justice Diversion Programs and Initiatives, pg. 6,
(December 2013),
https://www.centerforhealthandjustice.org/tascblog/Images/documents/Publications/CHJ%20Diversion%20Report_web.pdf (last visited
Mar. 21, 2022).
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behavior, while avoiding a court proceeding or formal arrest record.
9
A postarrest diversion program is
a similar intervention program, but diverts a juvenile from further court proceedings after an arrest.
10
While prearrest diversion diverts a juvenile before an arrest record is ever created, in postarrest
diversion, an arrest record is created and maintained pending the juvenile's participation in and
completion of the diversion program. Upon successfully completing a postarrest diversion program, a
juvenile's charges are dismissed.
The decision to refer a juvenile to a diversion program is at the discretion of either the law enforcement
officer who interacts with the juvenile at the time the offense is committed or the state attorney who is
assigned the case. Examples of such programs are Community Arbitration, Juvenile Alternative
Services Program, Teen Court, Intensive Delinquency Diversion Services, Civil Citation, Boy and Girl
Scouts, Boys and Girls Clubs, mentoring programs, and alternative schools.
11
Expunction
Generally, expunction is the court-ordered physical destruction or obliteration of a criminal history
record or portion of a record by any criminal justice agency having custody of the record.
12
A juvenile
who completes one of the following diversion programs may petition for juvenile diversion program
expunction:
13
Civil citation or a similar prearrest diversion program;
14
Prearrest or postarrest diversion program;
15
Neighborhood restorative justice;
16
Community arbitration;
17
or
A program to which a state attorney refers the juvenile.
18
The Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE) is required to expunge a juvenile’s nonjudicial
arrest record after he or she successfully completes a diversion program, if the juvenile:
Submits an application for prearrest or postarrest diversion expunction;
Participated in a diversion program based on the commission of a misdemeanor;
Has never been, before filing the application, charged with or found to have committed any
other criminal offense or comparable ordinance violation; and
Submits certification from the state attorney for the county in which the arrest occurred certifying
that he or she:
o Successfully completed that county’s diversion program;
o That his or her participation in the program was based on an arrest for a misdemeanor;
and
9
Mark A. Greenwald, Overview of Florida’s Pre-Arrest and Post-Arrest Juvenile Diversion Programs and Applicable Laws, Florida
Department of Juvenile Justice (June 7, 2018), http://www.fdle.state.fl.us/MSDHS/Meetings/June-Meeting-
Documents/Presentations/June-7-930AM-DJJ-Greenwald-Diversion-Programs.aspx (last visited Mar. 21, 2022).
10
Id.
11
Florida Department of Juvenile Justice, Probation & Community Intervention, http://www.djj.state.fl.us/services/probation (last visited
Mar. 21, 2022).
12
Criminal history records in FDLE’s custody must be retained in all cases for purposes of evaluating subsequent requests by the same
person for sealing or expunction or for purposes of recreating the record if a court vacates an order to expunge. S. 943.045(16), F.S.
13
S. 943.0582, F.S.
14
The civil citation program offers early intervention, community counseling referrals, and other appropriate community resources to
divert juvenile misdemeanor offenders from the Juvenile Justice System. The program works with other community partners in an effort
to reduce juvenile crime and to provide services for at-risk youth. Nineteenth Judicial Circuit, Civil Citation (2019),
http://www.circuit19.org/programs-services/court-programs/juvenile/civil-citation (last visited Mar. 21, 2022). S. 985.12, F.S.
15
S. 985.125, F.S.
16
In neighborhood restorative justice programs, victims, the offender, and all others impacted by the crime discuss the impact,
obligations, and actions needed to repair harm. Florida Restorative Justice Association, Retributive Justice vs. Restorative Justice
(2014), https://www.floridarestorativejustice.com/about-rj.html (last visited Mar. 21, 2022). S. 985.155, F.S.
17
Community arbitration is a program where a juvenile who has committed a relatively minor offense can have his or her case resolved
in an informal manner, and appear before a community arbitrator instead of a judge in juvenile court. Twentieth Judicial Circuit, Juvenile
Arbitration Program (2014), https://www.ca.cjis20.org/home/main/juvarb.asp (last visited Mar. 21, 2022). S. 985.16, F.S.
18
S. 985.15, F.S. See s. 943.0582(2)(a), F.S.
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o That he or she has not otherwise been charged by the state attorney with, or found to
have committed, any criminal offense or comparable ordinance violation.
19
Juvenile diversion program expunction has the same effect as court-ordered expunction of criminal
history records under s. 943.0585, F.S., except that:
FDLE must make an expunged juvenile diversion criminal record available only to criminal
justice agencies for the purpose of:
o Determining eligibility for diversion programs;
o A criminal investigation; or
o Making a prosecutorial decision under s. 985.15, F.S.
20, 21
Local criminal justice agencies in the county in which an arrest occurred must seal instead of
destroy any relevant records.
22
A juvenile who successfully completes a diversion program for a first-time misdemeanor offense may
lawfully deny or fail to acknowledge his or her participation in the program and an expunction of a
nonjudicial arrest record, unless the inquiry is made by a criminal justice agency
23
for the purpose of:
Determining eligibility for diversion programs;
A criminal investigation; or
Making a prosecutorial decision under s. 985.15, F.S.
24
Between January 2018 and September 2021, FDLE’s Seal and Expunge section received 566 juvenile
diversion program expunction applications.
25
A juvenile who is granted an expunction of his or her criminal record based on successful completion of
a juvenile diversion program is still eligible to petition for court-ordered expunction or sealing of a later
criminal history record as provided for in ss. 943.0583, 943.0585, and 943.059, F.S., if he or she is
otherwise eligible under those sections.
26
Furthermore, a juvenile who is not eligible for juvenile
diversion program expunction may still qualify for court-ordered expunction or sealing of his or her
criminal record, if he or she is otherwise eligible for such sealing or expunction.
19
S. 943.0582(3), F.S.
20
S. 943.0582(2)(b)1., F.S.
21
Section 985.15, F.S., provides that in all juvenile delinquency cases, the state attorney shall determine how to proceed with a case,
based on the best interest of the public and the child, including determining whether to charge the child as an adult under s. 985.556,
F.S., or to otherwise dispose of the case by: filing a petition for dependency; filing a petition under ch. 984, F.S.; filing a petition for
delinquency; filing a petition for delinquency with a motion to transfer and certify the child for prosecution as an adult; filing an
information under s. 985.557, F.S.; referring the case to a grand jury; referring the child to a diversionary or other program or to some
other treatment or care program if voluntarily accepted by the child or the child’s parents or legal guardian; or declining to file.
22
S. 943.0582(2)(b)2., F.S.
23
“Criminal justice agency” means a court; FDLE; DJJ; the protective investigations component of the Department of Children and
Families, investigating abuse or neglect; and any other governmental agency or subunit thereof that performs the administration of
criminal justice pursuant to a statute or rule of court and that allocates a substantial part of its annual budget to the administration of
criminal justice. S. 943.045(11), F.S.
24
Ss. 985.126(5) and 943.0582(2)(b)1.a.-c., F.S.
25
Id. at p. 2.
26
S. 943.0582(4), F.S.
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Forcible Felonies
Under s. 776.08, F.S., forcible felonies include:
Treason;
Murder;
Manslaughter;
Sexual battery;
Carjacking;
Home-invasion robbery;
Robbery;
Burglary;
Arson;
Kidnapping;
Aggravated assault;
Aggravated battery;
Aggravated stalking;
Aircraft piracy;
Unlawful throwing, placing, or discharging of a destructive device or bomb; and
Any other felony which involves the use or threat of physical force or violence against any
individual.
Firearm and Weapon Offenses
Section 790.001, F.S., defines “firearm” and “weapon,” as follows:
“Firearm” means any weapon (including a starter gun) which will, is designed to, or may readily
be converted to expel a projectile by the action of an explosive; the frame or receiver of any
such weapon; any firearm muffler or firearm silencer; any destructive device;
27
or any machine
gun. The term “firearm” does not include an antique firearm
28
unless the antique firearm is used
in the commission of a crime.
“Weapon” means any dirk, knife, metallic knuckles, slungshot,
29
billie, tear gas gun, chemical
weapon or device, or other deadly weapon except a firearm or a common pocketknife, plastic
knife, or blunt-bladed table knife.
According to the Florida Uniform Crime Reports (Florida UCR), in 2018, there were a total of 6,624
arrests for weapons violations
30
reported to the Florida UCR program, and of those arrests, 800 were
juvenile arrests.
27
“Destructive device” means any bomb, grenade, mine, rocket, missile, pipebomb, or similar device containing an explosive,
incendiary, or poison gas and includes any frangible container filled with an explosive, incendiary, explosive gas, or expanding gas,
which is designed or so constructed as to explode by such filler and is capable of causing bodily harm or property damage; any
combination of parts either designed or intended for use in converting any device into a destructive device and from which a destructive
device may be readily assembled; any device declared a destructive device by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms; any type
of weapon which will, is designed to, or may readily be converted to expel a projectile by the action of any explosive and which has a
barrel with a bore of one-half inch or more in diameter; and ammunition for such destructive devices, but not including shotgun shells or
any other ammunition designed for use in a firearm other than a destructive device. “Destructive device” does not include: a device
which is not designed, redesigned, used, or intended for use as a weapon; any device, although originally designed as a weapon, which
is redesigned so that it may be used solely as a signaling, line-throwing, safety, or similar device; any shotgun other than a short-
barreled shotgun; or any nonautomatic rifle (other than a short-barreled rifle) generally recognized or particularly suitable for use for the
hunting of big game. S. 790.001(4), F.S.
28
“Antique firearm” means any firearm manufactured in or before 1918 (including any matchlock, flintlock, percussion cap, or similar
early type of ignition system) or replica thereof, whether actually manufactured before or after the year 1918, and also any firearm using
fixed ammunition manufactured in or before 1918, for which ammunition is no longer manufactured in the United States and is not
readily available in the ordinary channels of commercial trade. S. 790.001(1), F.S.
29
“Slungshot” means a small mass of metal, stone, sand, or similar material fixed on a flexible handle, strap, or the like, used as a
weapon. S. 790.001(12), F.S.
30
The Florida UCR program defines weapons violations as violations of laws or ordinances prohibiting the manufacture, sale, purchase,
transportation, possession, or use of firearms, cutting instruments, explosives, incendiary devices, or other deadly weapons. Florida
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CS/HB 195 (2022)
CS/HB 195 (2022), to which this bill is linked, amends s. 943.0582, F.S., to require FDLE to expunge a
juvenile’s nonjudicial arrest record following the successful completion of a diversion program for any
offense other than a forcible felony or a felony involving the manufacture, sale, purchase, transport,
possession, or use of a firearm or weapon, as those terms are defined in s. 790.001, F.S. The bill
authorizes a juvenile who has successfully completed a diversion program for a qualifying offense and
received an expunction pursuant to s. 943.0582, F.S., to lawfully deny or fail to acknowledge his or her
participation in a diversion program and the expunction of a nonjudicial arrest record, except when the
inquiry is made by a criminal justice agency for the purpose of: determining eligibility for other diversion
programs; a criminal investigation; or making a prosecutorial decision under s. 985.15, F.S.
Effect of the Bill
This bill creates a public records exemption for specified juvenile offender records. Specifically, the bill
provides that a sealed or expunged nonjudicial arrest record of a minor who has successfully
completed a diversion program for a qualifying offense is confidential and exempt
31
from public
disclosure, except that the record must be made available to criminal justice agencies for specified
purposes.
The bill provides a public necessity statement as required by article I, section 24(c) of the Florida
Constitution. The public necessity statement provides that the purpose of diversion programs is to
redirect youth from the justice system and this purpose will be undermined if the nonjudicial arrest
record is not confidential and exempt from public records requirements.
The bill provides for retroactive application of the public records exemption. It also provides for repeal
of the public records exemption on October 2, 2027, unless reviewed and saved from repeal through
reenactment by the Legislature.
The bill will become effective on the same date that CS/HB 195 (2022) takes effect.
Department of Law Enforcement, Crime Data, Weapons Violations, https://www.fdle.state.fl.us/FSAC/Crime-Data/Weapons-Violations
(last visited Mar. 21, 2022).
31
There is a difference between records the Legislature designates exempt from public record requirements and those the Legislature
deems confidential and exempt. A record classified as exempt from public disclosure may be disclosed under certain circumstances.
See WFTV, Inc. v. Sch. Bd. of Seminole, 874 So.2d 48, 53 (Fla. 5th DCA 2004), review denied 892 So.2d 1015 (Fla. 2004); City of
Rivera Beach v. Barfield, 642 So.2d 1135 (Fla. 4th DCA 1994); Williams v. City of Minneola, 575 So.2d 683, 687 (Fla. 5th DCA 1991). If
the Legislature designates a record as confidential and exempt from public disclosure, such record may not be released by the
custodian of public records, to anyone other than the persons or entities specifically designated in statute. See Op. Att’y Gen. Fla. 85-
62 (August 1,1985).
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II. FISCAL ANALYSIS & ECONOMIC IMPACT STATEMENT
A. FISCAL IMPACT ON STATE GOVERNMENT:
1. Revenues:
None.
2. Expenditures:
See Fiscal Comments.
B. FISCAL IMPACT ON LOCAL GOVERNMENTS:
1. Revenues:
None.
2. Expenditures:
See Fiscal Comments.
C. DIRECT ECONOMIC IMPACT ON PRIVATE SECTOR:
None.
D. FISCAL COMMENTS:
The bill may have a minimal fiscal impact on law enforcement agencies because agency staff
responsible for complying with public records requests may require training related to the creation of
the public records exemption. The costs, however, would be absorbed as they are part of the day-to-
day responsibilities of agencies.