The Florida Senate
BILL ANALYSIS AND FISCAL IMPACT STATEMENT
(This document is based on the provisions contained in the legislation as of the latest date listed below.)
Prepared By: The Professional Staff of the Committee on Judiciary
BILL: SB 288
INTRODUCER: Senator Garcia
SUBJECT: Electronic Dissemination of Commercial Recordings and Audiovisual Works
DATE: January 14, 2022
ANALYST STAFF DIRECTOR REFERENCE ACTION
1. Harmsen McKay CM Favorable
2. Ravelo Cibula JU Pre-meeting
3. RC
I. Summary:
SB 288 amends the True Origin of Digital Goods Act (Act) to include websites that provide
commercial recordings, such as music, for display or performance. As enacted in 2015, the Act
requires owners or operators of websites that disseminate commercial recordings or audiovisual
works to Florida consumers to clearly post, and make readily accessible, the name of the
operator or owner, their physical address, and their telephone number or e-mail address. A
consumer may enjoin a violating website to require compliance with the Act and recover
necessary expenses, including reasonable attorney fees. The additional language included under
the bill appears to be aimed at covering situations where a commercial recording is used on a
website through a streaming platform.
The bill takes effect on July 1, 2022.
II. Present Situation:
Florida True Origin of Digital Goods Act
The True Origin of Digital Goods Act
1
requires the owners or operators of websites that
electronically disseminate commercial recordings or audiovisual works to Florida consumers to
clearly post their true and correct name(s), physical address, and telephone number or e-mail
address on their website.
A website electronically disseminates a commercial recording or audiovisual work by initiating
the transmission of, making available, or otherwise offering it for distribution through the
internet or another digital network. Any website that electronically disseminates such works
must therefore post the above specific contact information.
1
Section 501.155, F.S.
REVISED: BILL: SB 288 Page 2
An owner, assignee, authorized agent, or licensee of a commercial recording or audiovisual work
that appears on a website that lacks its owner’s or operator’s contact information may bring a
private cause of action to obtain a declaratory judgment that the owner or operator’s failure
violates the Act. The owner, assignee, authorized agent, or licensee of the copyrighted work may
also request an injunction to compel the website to comply with the Act. Prior to bringing a civil
action, however, the aggrieved party must first make reasonable efforts to place the website’s
owner or operator on notice that they are violating the Act and that his or her failure to cure the
violation within 14 days may result in the filing of a civil action.
Federal Copyright Law
The owner of original, copyrighted material has the exclusive rights to do and authorize any of
the following:
Reproduce the copyrighted work;
Prepare derivative works based on the copyrighted work;
Distribute copies of the copyrighted work to the public by sale, rental, lease, or lending;
Publicly perform (or control the public performance of) the copyrighted work if it is a
literary, musical, dramatic, choreographic, pantomime, motion picture, or other audiovisual
copyrighted work;
Publicly display (or control the public display of) the copyrighted work, if it is a literary,
musical, dramatic, choreographic, pantomime, pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work—
including individual images of a motion picture or audiovisual work; and
Publicly perform sound recordings by means of a digital audio transmission.
2
A display or performance is publicly available when it is (1) open or transmitted to the public or
to any place where a substantial number of persons outside of a family and its friends are
gathered, or (2) transmitted or communicated to the public through a device or process—whether
or not the viewers view it in the same place or time.
3
To display a work means to show a copy of it, either directly or by means of a film, slide,
television image, or any other device or process. To perform a work means to recite, render,
play, dance, or act it, either directly or by means of any device or process.
4
Generally, the only
distinction between a performance and a display of copyrighted material on the internet is that a
performance occurs in a sequential, ongoing manner, while a display is static.
5
Technological advances, such as faster internet connection and more powerful computer
processors, have resulted the proliferation of streaming services, which in turn have made the
2
17 U.S.C. §§ 106-122, Copyrights. See also, U.S. Copyright Office, Circular 1: Copyright Basics, pp. 1-2 (Sept. 2021),
https://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ01.pdf (last visited Nov. 1, 2021).
3
17 U.S.C. § 101. See also, John Kennedy, Mary Rasenberger, Lorrane Ford and Joseph Fazio, Internet Law and Practice-
Intellectual Property Issues: Copyright: Public Performance and Display, §12:13 (Nov. 2021).
4
17 U.S.C. § 101. See also, Information Law- Digital Copyright and Cyberspace- Network and Internet Issues, Public
Display and Performance, ch. 4 § 4:82 (May 2021).
5
Id. BILL: SB 288 Page 3
public performance and display of copyrighted works over the internet more prevalent.
6
Streaming copyrighted material over the internet has clearly been interpreted to constitute a
public performance by courts throughout the U.S., but if done with proper authorization to
distribute or perform the material from the copyright holder, is permissible under copyright law.
7
Federal Digital Millennium Copyright Act
The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) updated federal copyright law to address the
relationship between copyrighted material and the internet. To provide certainty regarding
liability for copyright infringement while balancing the rights of copyright holders, the DMCA
created the notice-and-takedown system.
8
This system requires online service providers to
expeditiously remove infringing content after receipt of notice from a copyright holder.
9
As the
internet, related consumer activity, and specifically third party posting of copyrighted content
continues to grow, so have takedown notices.
10
For example, Google received take down notices
for approximately three million URLs in 2013, as of October 21, 2021, it received notices
identifying 5.3 billion URLs to be taken down.
11
The DMCA also requires online service providers to designate an agent to receive copyright
owners’ notices, and provide the agent’s contact information on their websites.
Protecting Lawful Streaming Act
The Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021 created the Protecting Lawful Streaming Act
(PLSA),
12
which increases the federal penalty for illegal streaming from a misdemeanor to a
felony. The act of offering copyrighted material for download without specific license or
6
U.S. Department of Commerce Internet Policy Task Force, White Paper on Remixes, First Sale, and Statutory Damages:
Copyright Policy, Creativity, and Innovation in the Digital Economy, pp. 40-43 (Jan. 2016),
https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/copyrightwhitepaper.pdf (last visited Nov. 1, 2021). See also,
Congressional Research Service, Illegal Internet Streaming of Copyrighted Content: Legislation in the 112
th
Congress
(Aug. 29, 2011), https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R41975.html#fn19 (last visited Nov. 1, 2021).
7
See, e.g., Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. v. WTV Systems, Inc., 824 F. Supp.2d 1003, 1010-1011 (C.D. Cal. 2011). A&M
Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc., 114 F. Supp.2d 896 (N.D. Cal. 2000), aff’d in relevant part, 239 F.3d 1004 (9
th
Cir. 2001).
8
17 U.S.C. § 512 (2)(b)-(d). U.S. Copyright Office, The Digital Millennium Copyright Act: Section 1202- Copyright
Management Information Protection, https://www.copyright.gov/dmca/ (last visited Nov. 1, 2021). See also, U.S. Copyright
Office, Section 512 Report, pp. 1, 8 (May 2020), available at https://www.copyright.gov/policy/section512/section-512-full-
report.pdf (last visited Nov. 1, 2021).
9
U.S. Copyright Office, Section 512 of Title 17: Resources on Online Service Provider Safe Harbors and Notice-and-
Takedown System (May 21, 2020), https://www.copyright.gov/512/ (last visited Nov. 1, 2021). See also, 17 U.S.C. §§512(b)-
(d)
10
See also, U.S. Copyright Office, Section 512 Report, pp. 10 (May 2020), available at
https://www.copyright.gov/policy/section512/section-512-full-report.pdf (last visited Nov. 1, 2021).
11
Id. at 31-32, citing Google, How Google Fights Piracy (2018),
https://www.blog.google/documents/25/GO806_Google_FightsPiracy_eReader_final.pdf (last visited Nov. 1, 2021). See
also, Google Transparency Report, available at https://transparencyreport.google.com/copyright/overview (last visited
Nov. 1, 2021).
12
18 U.S.C. 2319C, “Illicit Digital Transmission Services.” BILL: SB 288 Page 4
authorization is separately classified a felony under the No Electronic Theft (NET) Act, but this
provision did not cover streaming copyrighted material.
13
Specifically, the PLSA targets individuals who act (1) willfully, (2) for purposes of commercial
advantage or private financial gain, and (3) offer or provide to the public a digital transmission
service. Additionally, their digital transmission service must:
14
Be primarily designed or provided for the purpose of publicly performing copyright-
protected works by digital transmission without the copyright owner’s authority;
Have no commercially-significant purpose or use other than to publicly perform copyright-
protected work by an unauthorized digital transmission; or
Be intentionally marketed by or at the direction of a person to promote its use in publicly
performing copyright-protected works by means of an unauthorized digital transmission.
III. Effect of Proposed Changes:
The bill amends s. 501.155, F.S., to expand the definition of “electronic dissemination” to
include transmitting, making available, or otherwise offering a commercial recording or
audiovisual work for distribution, display, or performance. As a result, any website that
electronically transmits, makes available, or offers a display or performance must post the
website operator’s or owner’s contact information and is subject to injunction and other
judgments under the Florida True Origin of Digital Goods Act.
Although the terms “display” and “performance” are not defined under the bill, courts are likely
to rely on how the terms are utilized under federal copyright law.
15
The bill provides an effective date of July 1, 2022.
IV. Constitutional Issues:
A. Municipality/County Mandates Restrictions:
None.
B. Public Records/Open Meetings Issues:
None.
C. Trust Funds Restrictions:
None.
13
17 U.S.C. 506. See also, Michael Antonucci, New Legislation: CASE Act and Protecting Lawful Streaming Act (Mar. 18,
2021), https://www.mondaq.com/unitedstates/trademark/1047506/new-legislation-case-act-and-protecting-lawful-streaming-
act (last visited Nov. 1, 2021).
14
See generally, Kevin Madigan, Copyright Alliance, Protecting Lawful Streaming Act Signed Into Law: What you Need to
Know (Jan. 12, 2021), https://copyrightalliance.org/protecting-lawful-streaming-act-signed/ (last visited Nov. 1, 2021).
15
See footnote 4 and accompanying text. BILL: SB 288 Page 5
D. State Tax or Fee Increases:
None.
E. Other Constitutional Issues:
For a court to exercise jurisdiction over a respondent, it must have both subject matter
jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction. State courts have general jurisdiction, and therefore
a claim made under a state statute meets the subject matter jurisdiction requirement.
16
In
order to establish jurisdiction, a respondent must have minimum contacts with the state in
which the court sits so that the court may exercise power over that respondent.
17
A non-
resident respondent, for example, may have sufficient contacts with Florida if he or she
commits acts expressly enumerated in Florida’s long-arm statute.
18
Alternately, the non-
resident respondent may be subject to a Florida court’s personal jurisdiction because he
or she has minimum contacts with the state that are otherwise unrelated to matter that
brings him or her into court.
19
Examples of sufficient minimum contacts include frequent
business travel to the state, owning a company with a Florida office branch, or subjecting
oneself to the court’s jurisdiction by presenting oneself in the Florida court.
20
These
jurisdictional requirements ensure that a respondent has sufficient notice and due process
afforded to him or her under the U.S. Constitution before his or her rights are subjected to
the court.
21
Whether a non-resident internet company that electronically disseminates commercial
recordings or audiovisual works into Florida has sufficient minimum contacts with the
state is a fact-specific question that would likely need to be addressed on a case-by-case
basis by a court.
22
Content-neutral regulations are legitimate if they advance important governmental
interests that are not related to suppression of free speech, and do not substantially burden
more speech than necessary to further those interests.
23
However, a law may be
determined to be overbroad if a “substantial number of its applications are
unconstitutional, judged in relation to the statute’s plainly legitimate sweep.”
24
V. Fiscal Impact Statement:
A. Tax/Fee Issues:
None.
16
Caiazzo v. American Royal Arts Corp., 73 So. 3d 245, 250 (Fla. 4
th
DCA 2011).
17
Id.
18
Id.; § 48.193, F.S.
19
Caiazzo v. American Royal Arts Corp., 73 So. 3d 245, 250 (Fla. 4
th
DCA 2011).
20
Id.
21
Id. at 250-251.
22
See Caiazzo v. American Royal Arts Corp., 73 So. 3d 245, (Fla. 4
th
DCA 2011); Zippo Mfg. Co. v. Zippo Dot Com, Inc.,
952 F. Supp. 1119, 1124 (W.D. Pa. 1997).
23
Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. F.C.C., 520 U.S. 180,189 (U.S. 1997).
24
U.S. v. Stevens, 559 U.S. 460 (2010), quoting, Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party, 552 U.S.
442, 449, n. 6, (2008). BILL: SB 288 Page 6
B. Private Sector Impact:
Parties involved in the litigation provided for under the Act will incur costs related to
bringing or defending the action.
C. Government Sector Impact:
Florida courts may see an increase in case filings under this law.
VI. Technical Deficiencies:
None.
VII. Related Issues:
It is unclear whether Florida could assert jurisdiction over foreign websites should an aggrieved
party attempt to enforce the disclosure requirements of this bill against a website owner or
operator located outside of Florida. It can be assumed that website owners or operators located
outside of Florida are not expected to respond to lawsuits or submit willingly to jurisdiction in
Florida courts. As such, any proceedings against owners or operators of websites located outside
of Florida may end in default judgments.
Following a default or other declaratory judgment, the aggrieved party could proceed with third
party injunctions to discourage Internet service providers, hosting services, payment services, or
other Internet website services from working with websites that fail to disclose their personal
information required by this bill. For example, ISP Terms of Service Agreements frequently
forbid the user website from engaging in illegal activity.
This legislation captures a wide array of behaviors due to the broad definitions of the terms
“commercial recording or audiovisual work,” “electronic dissemination,” “performance,” and
“display” used. As a result, many, if not all, private individuals having a website may be required
to disclose their true and correct name, physical address, and telephone number or e-mail
address. For example, under these definitions, a teenager who creates her own website for the
purpose of posting self-produced recordings or audiovisual works may be required to provide the
identifying information. Moreover, the true target for the injunction and further consequences
apparently are those websites that do not provide the identifying information.
An individual may be able to display or perform a commercial recording or audiovisual work for
distribution to a sufficiently narrow group so that the act does not constitute a “public” display or
performance under federal copyright law. However, this bill does not discern between a public or
private display or performance.
VIII. Statutes Affected:
This bill substantially amends section 501.155 of the Florida Statutes. BILL: SB 288 Page 7
IX. Additional Information:
A. Committee Substitute – Statement of Changes:
(Summarizing differences between the Committee Substitute and the prior version of the bill.)
None.
B. Amendments:
None.
This Senate Bill Analysis does not reflect the intent or official position of the bill’s introducer or the Florida Senate.