The Florida Senate
BILL ANALYSIS AND FISCAL IMPACT STATEMENT
(This document is based on the provisions contained in the legislation as of the latest date listed below.)
Prepared By: The Professional Staff of the Appropriations Subcommittee on Agriculture, Environment, and General
Government
BILL: CS/SB 1434
INTRODUCER: Environment and Natural Resources Committee and Senator Rodriguez
SUBJECT: Public Financing of Potentially At-risk Structures and Infrastructure
DATE: February 21, 2022
ANALYST STAFF DIRECTOR REFERENCE ACTION
1. Collazo Rogers EN Fav/CS
2. Reagan Betta AEG Recommend: Favorable
3. AP
Please see Section IX. for Additional Information:
COMMITTEE SUBSTITUTE - Substantial Changes
I. Summary:
CS/SB 1434 broadens the geographic applicability of the requirements, for public entities
commissioning or managing coastal construction projects using funds appropriated from the
state, to create sea level impact projection (SLIP) studies.
The bill provides definitions for the terms “area at risk due to sea level rise,” “potentially at-risk
structure or infrastructure,” and “significant flood damage.”
In each place in section 161.551, Florida Statutes, where the term “coastal structure” currently
appears, the bill replaces it with the term “potentially at-risk structure or infrastructure.” This
expands the geographic scope of the statutory requirements relating to SLIP studies from the
coastal building zone, as defined in statute, to areas at risk due to sea level rise.
The bill adds a new requirement to the standards for SLIP studies, which the Department of
Environmental Protection (DEP) establishes by rule, requiring a list of flood mitigation strategies
evaluated as part of the design of the potentially at-risk structures or infrastructure, and
identification of the flood mitigation strategies that have been implemented or are being
considered as part of the potentially at-risk structure or infrastructure design.
The bill would require the DEP to promulgate and administer new regulations which may cause
the DEP to incur additional costs.
REVISED: BILL: CS/SB 1434 Page 2
II. Present Situation:
Flooding and Sea Level Rise
The effects of climate change
1
include sea level rise, increasing storm intensity, and increasing
frequency and severity of extreme rainfall events.
2
These trends result in increased flooding in
inland and coastal areas.
3
With 1,350 miles of coastline, relatively low elevations, and a porous
geology, Florida is particularly vulnerable to coastal flooding.
4
Coastal areas are facing the
combined effects of sea level rise, storm surge, and extreme precipitation.
5
Sea level rise is an observed increase in the average local sea level or global sea level trend.
6
Climate change is causing global sea level rise through two primary factors: the loss of land-
based ice (ice sheets and glaciers) due to melting, and thermal expansion caused by the warming
of the oceans (water expands as it warms).
7
Global mean sea level has risen about 8-9 inches
since 1880, and the rate of rise is accelerating: 0.06 inches per year throughout most of the
twentieth century, 0.14 inches per year from 2006-2015, and 0.24 inches per year from
2018-2019.
8
1
See National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Global Climate Change, Facts, Effects,
https://climate.nasa.gov/effects/ (last visited Jan. 20, 2022).
2
U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP), Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II: Impacts, Risks, and
Adaptation in the United States, 31, 40-43, 97, 116-118, 745, 762, 1482 (2018), available at
https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/downloads/NCA4_2018_FullReport.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022); Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to
the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, SPM-10 SPM-11, SPM-28, SPM-33 (2021),
available at https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf (last visited
Jan. 20, 2022).
3
USGCRP, Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II: Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States, 757-68
(2018), available at https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/downloads/NCA4_2018_FullReport.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022).
4
Florida Division of Emergency Management (DEM), Enhanced State Hazard Mitigation Plan, 107-108, 162 (2018),
available at https://www.floridadisaster.org/globalassets/dem/mitigation/mitigate-fl--shmp/shmp-2018-
full_final_approved.6.11.2018.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022). Florida has over 8,000 miles of coastline when considering
intricacies such as bays, inlets, and waterways; McKinsey Global Institute, Will Mortgages and Markets Stay Afloat in
Florida?, 10, 12, 27 (2020), available at
https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functions/Sustainability/Our%20Insights/Will%20mortgages%
20and%20markets%20stay%20afloat%20in%20Florida/MGI_Climate%20Risk_Case%20Studies_Florida_May2020.pdf (last
visited Jan. 20, 2022). Florida’s porous limestone foundation causes saltwater intrusion and seepage from underground.
5
See DEM, Enhanced State Hazard Mitigation Plan, 107 (2018), available at
https://www.floridadisaster.org/globalassets/dem/mitigation/mitigate-fl--shmp/shmp-2018-full_final_approved.6.11.2018.pdf
(last visited Jan. 20, 2022); IPCC, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to
the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, SPM-33 (2021), available at
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022).
6
Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), Florida Adaptation Planning Guidebook, Glossary (2018), available at
https://floridadep.gov/sites/default/files/AdaptationPlanningGuidebook.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022).
7
Id.; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Climate Change: Ocean Heat Content,
https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-ocean-heat-content (last visited Jan. 20, 2022).
More than 90 percent of the warming that has happened on Earth over the past 50 years has occurred in the ocean.
8
NOAA, Climate Change: Global Sea Level, https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-
global-sea-level (last visited Jan. 20, 2022). The melting of glaciers and ice sheets (such as the Greenland and Antarctic Ice
Sheets) is accelerating, and from 2005–2013 melting caused nearly twice as much sea level rise as thermal expansion. BILL: CS/SB 1434 Page 3
Sea level rise data is obtained through various scientific equipment: tide gauge stations record
the local height of the surrounding water level relative to a reference point on land, and satellite
laser altimeters measure the average height of the entire ocean.
9
Data is incorporated into
numerous online tools for visualization.
10
Scientific projections for future sea level rise and
precipitation vary based on modeling using different scenarios of future greenhouse gas
emissions and atmospheric concentrations.
11
After 2050, the various projections for sea level rise
and precipitation diverge significantly based on different scenarios of emissions trajectories.
12
Rising sea levels result in gradual coastal inundation as sea level rise raises the height of high
tide.
13
High tide flooding (HTF) generally begins when coastal water levels exceed about
1.75 feet above high tide as measured by a tide gauge.
14
Since 2000, the frequency of HTF in the
United States has more than doubled, with data showing large increases at tide gauge locations in
Florida.
15
For example, research shows that in Miami Beach, between 1998 and 2013, the
frequency of recurrent tidal flooding events quadrupled.
16
The frequency of such flooding is
projected to continue to increase.
17
Research suggests that the increasing frequency of HTF may
not be incremental and may include tipping points punctuated by extreme months and seasons
during which many days of HTF cluster together.
18
9
NOAA, Tides and Currents, Sea Level Trends, https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/sltrends/ (last visited Jan. 20, 2022).
Showing trends in data from tide gauge stations around Florida; NOAA, Is Sea Level Rising?,
https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sealevel.html (last visited Jan. 20, 2022); see DEM, Enhanced State Hazard Mitigation
Plan, 107 (2018), available at https://www.floridadisaster.org/globalassets/dem/mitigation/mitigate-fl--shmp/shmp-2018-
full_final_approved.6.11.2018.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022). “Relative sea level” is measured locally using tide gauges.
“Eustatic sea level” is measured globally based on the volume of water in earth’s oceans.
10
DEP, SLIP Map, https://floridadep-slip.org/Map.aspx (last visited Jan. 20, 2022).
11
USGCRP, Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II: Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States, 1, 6, 40-
43, 84-91, 338, 751, 758, 762 (2018), available at https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/downloads/NCA4_2018_FullReport.pdf
(last visited Jan. 20, 2022).
12
Id. at 41-42, 109; IPCC, The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, 4-94-10 (Sept. 2019), available at
https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2019/12/SROCC_FullReport_FINAL.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022);
Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact (SFRCCC), Unified Sea Level Rise Projection Southeast Florida -
2019 Update, 7, 25, 29 (2019), available at https://southeastfloridaclimatecompact.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Sea-
Level-Rise-Projection-Guidance-Report_FINAL_02212020.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022).
13
DEM, Enhanced State Hazard Mitigation Plan, 101, 108 (2018), available at
https://www.floridadisaster.org/globalassets/dem/mitigation/mitigate-fl--shmp/shmp-2018-full_final_approved.6.11.2018.pdf
(last visited Jan. 20, 2022); SFRCCC, Unified Sea Level Rise Projection Southeast Florida - 2019 Update, 17 (2019),
available at https://southeastfloridaclimatecompact.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Sea-Level-Rise-Projection-Guidance-
Report_FINAL_02212020.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022). Rapid pulses are possible.
14
NOAA, 2021 State of High Tide Flooding and Annual Outlook, v, 1 (2021), available at
https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/publications/2021_State_of_High_Tide_Flooding_and_Annual_Outlook_Final.pdf (last
visited Jan. 20, 2022).
15
Id. at 9, 16-17.
16
SFRCCC, Unified Sea Level Rise Projection Southeast Florida - 2019 Update, 31 (2019), available at
https://southeastfloridaclimatecompact.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Sea-Level-Rise-Projection-Guidance-
Report_FINAL_02212020.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022).
17
NOAA, 2021 State of High Tide Flooding and Annual Outlook, v-vi, 10 (2021). By 2030, without additional adaptation
measures, national high tide flooding (HTF) frequency is likely to be about 2-3 times greater than today. By 2050, it’s likely
to be 5-15 times greater.
18
Thompson et al., Rapid Increases and Extreme Months in Projections of United States High-Tide Flooding, NATURE
CLIMATE CHANGE 11, 584-585, 589 (2021), available at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-021-01077-8 (last visited
Jan. 20, 2022). BILL: CS/SB 1434 Page 4
In Florida, flooding from sea level rise impacts roads, stormwater systems, wastewater systems,
public and private property, and natural areas.
19
Sea level rise causes saltwater intrusion of both
surface water and groundwater, threatening fresh water resources including coastal aquifers.
20
It
causes coastal erosion and threatens coastal ecosystems which, when healthy and allowed space
for landward migration, are critical for resilience.
21
Sea level rise also raises coastal groundwater
tables and pushes salt water further inland.
22
Many of these processes are exacerbated by
Florida’s porous limestone geology.
23
Future storms are generally expected to have increased average intensity and precipitation
rates.
24
Storm intensity is a principal determinant of storm surge height.
25
Storm surge is water
driven ashore by the wind during severe weather, and it is an especially dangerous aspect of
19
SFRCCC, Unified Sea Level Rise Projection Southeast Florida - 2019 Update, 5 (2019), available at
https://southeastfloridaclimatecompact.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Sea-Level-Rise-Projection-Guidance-
Report_FINAL_02212020.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022).
20
DEM, Enhanced State Hazard Mitigation Plan, 106 (2018), available at
https://www.floridadisaster.org/globalassets/dem/mitigation/mitigate-fl--shmp/shmp-2018-full_final_approved.6.11.2018.pdf
(last visited Jan. 20, 2022); SFRCCC, Unified Sea Level Rise Projection Southeast Florida - 2019 Update, 33-35 (2019),
available at https://southeastfloridaclimatecompact.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Sea-Level-Rise-Projection-Guidance-
Report_FINAL_02212020.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022).
21
SFRCCC, Unified Sea Level Rise Projection Southeast Florida - 2019 Update, 35 (2019), available at
https://southeastfloridaclimatecompact.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Sea-Level-Rise-Projection-Guidance-
Report_FINAL_02212020.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022); DEM, Enhanced State Hazard Mitigation Plan, 106, 221 (2018),
available at https://www.floridadisaster.org/globalassets/dem/mitigation/mitigate-fl--shmp/shmp-2018-
full_final_approved.6.11.2018.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022); USGCRP, Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II:
Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States, 340-341, 690, 775, 833 (2018), available at
https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/downloads/NCA4_2018_FullReport.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022). Coastal ecosystems
reduce erosion, buffer against waves and storm surge, attenuate wave energy, maintain water quality, and provide habitat for
wildlife.
22
DEM, Enhanced State Hazard Mitigation Plan, 108 (2018), available at
https://www.floridadisaster.org/globalassets/dem/mitigation/mitigate-fl--shmp/shmp-2018-full_final_approved.6.11.2018.pdf
(last visited Jan. 20, 2022).
23
See Urban Land Institute (ULI), The Business Case for Resilience - Regional Economic Benefits of Climate Adaptation, 20
(2020), available at https://knowledge.uli.org/-/media/files/research-reports/2020/the-business-case-for-resilience-in-
southeast-florida_final.pdf?rev=81609c7f6b72479d89c49aff72fea446&hash=FB2E953B8A456CFE781169A0CAA82333
(last visited Jan. 20, 2022).
24
SFRCCC, Unified Sea Level Rise Projection Southeast Florida - 2019 Update, 35 (2019), available at
https://southeastfloridaclimatecompact.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Sea-Level-Rise-Projection-Guidance-
Report_FINAL_02212020.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022); DEM, Enhanced State Hazard Mitigation Plan, 106, 221 (2018),
available at https://www.floridadisaster.org/globalassets/dem/mitigation/mitigate-fl--shmp/shmp-2018-
full_final_approved.6.11.2018.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022); USGCRP, Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II:
Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States, 97, 116-118, 1482 (2018), available at
https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/downloads/NCA4_2018_FullReport.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022); see Knutson et al.,
Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change Assessment, Part II: Projected Response to Anthropogenic Warming, American
Meteorological Society, E317-E318 (2020), available at
https://journals.ametsoc.org/bams/article/101/3/E303/345043/Tropical-Cyclones-and-Climate-Change-Assessment (last
visited Jan. 20, 2022); IPCC, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the
Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, SPM-20 (2021), available at
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022). The
proportion of intense tropical cyclones (categories 4-5) and peak wind speeds of the most intense tropical cyclones are
projected to increase globally.
25
DEM, Enhanced State Hazard Mitigation Plan, 441 (2018), available at
https://www.floridadisaster.org/globalassets/dem/mitigation/mitigate-fl--shmp/shmp-2018-full_final_approved.6.11.2018.pdf
(last visited Jan. 20, 2022). BILL: CS/SB 1434 Page 5
coastal flooding.
26
Sea level rise is expected to increase the impacts from storm surge, as it will
build on top of a higher base of water, travel farther inland, and impact more areas and properties
than in the past.
27
Storm surges are an especially dangerous aspect of coastal flooding and their
impacts also include coastal erosion, property loss and damage, and debris carried by the water.
28
A warmer atmosphere holds more water vapor, leading to more frequent and intense extreme
rainfall events that are contributing to increased inland and coastal flooding.
29
Extreme rainfall
events can stress or overwhelm stormwater infrastructure, while sea level rise impairs gravity-
driven systems and reduces the discharge capacity of coastal water control structures.
30
By
raising groundwater levels, sea level rise reduces the ability of rainfall to infiltrate the soil, and
the reduced soil storage capacity causes flooding.
31
Florida’s 35 coastal counties contain 76 percent of its population and 79 percent of its total
economy as of 2012.
32
One study found that 20.5 percent of properties in Florida were at
26
DEM, Enhanced State Hazard Mitigation Plan, 100 (2018), available at
https://www.floridadisaster.org/globalassets/dem/mitigation/mitigate-fl--shmp/shmp-2018-full_final_approved.6.11.2018.pdf
(last visited Jan. 20, 2022); Emrich et al., Climate-Sensitive Hazards in Florida, Identifying and Prioritizing Threats to Build
Resilience against Climate Effects, Storm Surge 1 of 37 (2014), available at https://flbrace.org/images/docs/climate-
sensitive-hazards-in-florida-final-report.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022).
27
DEM, Enhanced State Hazard Mitigation Plan, 100, 106-08 (2018), available at
https://www.floridadisaster.org/globalassets/dem/mitigation/mitigate-fl--shmp/shmp-2018-full_final_approved.6.11.2018.pdf
(last visited Jan. 20, 2022); USGCRP, Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II: Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the
United States, 758 (2018), available at https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/downloads/NCA4_2018_FullReport.pdf (last
visited Jan. 20, 2022).
28
DEM, Enhanced State Hazard Mitigation Plan, 138-40, 217-19 (2018), available at
https://www.floridadisaster.org/globalassets/dem/mitigation/mitigate-fl--shmp/shmp-2018-full_final_approved.6.11.2018.pdf
(last visited Jan. 20, 2022); Emrich et al., Climate-Sensitive Hazards in Florida, Identifying and Prioritizing Threats to Build
Resilience against Climate Effects, Storm Surge 1 of 37 (2014), available at https://flbrace.org/images/docs/climate-
sensitive-hazards-in-florida-final-report.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022); NOAA, Florida Marine Debris Emergency Response
Guide: Comprehensive Guidance Document, 16-18 (May 2021), available at
https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/file/5582/download?token=3Ju2uDHQ (last visited Jan. 20, 2022). Forty percent of all
hurricanes that strike the U.S. make landfall in Florida. Id. at 15.
29
USGCRP, Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II: Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States, 88, 97,
113, 745, 762, 1447 (2018), available at https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/downloads/NCA4_2018_FullReport.pdf (last
visited Jan. 20, 2022); DEM, Enhanced State Hazard Mitigation Plan, 106 (2018), available at
https://www.floridadisaster.org/globalassets/dem/mitigation/mitigate-fl--shmp/shmp-2018-full_final_approved.6.11.2018.pdf
(last visited Jan. 20, 2022); IPCC, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to
the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, SPM-20 (2021), available at
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022).
Globally, extreme daily precipitation events are projects to intensify by about seven percent for each 1°C of warming.
30
USGCRP, Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II: Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States, 763
(2018), available at https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/downloads/NCA4_2018_FullReport.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022);
SFRCCC, Unified Sea Level Rise Projection Southeast Florida - 2019 Update, 5, 34 (2019), available at
https://southeastfloridaclimatecompact.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Sea-Level-Rise-Projection-Guidance-
Report_FINAL_02212020.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022).
31
SFRCCC, Unified Sea Level Rise Projection Southeast Florida - 2019 Update, 33 (2019), available at
https://southeastfloridaclimatecompact.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Sea-Level-Rise-Projection-Guidance-
Report_FINAL_02212020.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022); DEM, Enhanced State Hazard Mitigation Plan, 106, 181 (2018),
available at https://www.floridadisaster.org/globalassets/dem/mitigation/mitigate-fl--shmp/shmp-2018-
full_final_approved.6.11.2018.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022).
32
DEP, Florida Adaptation Planning Guidebook, at III (2018), available at
https://floridadep.gov/sites/default/files/AdaptationPlanningGuidebook.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022); see McKinsey Global
Institute, Will Mortgages and Markets Stay Afloat in Florida?, 13 (2020), available at
https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functions/Sustainability/Our%20Insights/Will%20mortgages% BILL: CS/SB 1434 Page 6
substantial risk of flooding in 2020 and 24.3 percent will be at such risk by 2050.
33
Another
study found tidal flooding could result in a total property devaluation of $10-$30 billion by 2030
and $30-$80 billion by 2050, and that real estate losses during 100-year storm surge events could
reach $50-$75 billion by 2050.
34
A regional analysis found that in Southeast Florida alone, by
2040, $4.2 billion in property value could be lost to daily tidal inundation and one 10-year storm
tide event could cause $3.2 billion in property damage.
35
It is estimated that Florida has nine of
the top ten counties in the nation for total annual risk of economic loss from flooding.
36
Despite
the risks, people and capital continue to flow into exposed coastal areas in Florida.
37
Adaptation strategies such as elevating properties or constructing coastal structures may be cost-
prohibitive in certain instances, and the burdens of adaptation disproportionately affect
vulnerable individuals or communities.
38
A recent report from a medical journal states a range of
health impacts related to rising sea levels are likely to occur.
39
20and%20markets%20stay%20afloat%20in%20Florida/MGI_Climate%20Risk_Case%20Studies_Florida_May2020.pdf (last
visited Jan. 20, 2022). Almost 10 percent of the state’s population is less than 4.9 feet (1.5 meters) above sea level.
33
First Street Foundation (FSF), The First National Flood Risk Assessment: Defining America’s Growing Risk, 39 (2020),
available at https://assets.firststreet.org/uploads/2020/06/first_street_foundation__first_national_flood_risk_assessment.pdf
(last visited Jan. 20, 2022). The study calculates substantial risk as a one percent annual risk of 1 cm of inundation or more.
34
McKinsey Global Institute, Will Mortgages and Markets Stay Afloat in Florida?, 15-19 (2020), available at
https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functions/Sustainability/Our%20Insights/Will%20mortgages%
20and%20markets%20stay%20afloat%20in%20Florida/MGI_Climate%20Risk_Case%20Studies_Florida_May2020.pdf (last
visited Jan. 20, 2022).
35
Urban Land Institute (ULI), The Business Case for Resilience - Regional Economic Benefits of Climate Adaptation, 6
(2020), available at https://knowledge.uli.org/-/media/files/research-reports/2020/the-business-case-for-resilience-in-
southeast-florida_final.pdf?rev=81609c7f6b72479d89c49aff72fea446&hash=FB2E953B8A456CFE781169A0CAA82333
(last visited Jan. 20, 2022). In 2070, the estimated potential harm in Southeast Florida increases to $53.6 billion of lost
property value from daily tidal inundation and $16.5 billion of property damage from one 10-year storm.
36
FSF, The Cost of Climate, America’s Growing Flood Risk, 11 (Feb. 2021), available at
https://assets.firststreet.org/uploads/2021/02/The_Cost_of_Climate_FSF20210219-1.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022).
37
McKinsey Global Institute, Will Mortgages and Markets Stay Afloat in Florida?, 13 (2020), available at
https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functions/Sustainability/Our%20Insights/Will%20mortgages%
20and%20markets%20stay%20afloat%20in%20Florida/MGI_Climate%20Risk_Case%20Studies_Florida_May2020.pdf (last
visited Jan. 20, 2022).
38
USGCRP, Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II: Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States, 333-35
(2018), available at https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/downloads/NCA4_2018_FullReport.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022);
U.S. Government Accountability Office, A Climate Migration Pilot Program Could Enhance the Nation’s Resilience and
Reduce Federal Fiscal Exposure, 29 (2020), https://www.gao.gov/assets/710/707961.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022); see
A.R. Siders and Jesse M. Keenan, Variables Shaping Coastal Adaptation Decisions to Armor, Nourish, and Retreat in North
Carolina, OCEAN AND COASTAL MANAGEMENT, vol. 183, pg. 1–2, 9 (Jan. 2020), available at
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0964569119305836 (last visited Jan. 20, 2022); see generally
Buchanan et al., Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding Threaten Affordable Housing, ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS
(Dec. 1, 2020), available at https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/abb266 (last visited Jan. 20, 2022).
39
Watts et al., The 2020 Report of The Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change: Responding to Converging Crises,
THE LANCET, Vol. 396, 14 (2020), https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)32290-X/fulltext
(last visited Jan. 20, 2022). The report mentions “changes in water and soil quality and supply, livelihood security, disease
vector ecology, flooding, and saltwater intrusion.” BILL: CS/SB 1434 Page 7
As sea level rise continues, financial impacts may include increases in flood insurance costs,
40
decreases in property sales or property values, and increased risk for lenders.
41
Coastal flooding
can disrupt local economies and tourism, leading to lost revenues for the public and private
sectors, and over time risks include loss or impairment of employment opportunities and public
services and infrastructure.
42
While accounting for the chronic stresses of recurrent flooding,
local governments will increasingly need to finance adaptation strategies, such as investing in
infrastructure or pumping systems, which may be made more difficult over time by any
downgrades to municipal bond ratings or long-term tax losses.
43
Studies show significant positive returns on investment calculated for resilience measures,
including the following benefit-cost ratios: $6 for every $1 spent through federal grants on
natural hazard mitigation, and, for future resilience investments in Southeast Florida, $4 for
every $1 on building-level adaptations and $2 for every $1 on community-wide adaptations.
44
Sea Level Rise Projections
Entities from the international to the local level use scientific data and modeling to create
projections of future sea level rise for planning and decision-making. The Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) includes 195 member countries assessing climate change
science reviewed by thousands of experts around the globe and intended to reflect the full range
of scientific views.
45
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) operates
tide gauges along the nation’s coasts and satellites that measure changes in sea level. In 2012 and
2017, the NOAA published sea level rise projections for the United States.
46
The NOAA’s
projections include six scenarios ranging from “low” to “extreme,” with several intermediate
40
FSF, The Cost of Climate, America’s Growing Flood Risk, 39 (Feb. 2021). The report finds that if insurance prices were
adjusted to account for actual current flood risk premiums for many properties in Florida would increase significantly, by as
much as 4.8 to 7.7 times the current rates (depending on location), impacting property values.
41
McKinsey Global Institute, Will Mortgages and Markets Stay Afloat in Florida?, 22-27 (2020), available at
https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functions/Sustainability/Our%20Insights/Will%20mortgages%
20and%20markets%20stay%20afloat%20in%20Florida/MGI_Climate%20Risk_Case%20Studies_Florida_May2020.pdf (last
visited Jan. 20, 2022) (lending risks involve not only banks investing in private homes and businesses, but also potential
downgrades to bond ratings for local governments that do not implement adaptation strategies); SFRCCC, Unified Sea Level
Rise Projection Southeast Florida - 2019 Update, 5 (2019), available at https://southeastfloridaclimatecompact.org/wp-
content/uploads/2020/04/Sea-Level-Rise-Projection-Guidance-Report_FINAL_02212020.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022).
42
ULI, The Business Case for Resilience - Regional Economic Benefits of Climate Adaptation, 13, 14, 19, 20 (2020),
available at https://knowledge.uli.org/-/media/files/research-reports/2020/the-business-case-for-resilience-in-southeast-
florida_final.pdf?rev=81609c7f6b72479d89c49aff72fea446&hash=FB2E953B8A456CFE781169A0CAA82333 (last visited
Jan. 20, 2022).
43
Id. at 10, 23, 33; McKinsey Global Institute, Will Mortgages and Markets Stay Afloat in Florida?, 27 (2020), available at
https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functions/Sustainability/Our%20Insights/Will%20mortgages%
20and%20markets%20stay%20afloat%20in%20Florida/MGI_Climate%20Risk_Case%20Studies_Florida_May2020.pdf (last
visited Jan. 20, 2022).
44
ULI, The Business Case for Resilience - Regional Economic Benefits of Climate Adaptation, 26 (2020), available at
https://knowledge.uli.org/-/media/files/research-reports/2020/the-business-case-for-resilience-in-southeast-
florida_final.pdf?rev=81609c7f6b72479d89c49aff72fea446&hash=FB2E953B8A456CFE781169A0CAA82333 (last visited
Jan. 20, 2022); National Institute of Building Sciences, Natural Hazard Mitigation Saves, 1-2 (Dec. 2019), available at
https://www.nibs.org/files/pdfs/NIBS_MMC_MitigationSaves_2019.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022).
45
IPCC, About the IPCC, https://www.ipcc.ch/about/ (last visited Jan. 20, 2022).
46
NOAA, Climate Change: Global Sea Level, available at https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-
climate/climate-change-global-sea-level (last visited Jan. 20, 2022). BILL: CS/SB 1434 Page 8
scenarios.
47
NOAA’s projections were used in the fourth national climate assessment by the
United States Global Change Research Program, a program of 13 federal agencies analyzing the
changing global environment.
48
The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) has
developed policies requiring consideration of specific scenarios of sea level change at every step
in a project’s life cycle.
49
Sea level rise is experienced differently in different areas, depending on many factors including
ocean currents, subsidence (sinking of land), accretion (accumulation of sediment), land use, and
erosion.
50
The Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact (compact), a collaboration
including Broward, Miami-Dade, Monroe, and Palm Beach counties, periodically assembles a
technical work group of experts to produce sea level rise projections to assist planning and
decision-making in Southeast Florida.
51
Many local governments in the region have incorporated
the compact’s projections into their planning documents and policies.
52
In 2019, the Tampa Bay
Climate Science Advisory Panel recommended a common set of sea level rise projections for use
throughout the Tampa Bay region.
53
47
Sweet et al., NOAA, Global and Regional Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the United States, 21–23 (2017), available at
https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/publications/techrpt83_Global_and_Regional_SLR_Scenarios_for_the_US_final.pdf (last
visited Jan. 20, 2022).
48
USGCRP, About USGCRP, https://www.globalchange.gov/about (last visited Jan. 20, 2022).
49
See United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Policies,
https://www.usace.army.mil/corpsclimate/climate_policies/ (last visited Jan. 20, 2022).
50
USGCRP, Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II: Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States, 757, 855,
1495 (2018), available at https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/downloads/NCA4_2018_FullReport.pdf (last visited
Jan. 20, 2022).
51
SFRCCC, Unified Sea Level Rise Projection Southeast Florida - 2019 Update, 8 (2019), available at
https://southeastfloridaclimatecompact.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Sea-Level-Rise-Projection-Guidance-
Report_FINAL_02212020.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022).
52
SFRCCC, Climate Action Plan, ST-1: Incorporate Projections Into Plans,
http://southeastfloridaclimatecompact.org/recommendations/incorporate-projections-into-plans/ (last visited Jan. 20, 2022).
53
Tampa Bay Climate Science Advisory Panel, Recommended Projections of Sea Level Rise in the Tampa Bay Region, 7
(Apr. 2019), available at http://www.tbrpc.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/CSAP_SLR_Recommendation_2019.pdf (last
visited Jan. 20, 2022). BILL: CS/SB 1434 Page 9
Sea Level Rise Projections
Source Scale Year Low (feet) High (feet)
IPCC Assessment
Report 6
54
Global
2100 0.92-1.8 2.07-3.31
2150 1.21-2.82 3.22-6.17
NOAA (Sweet et al.,
2017), Low–
Extreme
55
Global
2040 0.43 1.35
2070 0.72 3.94
2100 .98 8.20
SFRCCC Unified
Sea Level Rise
Projection, 2019
Update
56
Southeast
Florida
2040 .83 1.42
2070 1.75 3.33
2120 3.33 7.67
Tampa Bay Climate
Science Advisory
Panel
57
Tampa Bay
Region
2050 1 2.5
2100 2 8.5
Statewide Resilience Programs
In 2021, the Legislature, recognizing that Florida is vulnerable to flooding from increasing
rainfall, storm surge, and sea level rise, established several statewide resilience programs.
58
Those programs include the following:
The Department of Environmental Protection’s (DEP’s) Resilient Florida Grant Program
provides grants to counties or municipalities for community resilience planning, such as
vulnerability assessments, plan development, and projects to adapt critical assets.
59
The
findings of the assessments must be reported to the DEP.
The Comprehensive Statewide Flood Vulnerability and Sea Level Rise Data Set and
Assessment, which must be updated at least every five years.
60
The DEP must:
o By July 1, 2022, develop a statewide data set, including statewide sea level rise
projections, containing information necessary to determine the risks of flooding and sea
level rise to inland and coastal communities.
54
IPCC, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, SPM-28 (2021), available at
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022). The
low and high ranges shown in the table represent the very low and very high greenhouse gas emissions scenarios,
respectively.
55
Sweet et al., NOAA, Global and Regional Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the United States, 21, 23 (2017), available at
https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/publications/techrpt83_Global_and_Regional_SLR_Scenarios_for_the_US_final.pdf (last
visited Jan. 20, 2022).
56
SFRCCC, Unified Sea Level Rise Projection Southeast Florida - 2019 Update, 9-10 (2019), available at
https://southeastfloridaclimatecompact.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Sea-Level-Rise-Projection-Guidance-
Report_FINAL_02212020.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2022). The range in the table shows regional applications of the IPCC
Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 Median curve and the NOAA Intermediate High curve.
57
Tampa Bay Climate Science Advisory Panel, Recommended Projections of Sea Level Rise in the Tampa Bay Region, 7
(Apr. 2019), available at http://www.tbrpc.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/CSAP_SLR_Recommendation_2019.pdf (last
visited Jan. 20, 2022).
58
See ch. 2021-28, Laws of Fla., codified in ss. 380.093, 380.0933, and 403.928(4), F.S.
59
Section 380.093(2)(a), F.S. “Critical asset” is defined to include broad lists of assets relating to transportation, critical
infrastructure, emergency facilities, natural resources, and historical and cultural resources.
60
Section 380.093(4), F.S. BILL: CS/SB 1434 Page 10
o By July 1, 2023, develop a statewide assessment, using the statewide data set, identifying
vulnerable infrastructure, geographic areas, and communities. The statewide assessment
must include an inventory of critical assets.
61
The Statewide Flooding and Sea Level Rise Resilience Plan.
62
By each December 1, the DEP
must develop the plan on a three-year planning horizon and submit it to the Governor and
Legislature for funding of ranked projects.
63
The Coastal Zone Protection Act
The Coastal Zone Protection Act of 1985 (act)
64
is intended to manage the most sensitive portion
of Florida’s coastal areas through the imposition of strict construction standards in order to
minimize damage to the natural environment, private property, and life.
65
The act covers activities and construction within the “coastal building zone.” The coastal
building zone is the land from the seasonal high-water line
66
landward to a line 1,500 feet
landward from the coastal construction control line (CCCL),
67
and for those areas where no
CCCL has been established, the coastal building zone is the land seaward of the most landward
velocity zone (v-zone) line
68
as established by the Federal Emergency Management Agency and
shown on flood insurance rate maps.
69
On coastal barrier islands, the coastal building zone is the
land from the seasonal high-water line to a line 5,000 feet landward from the CCCL, or the entire
island, whichever is less.
70
For coastal barrier islands on which a CCCL has not been established,
the coastal building zone is the land seaward of the most landward v-zone boundary line fronting
upon the Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic Ocean, Florida Bay, or Straits of Florida.
71
All land in the
Florida Keys located within Monroe County is in the coastal building zone.
72
61
Id.
62
Section 380.093(5), F.S.
63
Section 380.093, F.S.
64
Section 161.52-161.58, F.S.
65
Section 161.53(5), F.S.
66
See s. 161.053(5)(a)2., F.S., (defining “seasonal high-water line” as “the line formed by the intersection of the rising shore
and the elevation of 150 percent of the local mean tidal range above local mean high water”); see s. 177.27(14), F.S.,
(defining “mean high water,” in part, as the average height of the high waters over a 19-year period).
67
See s. 161.053, F.S. A coastal construction control line (CCCL) defines the portion of the beach-dune system that is subject
to severe fluctuations caused by a 100-year storm surge, storm waves, or other predictable weather conditions. Generally, a
permit is required for construction and excavation activities seaward of the CCCL. See generally Fla. Admin. Code Chapters
62B-33, 62B-34, 62B-49, and 62B-56.
68
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), Floodplain Management
Requirements, FEMA 480, 3-22–3-23, 3-29, 5-51, 7-59 (2005), available at
https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/fema-480_floodplain-management-study-guide_local-officials.pdf (last
visited Jan. 20, 2022). Special Flood Hazard Areas on flood insurance rate maps include “A Zones,” which are the regular
base floodplain, and “V Zones,” which are coastal high hazard areas, subject to more stringent regulatory requirements and
different flood insurance rates, where structures must be protected from hazards such as waves, storm surges, hurricane-force
winds, and erosion.
69
Section 161.54(1), F.S.
70
Section 161.55(4), F.S.
71
Id.
72
Id. BILL: CS/SB 1434 Page 11
The act defines certain types of structures regulated within the coastal building zone.
73
A
“[m]ajor structure” means houses, mobile homes, apartment buildings, condominiums, motels,
hotels, restaurants, towers, other types of residential, commercial, or public buildings, and other
construction having the potential for substantial impact on coastal zones.
74
A “[n]onhabitable
major structure” means swimming pools; parking garages; pipelines; piers; canals, lakes, ditches,
drainage structures, and other water retention structures; water and sewage treatment plants;
electrical power plants, and all related structures or facilities, transmission lines, distribution
lines, transformer pads, vaults, and substations; roads, bridges, streets, and highways; and
underground storage tanks.
75
The act also defines “substantial flood damage,” which means “flood, inundation, or wave action
damage resulting from a single event, such as a flood or tropical weather system, where such
damage exceeds 25 percent of the market value of the coastal structure at the time of the
event.”
76
Sea Level Impact Projection (SLIP) Studies
In 2020, the Legislature created within the act s. 161.551, F.S., entitled “Public financing of
construction projections within the coastal building zone.”
77
Section 161.551, F.S., requires a public entity that commissions or manages a construction
project on a coastal structure, using funds appropriated from the state, to conduct a sea level
impact projection (SLIP) study prior to commencing construction.
78
The section defines a coastal
structure as a major structure or nonhabitable major structure within the coastal building zone.
79
Before construction commences, a state-financed constructor
80
must conduct a SLIP study
meeting the statutory requirements, submit the study to the DEP, and receive notification from
the DEP that the study has been published on the DEP’s website for at least 30 days.
81
The DEP
is required to develop by rule the specific standards for conducting a SLIP study.
82
Under the
statute, the DEP’s SLIP study standards must, at a minimum, require state-financed constructors
to do all of the following:
Use a systematic, interdisciplinary, and scientifically accepted approach in the natural
sciences and construction design in conducting the study.
Assess the flooding, inundation, and wave action damage risks relating to the coastal
structure over its expected life or 50 years, whichever is less.
73
Section 161.54(6), F.S.
74
Section 161.54(6)(a), F.S.
75
Section 161.54(6)(c), F.S.
76
Section 161.551(1)(e), F.S.; see FEMA, What Does “Substantial Damage” Mean?, https://www.fema.gov/press-
release/20210318/what-does-substantial-damage-mean (last visited Jan. 21, 2022) (noting that FEMA applies the term
“substantial damage” to a structure in a Special Flood Hazard Area – or floodplain – for which the total cost of repairs is
50 percent or more of the structure’s market value before the disaster occurred, regardless of the cause of damage).
77
Chapter 2020-119, Laws of Fla.
78
Section 161.551(2), F.S.
79
Section 161.551(1)(a), F.S.
80
Section 161.551(1)(b) and (d), F.S. “State-financed constructor” is defined as “a public entity that commissions
or manages a construction project using funds appropriated from the state.”
81
Section 161.551(2), F.S.
82
Section 161.551(3), F.S. BILL: CS/SB 1434 Page 12
o The assessment must take into account potential relative local sea level rise and increased
storm risk during the expected life of the coastal structure or 50 years, whichever is less,
and, to the extent possible, account for the contribution of sea level rise versus land
subsidence to the relative local sea level rise.
o The assessment must provide scientific and engineering evidence of the risk to the coastal
structure and methods used to mitigate, adapt to, or reduce this risk.
o The assessment must use and consider available scientific research and generally
accepted industry practices.
o The assessment must provide the mean average annual chance of substantial flood
damage over the expected life of the coastal structure or 50 years, whichever is less.
o The assessment must analyze potential public safety and environmental impacts resulting
from damage to the coastal structure, including, but not limited to, leakage of pollutants,
electrocution and explosion hazards, and hazards resulting from floating or flying
structural debris.
Provide alternatives for the coastal structure’s design and siting, and how such alternatives
would impact specified risks, as well as the risk and cost associated with maintaining,
repairing, and constructing the coastal structure.
83
If a state-financed constructor commences construction of a coastal structure without complying
with the SLIP study requirements, the DEP is authorized to institute a civil action.
84
In such
cases, the DEP may:
Seek injunctive relief to cease further construction of the coastal structure or enforce
compliance with this section or with rules adopted by the DEP pursuant to this section.
If the coastal structure has been completed or has been substantially completed, seek
recovery of all or a portion of state funds expended on the coastal structure.
85
The DEP is authorized to enforce the requirements of s. 161.551, F.S., and required to adopt
rules as necessary to administer the act.
86
Accordingly, the DEP has adopted a rule providing the
requirements for state-financed constructors
87
and developed a web-based tool enabling them to
create and submit SLIP study reports pursuant to the statute.
88
The web-based tool provides
resources for the benefit of the public, including policy information, a database of resilience
strategies, and an interactive map for visualizing different scenarios of sea level rise and
flooding.
89
III. Effect of Proposed Changes:
Section 1 amends s. 161.551, F.S., which requires a public entity commissioning or managing
certain construction projects within the coastal building zone, using funds appropriated from the
state, to conduct a sea level impact projection (SLIP) study prior to commencing construction.
83
Section 161.551(3), F.S.
84
Section 161.551(4), F.S.
85
Id.
86
Section 161.551(6) and (7), F.S.
87
Fla. Admin. Code R. 62S-7.011.
88
DEP, Sea Level Impact Projection Study Tool, https://www.floridadep-slip.org/ (last visited Jan. 20, 2022).
89
Id. BILL: CS/SB 1434 Page 13
The bill changes the title of s. 161.551, F.S., from “Public financing of construction projects
within the coastal building zone” to “Public financing of construction projects within areas at
risk due to sea level rise.”
The bill creates a definition, defining “[a]rea at risk due to sea level rise” as:
[A]ny location that is projected to be below the threshold for tidal flooding
within the next 50 years by adding sea-level rise using the 2017 National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration intermediate-high sea-level rise
projection. For purposes of this paragraph, the threshold for tidal flooding
is 2 feet above mean higher high water.
The bill defines the term “[p]otentially at-risk structure or infrastructure” as meaning any of the
following when within an area at risk due to sea level rise:
A major structure, regardless of whether it has the potential for substantially impacting
coastal zones;
A nonhabitable major structure; or
Any other construction critical to public health, life, or safety.
This definition of “[p]otentially at-risk structure or infrastructure” replaces the existing definition
of “coastal structure” as “a major structure or nonhabitable major structure within the coastal
building zone.”
The bill replaces the definition of “[s]ubstantial flood damage” with “[s]ignificant flood
damage,” which means flood, erosion, inundation, or wave action damage resulting from a
discrete or compound natural hazard event, such as a flood or tropical weather system, where
such damage exceeds:
Twenty-five percent of the replacement cost of the potentially at risk structure or
infrastructure at the time of the event; or
A defined threshold established by the Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) in
coordination with the Department of Transportation and water management districts. The
threshold must be established by July 1, 2023.
The bill revises the requirement that a state-financed constructor assess the flooding, inundation,
and wave action damage risks relating to a coastal structure over its expected life or 50 years,
whichever is less, by referencing “potentially at-risk structure or infrastructure” instead of
“coastal structure.” The bill also revises the requirement that the assessment provide the “mean
average annual chance of substantial flood damage” over the expected life of the coastal
structure or 50 years, whichever is less, to instead require the assessment to provide “an
estimated probability of significant flood damage to the potentially at-risk structure or
infrastructure” over the expected life of the structure or infrastructure or 50 years, whichever is
less.
BILL: CS/SB 1434 Page 14
The bill replaces the term “coastal structure” with the term “potentially at-risk structure or
infrastructure” throughout s. 161.551, F.S. This broadens the geographic applicability of the
section’s requirements from the coastal building zone
90
to areas at risk due to sea level rise.
The bill also creates a new requirement for SLIP studies. The studies must provide a list of flood
mitigation strategies evaluated as part of the design of the potentially at-risk structure or
infrastructure, and identify the flood mitigation strategies that have been implemented or are
being considered as part of the potentially at-risk structure or infrastructure design.
Section 2 provides an effective date of July 1, 2022.
IV. Constitutional Issues:
A. Municipality/County Mandates Restrictions:
None.
B. Public Records/Open Meetings Issues:
None.
C. Trust Funds Restrictions:
None.
D. State Tax or Fee Increases:
None.
E. Other Constitutional Issues:
None.
V. Fiscal Impact Statement:
A. Tax/Fee Issues:
None.
90
Section 161.54(1), F.S. “Coastal Building Zone” is defined as “the land area from the seasonal high-water line landward to
a line 1,500 feet landward from the coastal construction control line as established pursuant to s. 161.053, and, for those
coastal areas fronting on the Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic Ocean, Florida Bay, or Straits of Florida and not included under
s. 161.053, the land area seaward of the most landward velocity zone (V-zone) line as established by the Federal Emergency
Management Agency and shown on flood insurance rate maps.” Id. The coastal building zone on coastal barrier islands is
“the land area from the seasonal high-water line to a line 5,000 feet landward from the coastal construction control line
established pursuant to s. 161.053, or the entire island, whichever is less. For coastal barrier islands on which a coastal
construction control line has not been established pursuant to s. 161.053, the coastal building zone shall be the land area
seaward of the most landward velocity zone (V-zone) boundary line fronting upon the Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic Ocean,
Florida Bay, or Straits of Florida. All land area in the Florida Keys located within Monroe County shall be included in the
coastal building zone.” Section 161.55(4), F.S. BILL: CS/SB 1434 Page 15
B. Private Sector Impact:
The bill expands the geographic applicability of procedures that identify long-term risks
to coastal structures, and potentially avoids some of the large costs of mitigating and
dealing with future damage to, or even loss of, potentially at-risk structures or
infrastructure. To the extent that the bill increases the avoided costs of damage or
destruction, residents and businesses may benefit.
C. Government Sector Impact:
The bill would require the DEP to promulgate and administer new regulations which may
cause the DEP to incur additional costs.
Requiring government entities to conduct a larger number of sea-level impact project
studies prior to construction may result in an indeterminate, negative fiscal impact on the
government sector in the short-term. However, the bill requires procedures that identify
risks and potentially avoid damage and loss for an increased range of potentially at-risk
structures or infrastructure, at least in part, using funds appropriated from the state. This
may result in state funds, or potentially federal grant money that is appropriated from the
state, being used for structures or infrastructure that have less risk of damage or loss over
time, or structures or infrastructure that may remain undamaged or intact for a longer
period of time. Therefore, the bill may result in an indeterminate, positive impact on the
government sector in the long-term.
VI. Technical Deficiencies:
None.
VII. Related Issues:
None.
VIII. Statutes Affected:
This bill substantially amends section 161.551 of the Florida Statutes.
IX. Additional Information:
A. Committee Substitute – Statement of Substantial Changes:
(Summarizing differences between the Committee Substitute and the prior version of the bill.)
CS by Environment and Natural Resources on January 24, 2022:
The committee substitute:
Revises the definition of “Area at risk due to sea level rise,” such that it only means
any location that is projected to be below the threshold for tidal flooding within the
next 50 years by adding sea-level rise using the 2017 National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration intermediate-high sea-level rise projection.
Revises the definition of “Potentially at-risk structure or infrastructure,” such that it
means any of the following when within an area at risk due to sea-level rise: BILL: CS/SB 1434 Page 16
o A major structure, regardless of whether it has the potential for substantially
impacting coastal zones.
o A nonhabitable major structure.
o Any other construction critical to public health, life, or safety.
B. Amendments:
None.
This Senate Bill Analysis does not reflect the intent or official position of the bill’s introducer or the Florida Senate.