This docum ent does not reflect the intent or official position of the bill sponsor or House of Representatives.
STORAGE NAME: h0269e.JDC
DATE: 3/31/2023
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES STAFF ANALYSIS
BILL #: CS/CS/HB 269 Public Nuisances
SPONSOR(S): Judiciary Committee, Criminal Justice Subcommittee, Caruso and others
TIED BILLS: IDEN./SIM. BILLS: SB 994
REFERENCE ACTION ANALYST STAFF DIRECTOR or
BUDGET/POLICY CHIEF
1) Criminal Justice Subcommittee 18 Y, 0 N, As CS Padgett Hall
2) Justice Appropriations Subcommittee 14 Y, 1 N Smith Keith
3) Judiciary Committee 21 Y, 0 N, As CS Padgett Kramer
SUMMARY ANALYSIS
CS/CS/HB 269 makes several changes relating to public nuisances as follows:
Amends s. 403.413, F.S., to prohibit a person from intentionally dumping litter onto private property for
the purpose of intimidating or threatening the owner, resident, or invitee of such property, a violation of
which is punishable as a first degree misdemeanor. If such litter contains a credible threat, a person
commits a third degree felony.
Creates s. 784.0493, F.S., to prohibit a person from willfully and maliciously harassing, threatening, or
intimidating another person based on the person’s wearing or displaying of any indicia relating to any
religious or ethnic heritage, a violation of which is punishable as a first degree misdemeanor. If a
person commits such a violation and in doing so makes a credible threat, the person commits a third
degree felony.
Amends s. 806.13(6), F.S., to create a new prohibition against displaying or projecting, using any
medium, an image onto a building, structure, or other property without the written consent of the owner
of the building, structure, or property, a violation of which is punishable as a first degree misdemeanor.
If a person displays or projects such an image containing a credible threat, the person commits a third
degree felony.
Creates s. 810.098, F.S., to create a new trespass offense if a person who is not authorized, licensed,
or invited willfully enters the campus of a state university or Florida College System institution for the
purpose of threatening or intimidating another person, and is warned by the state university or Florida
College System institution to depart and refuses to do so. A violation is punishable as a first degree
misdemeanor.
Amends s. 871.01(1), F.S. relating to disturbing schools and religious assemblies, to:
o Require a violation of s. 871.01(1), F.S., to be both willful and malicious;
o Prohibit a person from willfully and maliciously interrupting or disturbing any assembly of people
met for the purpose of acknowledging the death of an individual;
o Increase the penalty for a violation of s. 871.01(1), F.S., from a second degree misdemeanor to
a first degree misdemeanor; and
o Prohibit a person from making a credible threat while willfully and maliciously disturbing a
school, religious assembly, any assembly of people met for the purpose of acknowledging the
death of an individual, or for any other lawful purpose, a violation of which is punishable as a
third degree felony.
Requires a violation of any provision of the bill that is reclassified under s. 775.085, F.S., to be reported
as a hate crime under s. 877.19, F.S.
The bill may have a positive indeterminate prison bed and jail bed impact by creating new felony and
misdemeanor offenses.
The bill provides an effective date of upon becoming a law. STORAGE NAME: h0269e.JDC PAGE: 2
DATE: 3/31/2023
FULL ANALYSIS
I. SUBSTANTIVE ANALYSIS
A. EFFECT OF PROPOSED CHANGES:
Littering
Background
Section 403.413, F.S., prohibits a person from dumping
1
any litter:
2
In or on any public highway, road, street, alley, or thoroughfare, including any portion of the
right-of-way thereof, or any other public lands, except in containers or areas lawfully provided
therefor.
In or on any freshwater lake, river, canal, or stream or tidal or coastal water of the state,
including canals.
In or on any private property, unless prior consent of the owner has been given and unless the
dumping of such litter by such person will not cause a public nuisance or otherwise be in
violation of any other state or local law, rule, or regulation.
The penalty for littering generally corresponds to the amount of litter discarded:
3
Amount of Litter Penalty
< 15 pounds or < 27 cubic feet Noncriminal violation
4
> 15 pounds but < 500 pounds
or
> 27 cubic feet but < 100 cubic feet
First degree misdemeanor
5
> 500 pounds
or
> 100 cubic feet
Third degree felony
6
Effect of Proposed Changes – Littering
CS/CS/HB 269 amends s. 403.413, F.S., to prohibit a person from intentionally dumping litter onto
private property for the purpose of intimidating or threatening the owner, resident, or invitee of such
property. A violation is punishable as a first degree misdemeanor. If a person dumps litter onto private
property for the purpose of intimidating the owner, resident, or invitee of such property and such litter
contains a credible threat,
7
the person commits a third degree felony. If the penalty for a violation of this
1
“Dump” means to dump, throw, discard, place, deposit, or dispose of. S. 403.413(2)(f), F.S.
2
“Litter” means any garbage; rubbish; trash; refuse; can; bottle; box; container; paper; tobacco product; tire; appliance; mechanical
equipment or part; building or construction material; tool; machinery; wood; motor vehicle or motor vehicle part; vessel; aircraft; farm
machinery or equipment; sludge from a waste treatment facility, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility; or
substance in any form resulting from domestic, industrial, commercial, mining, agricultural, or governmental operations.
S. 403.413(2)(f), F.S.
3
S. 403.413(6), F.S.
4
A “noncriminal violation” means any offense that is punishable under the laws of this state, or that would be punishable if committed
in this state, by no other penalty than a fine, forfeiture, or other civil penalty. A noncriminal violation does not constitute a crime, and
conviction for a noncriminal violation shall not give rise to any legal disability based on a criminal offense. S. 775.08(3), F.S
5
A first degree misdemeanor is punishable by up to one year in jail and a $1,000 fine. Ss. 775.082 and 775.083, F.S.
6
A third degree felony is punishable by up to five years imprisonment and a $5,000 fine. Ss. 775.082 and 775.083, F.S.
7
“Credible threat” means a verbal or nonverbal threat, or a combination of the two, including threats delivered by electronic
communication or implied by a pattern of conduct, which places the person who is the target of the threat in reasonable fear for his or
her safety or the safety of his or her family members or individuals closely associated with the person, and which is made with the
apparent ability to carry out the threat to cause such harm. It is not necessary to prove that the person making the threat had the intent
to actually carry out the threat. S. 784.048(1)(c), F.S. STORAGE NAME: h0269e.JDC PAGE: 3
DATE: 3/31/2023
subsection is reclassified under s. 775.085, F.S., the bill requires such a violation to be reported as a
hate crime under s. 877.19, F.S.
8
Criminal Mischief
Background
Criminal Mischief – Generally
A person commits criminal mischief by willfully and maliciously injuring or damaging the property of
another, including by vandalism or graffiti.
9
The penalty for criminal mischief generally corresponds to
the value of the damage:
Value of Damage
10
Penalty
≤ $200 Second degree misdemeanor
> $200 but ≤ $1,000 First degree misdemeanor
> $1,000 Third degree felony
Criminal mischief may also be enhanced to a third degree felony based on a prior criminal mischief
conviction
11
or the nature of the property damaged, including when a person damages a:
Church, synagogue, mosque, or other place of worship, or a religious article therein, if the
damage is valued at greater than $200.
12
A memorial
13
or historic property,
14
if the damage is valued at greater than $200.
15
Public telephone, regardless of the value of the damage.
16
Sexually violent predator detention or commitment facility, if the damage is valued at greater
than $200.
17
Effect of Proposed Changes – Criminal Mischief
8
Section 877.19, F.S., requires all law enforcement agencies in Florida to report monthly to the Florida Department of Law
Enforcement (FDLE) incidents of criminal acts that evidence prejudice based on race, religion, ethnicity, color, ancestry, sexual
orientation, or national origin. FDLE is required to compile such data and, upon request, disseminate such data to any local law
enforcement agency, unit of local government, or state agency.
9
S. 806.13(1)(a), F.S.
10
S. 806.13(1)(b), F.S.
11
S. 806.13(1)(b)4., F.S.
12
S. 806.13(2), F.S.
13
“Memorial” means a plaque, statue, marker, flag, banner, cenotaph, religious symbol, painting, seal, tombstone, structure name, or
display that is constructed and located with the intent of being permanently displayed or perpetually maintained; is dedicated to a
historical person, an entity, an event, or a series of events; and honors or recounts the military service of any past or present United
States Armed Forces military personnel, or the past or present public service of a resident of the geographical area comprising the state
or the United States. The term includes, but is not limited to, the following memorials established under ch. 265, F.S.:
Florida Women's Hall of Fame.
Florida Medal of Honor Wall.
Florida Veterans' Hall of Fame.
POW-MIA Chair of Honor Memorial.
Florida Veterans' Walk of Honor and Florida Veterans' Memorial Garden.
Florida Law Enforcement Officers' Hall of Fame.
Florida Holocaust Memorial.
Florida Slavery Memorial.
Any other memorial located within the Capitol Complex, including, but not limited to, Waller Park.
S. 806.135(1)(b), F.S.
14
“Historic property” means any building, structure, site, or object that has been officially designated as a historic building, historic
structure, historic site, or historic object through a federal, state, or local designation program. S. 806.135(1)(a), F.S.
15
S. 806.13(3), F.S.
16
S. 806.13(4), F.S.
17
S. 806.13(5), F.S. STORAGE NAME: h0269e.JDC PAGE: 4
DATE: 3/31/2023
The bill amends s. 806.13(6), F.S., to create a new prohibition against displaying or projecting, using
any medium, an image onto a building, structure, or other property without the written consent of the
owner of the building, structure, or property, a violation of which is punishable as a first degree
misdemeanor. If a person displays or projects such an image containing a credible threat, the person
commits a third degree felony. The bill defines “image” as a visual representation or likeness of a
person or object, including text, graphics, logos, other artwork, or any combination thereof. If the
penalty for a violation of this subsection is reclassified under s. 775.085, F.S., the bill requires such a
violation to be reported as a hate crime under s. 877.19, F.S.
Harassment or Intimidation
Background
A person commits trespass, punishable as a second degree misdemeanor, on a property other than a
structure or conveyance if he or she, without being authorized, licensed, or invited, willfully enters upon
or remains in any property other than a structure or conveyance:
As to which notice against entering or remaining is given, either by actual communication to the
offender or by posting, fencing, or cultivation as described in s. 810.011, F.S.; or
If the property is the unenclosed curtilage of a dwelling and the offender enters or remains on
such property with the intent to commit an offense thereon, other than the offense of trespass.
18
A person commits a first degree misdemeanor if he or she commits a trespass and, in doing so:
Defies an order to leave that is personally communicated to such person by the owner of the
premises or by an authorized person;
Willfully opens any door, fence, or gate or does any act that exposes animals, crops, or other
property to waste, destruction, or freedom;
Unlawfully dumps litter on property; or
Trespasses on property other than a structure or conveyance.
19
Effect of Proposed Changes – Harassment or Intimidation
The bill creates s. 810.098, F.S., to create a new trespass offense if a person who is not authorized,
licensed, or invited willfully enters the campus of a state university
20
or Florida College System
institution for the purpose of threatening or intimidating another person, and is warned by the state
university or Florida College System institution
21
to depart and refuses to do so. A violation is
punishable as a first degree misdemeanor. If the penalty is reclassified under s. 775.085, F.S., the bill
requires such a violation to be reported as a hate crime under s. 877.19, F.S.
The bill creates s. 784.0493, F.S., to prohibit a person from willfully and maliciously harassing,
22
threatening, or intimidating another person based on the person’s wearing or displaying of any indicia
relating to any religious or ethnic heritage. A violation is punishable as a first degree misdemeanor. A
person commits a third degree felony if he or she makes a credible threat while committing such a
violation. Any violation of this section is considered a hate crime for the reporting requirements of s.
877.19, F.S.
Disturbing Schools and Religious and Other Assemblies
Background
18
S. 810.09(1)(a), F.S.
19
S. 810.09(2)(b), F.S.
20
“State university” includes 12 public postsecondary institutions, such as the University of Florida, Florida State University, the
University of Central Florida, and the Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University. S. 1000.21(6), F.S.
21
“Florida College System institution” includes 28 public postsecondary educational institutions in the Florida College System and any
branch campuses, centers, or other affiliates of such institutions, and includes institutions such as Miami-Dade College, Hillsborough
College, Valencia Community College, and Tallahassee Community College. S. 1000.21(3), F.S.
22
“Harass” means to engage in a course of conduct directed at a specific person which causes substantial emotional distress to that
person and serves no legitimate purpose. S. 784.048(1)(a), F.S. STORAGE NAME: h0269e.JDC PAGE: 5
DATE: 3/31/2023
Section 871.01(1), F.S., prohibits a person from willfully interrupting or disturbing any school or any
assembly of people met for the worship of God or for any lawful purpose, a violation of which is
punishable as a second degree misdemeanor.
Effect of Proposed Changes – Disturbing School and Religious and Other Assemblies
The bill amends s. 871.01(1), F.S., to prohibit a person from willfully and maliciously interrupting or
disturbing any assembly of people for the purpose of acknowledging the death of an individual. Under
the bill, any violation of s. 871.01(1), F.S., is increased to a first degree misdemeanor. If a person
commits a violation and in doing so makes a credible threat, a violation is punishable as a third degree
felony. If the penalty is reclassified under s. 775.085, F.S., the bill requires for such a violation to be
reported as a hate crime under s. 877.19, F.S.
The bill provides an effective date of upon becoming a law.
B. SECTION DIRECTORY:
Section 1: Amends s. 403.413, F.S., relating to Florida Litter Law.
Section 2: Creates s. 784.0493, F.S., relating to harassment or intimidation based on religious or
ethnic heritage.
Section 3: Amends s. 806.13, F.S., relating to criminal mischief; penalties; penalty for minor.
Section 4: Creates s. 810.098, F.S., relating to trespass for the purpose of threatening or intimidating
another person.
Section 5: Amends s. 871.01, F.S., relating to disturbing school and religious and other assemblies.
Section 6: Provides an effective date of upon becoming a law.
II. FISCAL ANALYSIS & ECONOMIC IMPACT STATEMENT
A. FISCAL IMPACT ON STATE GOVERNMENT:
1. Revenues:
None.
2. Expenditures:
The bill may have a positive indeterminate prison bed impact by creating new felony offenses.
B. FISCAL IMPACT ON LOCAL GOVERNMENTS:
1. Revenues:
None.
2. Expenditures:
The bill may have a positive indeterminate jail bed impact by creating new misdemeanor offenses.
C. DIRECT ECONOMIC IMPACT ON PRIVATE SECTOR:
None.
D. FISCAL COMMENTS:
None.
III. COMMENTS
A. CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES:
STORAGE NAME: h0269e.JDC PAGE: 6
DATE: 3/31/2023
1. Applicability of Municipality/County Mandates Provision:
Not applicable. The bill does not appear to affect county or municipal governments.
2. Other:
None.
B. RULE-MAKING AUTHORITY:
Not applicable.
C. DRAFTING ISSUES OR OTHER COMMENTS:
None.
IV. AMENDMENTS/COMMITTEE SUBSTITUTE CHANGES
On March 7, 2023, the Criminal Justice Subcommittee adopted a strike-all amendment and reported the bill
favorably as a committee substitute. The amendment:
Revised the offense of littering and related penalties by amending s. 403.413, F.S., to prohibit a
person from intentionally dumping litter onto private residential property that evidences religious or
ethnic animus for the purpose of intimidating or threatening the owner or resident of such property,
a violation of which is punishable as a third degree felony.
Revised the offense of aggravated stalking to create the new crime of harassment or intimidation
based on religious or ethnic heritage in s. 784.0493, F.S., which prohibits a person from willfully and
maliciously harassing, threatening, or intimidating another person based on the person’s wearing or
displaying of any indicia relating to any religious or ethnic heritage, a violation of which is
punishable as a third degree
Added definitions of the terms “school” and “community center” in s. 806.13(6), F.S.
Revised the offense of criminal mischief in s. 806.13(6), F.S., to require, for a third degree felony,
that a person must know, or reasonably should have known, that he or she was defacing, injuring,
or damaging a cemetery, grave, memorial, school, or community center that is associated with a
particular religious or ethnic heritage.
Defined the term “image” in s. 806.13(6), F.S., and required a violation to be knowing and
intentional.
Created s. 810.098, F.S., to create a new trespass offense if a person who is not authorized,
licensed, or invited willfully enters the campus of a state university or Florida College System
institution for the purpose of threatening or intimidating another person, and is warned by the state
university or Florida College System institution to depart and refuses to do so. A violation is
punishable as a first degree misdemeanor.
Added provisions specifying that if a person evidences religious or ethnic animus, including anti-
Semitism as described in s. 1000.05(8), F.S., during the commission of the offenses of criminal
mischief by displaying or projecting an image, trespassing for the purpose of threatening or
intimidating another person, or disturbing schools and religious and other assemblies, it is prima
facie evidence that such person has evidenced prejudice in the commission of such offenses for
purposes of reclassifying the penalty under s. 775.085, F.S.
Amended s. 871.01(1), F.S., to:
o Require a violation of s. 871.01(1), F.S., to be both willful and malicious;
o Prohibit a person from willfully and maliciously interrupting or disturbing any assembly of people
met for the purpose of acknowledging the death of an individual; and
o Increase the penalty for a violation of s. 871.01(1), F.S., from a second degree misdemeanor to
a first degree misdemeanor. STORAGE NAME: h0269e.JDC PAGE: 7
DATE: 3/31/2023
On March 31, 2023, the Judiciary Committee adopted an amendment and reported the bill favorably as a
committee substitute. The amendment:
Revised the prohibition on littering in the bill to apply to all private property, rather than only
residential property.
Reduced the penalty for dumping litter onto private property for the purpose of intimidating or
threatening the owner, resident, or invitee from a third degree felony to a first degree misdemeanor.
Prohibited a person from dumping litter onto private property for the purpose of intimidating or
threatening the owner, resident, or invitee that contains a credible threat, a violation of which is
punishable as a third degree felony.
Reduced the penalty for willfully and maliciously harassing or intimidating another person based on
the person’s wearing or displaying of any indicia relating to any religious or ethnic heritage from a
third degree felony to a first degree misdemeanor.
Prohibited a person from willfully and maliciously harassing or intimidating another person based on
the person’s wearing or displaying of any indicia relating to any religious or ethnic heritage while
making a credible threat, a violation of which is punishable as a third degree felony.
Removed an enhanced penalty for willfully and maliciously defacing, injuring, or damaging a
cemetery, grave, memorial, school, or community center which a person knows, or reasonably
should have known, is associated with a particular religious or ethnic heritage.
Prohibited a person from displaying or projecting an image that contains a credible threat onto a
building, structure, or other property without the written consent of the owner, a violation of which is
punishable as a third degree felony.
Prohibited a person from making a credible threat while willfully and maliciously interrupting or
disturbing any school or any assembly of people met for the worship of God, any assembly of
people met for the purpose of acknowledging the death of an individual, or for any other purpose, a
violation of which is punishable as a third degree felony.
Changed the effective date of the bill from October 1, 2023, to upon becoming a law.
This analysis is drafted to the committee substitute as adopted by the Judiciary Committee.