EXPLANATION: CAPITALS INDICATE MAT TER ADDED TO EXISTIN G LAW.
[Brackets] indicate matter deleted from existing law.
*hb0793*
HOUSE BILL 793
N1 4lr3089
HB 361/21 – ENT
By: Delegates Holmes, Harris, Davis, and Turner
Introduced and read first time: January 31, 2024
Assigned to: Environment and Transportation
A BILL ENTITLED
AN ACT concerning 1
Real Property – Governing Bodies of Common Ownership Communities – 2
Member Training 3
FOR the purpose of requiring each member of a board of directors or officer of a council of 4
unit owners of a condominium and each member of a governing body of a 5
homeowners association to successfully complete a certain training curriculum in a 6
certain manner and subject to certain requirements; and generally relating to 7
members of governing bodies of condominiums and homeowners associations. 8
BY repealing and reenacting, with amendments, 9
Article – Real Property 10
Section 11–109 and 11B–106.1(g) 11
Annotated Code of Maryland 12
(2023 Replacement Volume) 13
BY repealing and reenacting, without amendments, 14
Article – Real Property 15
Section 11B–106.1(a) 16
Annotated Code of Maryland 17
(2023 Replacement Volume) 18
BY adding to 19
Article – Real Property 20
Section 11B–106.1(g) 21
Annotated Code of Maryland 22
(2023 Replacement Volume) 23
SECTION 1. BE IT ENACTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF MARYLAND, 24
That the Laws of Maryland read as follows: 25
Article – Real Property 26 2 HOUSE BILL 793
11–109. 1
(a) The affairs of the condominium shall be governed by a council of unit owners 2
which, even if unincorporated, is constituted a legal entity for all purposes. The council of 3
unit owners shall be comprised of all unit owners. 4
(b) The bylaws may authorize or provide for the delegation of any power of the 5
council of unit owners to a board of directors, officers, managing agent, or other person for 6
the purpose of carrying out the responsibilities of the council of unit owners. 7
(C) (1) (I) EACH MEMBER OF A BOAR D OF DIRECTORS OR OF FICER OF 8
A COUNCIL OF UNIT OW NERS SHALL SUCCESSFU LLY COMPLETE A TRAINING 9
CURRICULUM ON THE RE SPONSIBILITIES OF BE ING A MEMBER OR AN O FFICER 10
DEVELOPED BY : 11
1. A COMMON OWNERSHIP COM MISSION RECOGNIZED 12
BY THE STATE OR A LOCAL GOVE RNMENT; 13
2. AN ORGANIZATION APPRO VED TO ADMINISTER TH E 14
TRAINING CURRICULU M BY A RECOGNIZED CO MMON OWNERSHIP COMMI SSION; 15
3. AN INSTITUTION ACCREDITED BY THE MIDDLE 16
STATES COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION; 17
4. A MEMBERSHIP ORGANIZAT ION THAT OFFERS 18
NATIONALLY RECOGNIZE D CERTIFICATION CRED ENTIALS FOR COMMUNIT Y 19
MANAGERS; OR 20
5. A COUNTY WITH COURSEWO RK ESTABLISHED BY THE 21
COUNTY COMMON OWNERSHIP COM MISSION. 22
(II) A TRAINING CURRICULUM DEVELOPED UNDER THIS 23
PARAGRAPH SHALL INCL UDE TRAINING ON : 24
1. THE MARYLAND HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATION ACT, 25
THE MARYLAND CONDOMINIUM ACT, AND THE MARYLAND COOPERATIVE 26
HOUSING CORPORATION ACT; 27
2. ROLES AND RESPONSIBIL ITIES OF COMMON 28
OWNERSHIP COMMUNITY GOVERNING BODIES ; 29
3. FIDUCIARY DUTY ; 30
HOUSE BILL 793 3
4. RESPONSIBLE GOVE RNANCE POLICIES ; 1
5. LEGAL STRUCTURES AND GUIDELINES; 2
6. RESERVES AND AUDITS ; 3
7. MEETING PROCEDURES AN D REQUIREMENTS ; 4
8. HANDLING OF DISPUTES ; 5
9. INSURANCE AND BONDING ; 6
10. COMMUNITY MAINTENANCE ; 7
11. RECORD KEEPING; AND 8
12. STATE AND LOCAL RESOU RCES FOR GOVERNING 9
BODIES. 10
(2) EACH MEMBER OF THE BO ARD OF DIRECTORS OR OFFICER OF THE 11
COUNCIL OF UNIT OWNE RS SHALL SUCCESSFULL Y COMPLETE THE TRAIN ING 12
CURRICULUM REQUIRED UNDER THIS SUBSECTIO N WITHIN 90 DAYS AFTER THE 13
INDIVIDUAL: 14
(I) IS FIRST ELECTED OR A PPOINTED TO THE OFFI CE; OR 15
(II) FOR AN INDIVIDUAL WHO IS IN OFFICE ON OCTOBER 1, 16
2024, BEGINS A SUBSEQUENT TERM AS A MEMBER OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTO RS OR 17
AN OFFICER OF THE CO UNCIL OF UNIT OWNERS . 18
(3) (I) THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OR THE OFFICERS OF THE 19
COUNCIL OF UNIT OWNE RS SHALL: 20
1. CERTIFY THAT EACH MEM BER OR OFFICER 21
SUCCESSFULLY COMPLET ES THE TRAINING CURR ICULUM REQUIRED UNDE R THIS 22
SUBSECTION; 23
2. RETAIN A COPY OF THE CERTIFICATE OF 24
COMPLETION OF EACH M EMBER OR OFFICER; AND 25
3. WITHIN 90 DAYS AFTER THE CERTI FICATION OF THE 26
MEMBER OR OFFICER , REPORT TO THE COMMON OWNERSHIP COMMISSION ON THE 27
CERTIFICATION . 28 4 HOUSE BILL 793
(II) A CERTIFICATE OF COMPL ETION ISSUED UNDER T HIS 1
PARAGRAPH SHALL BE V ALID FOR 3 YEARS. 2
(III) AN INDIVIDUAL WHO REM AINS A MEMBER OF THE BOARD OF 3
DIRECTORS OR AN OFFI CER OF THE COUNCIL O F UNIT OWNERS AT THE TIME THE 4
CERTIFICATE EXPIRES SHALL RENEW THE CERT IFICATION BY SUCCESS FULLY 5
COMPLETING THE TRAIN ING REQUIRED UNDER T HIS SUBSECTION . 6
(4) IF A MEMBER OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OR AN O FFICER OF 7
THE COUNCIL OF UNIT OWNERS DOES NOT SUCC ESSFULLY COMPLETE TH E 8
TRAINING REQUIRED UN DER THIS SUBSECTION , THE BOARD OF DIRECTO RS OR THE 9
COUNCIL OF UNIT OWNE RS MAY: 10
(I) REMOVE THE INDIVIDUAL FROM THE OFFICE ; OR 11
(II) INVALIDATE A VOTE OF THE INDIVIDUAL . 12
[(c)] (D) (1) A meeting of the council of unit owners or board of directors may 13
not be held on less notice than required by this section. 14
(2) The council of unit owners shall maintain a current roster of names and 15
addresses of each unit owner to which notice of meetings of the board of directors shall be 16
sent at least annually. 17
(3) Each unit owner shall furnish the council of unit owners with his name 18
and current mailing address. A unit owner may not vote at meetings of the council of unit 19
owners until this information is furnished. 20
(4) A regular or special meeting of the council of unit owners may not be 21
held on less than 10 nor more than 90 days’: 22
(i) Written notice delivered or mailed to each unit owner at the 23
address shown on the roster on the date of the notice; or 24
(ii) Notice sent to each unit owner by electronic transmission, if the 25
requirements of § 11–139.1 of this title are met. 26
(5) Notice of special meetings of the board of directors shall be given: 27
(i) As provided in the bylaws; or 28
(ii) If the requirements of § 11–139.1 of this title are met, by 29
electronic transmission. 30
HOUSE BILL 793 5
(6) Except as provided in § 11–109.1 of this title, a meeting of a governing 1
body shall be open and held at a time and location as provided in the notice or bylaws. 2
(7) (i) This paragraph does not apply to any meeting of the governing 3
body that occurs at any time before the meeting at which the unit owners elect officers or a 4
board of directors in accordance with paragraph (16) of this subsection. 5
(ii) Subject to subparagraph (iii) of this paragraph and to reasonable 6
rules adopted by the governing body under § 11–111 of this title, a governing body shall 7
provide a designated period of time during a meeting to allow unit owners an opportunity 8
to comment on any matter relating to the condominium. 9
(iii) During a meeting at which the agenda is limited to specific topics 10
or at a special meeting, the unit owners’ comments may be limited to the topics listed on 11
the meeting agenda. 12
(iv) The governing body shall convene at least one meeting each year 13
at which the agenda is open to any matter relating to the condominium. 14
(8) (i) Unless the bylaws provide otherwise, a quorum is deemed 15
present throughout any meeting of the council of unit owners if persons entitled to cast 25 16
percent of the total number of votes appurtenant to all units are present in person or by 17
proxy. 18
(ii) If the number of persons present in person or by proxy at a 19
properly called meeting of the council of unit owners is insufficient to constitute a quorum, 20
an additional meeting of the council of unit owners may be called for the same purpose if: 21
1. The notice of the initial properly called meeting stated: 22
A. That the procedure authorized by this paragraph might be 23
invoked; and 24
B. The date, time, and place of the additional meeting; and 25
2. A majority of the unit owners present vote in person or by 26
proxy to call for the additional meeting. 27
(iii) 1. An additional meeting called under subparagraph (ii) of 28
this paragraph shall occur not less than 15 days after the initial properly called meeting. 29
2. Not less than 10 days before the additional meeting, a 30
separate and distinct notice of the date, time, place, and purpose of the additional meeting 31
called under subparagraph (ii) of this paragraph shall be: 32
6 HOUSE BILL 793
A. Delivered, mailed, or sent by electronic transmission if the 1
requirements of § 11–139.1 of this title are met, to each unit owner at the address shown 2
on the roster maintained under paragraph (2) of this subsection; 3
B. Advertised in a newspaper published in the county where 4
the condominium is located; or 5
C. If the condominium has a website, posted on the homepage 6
of the website. 7
3. The notice shall contain the quorum and voting provisions 8
of subparagraph (iv) of this paragraph. 9
(iv) 1. At the additional meeting, the unit owners present in 10
person or by proxy constitute a quorum. 11
2. Unless the bylaws provide otherwise, a majority of the 12
unit owners present in person or by proxy: 13
A. May approve or authorize the proposed action at the 14
additional meeting; and 15
B. May take any other action that could have been taken at 16
the original meeting if a sufficient number of unit owners had been present. 17
(v) This paragraph may not be construed to affect the percentage of 18
votes required to amend the declaration or bylaws or to take any other action required to 19
be taken by a specified percentage of votes. 20
(9) At meetings of the council of unit owners each unit owner shall be 21
entitled to cast the number of votes appurtenant to his unit. Unit owners may vote by proxy, 22
but the proxy is effective only for a maximum period of 180 days following its issuance, 23
unless granted to a lessee or mortgagee. 24
(10) Any proxy may be revoked at any time at the pleasure of the unit owner 25
or unit owners executing the proxy. 26
(11) A proxy who is not appointed to vote as directed by a unit owner may 27
only be appointed for purposes of meeting quorums and to vote for matters of business 28
before the council of unit owners, other than an election of officers and members of the 29
board of directors. 30
(12) Only a unit owner voting in person or by electronic transmission if the 31
requirements of § 11–139.2 of this title are met or a proxy voting for candidates designated 32
by a unit owner may vote for officers and members of the board of directors. 33
HOUSE BILL 793 7
(13) Unless otherwise provided in the bylaws, a unit owner may nominate 1
himself or any other person to be an officer or member of the board of directors. A call for 2
nominations shall be sent to all unit owners not less than 45 days before notice of an election 3
is sent. Only nominations made at least 15 days before notice of an election shall be listed 4
on the election ballot. Candidates shall be listed on the ballot in alphabetical order, with 5
no indicated candidate preference. Nominations may be made from the floor at the meeting 6
at which the election to the board is held. 7
(14) Election materials prepared with funds of the council of unit owners 8
shall list candidates in alphabetical order and may not indicate a candidate preference. 9
(15) Unless otherwise provided in this title, and subject to provisions in the 10
bylaws requiring a different majority, decisions of the council of unit owners shall be made 11
on a majority of votes of the unit owners listed on the current roster present and voting. 12
(16) (i) A meeting of the council of unit owners to elect a board of 13
directors for the council of unit owners, as provided in the condominium declaration or 14
bylaws, shall be held within: 15
1. 60 days from the date that units representing 50 percent 16
of the votes in the condominium have been conveyed by the developer to members of the 17
public for residential purposes; or 18
2. If a lesser percentage is specified in the declaration or 19
bylaws of the condominium, 60 days from the date the specified lesser percentage of units 20
in the condominium are sold to members of the public for residential purposes. 21
(ii) 1. Before the date of the meeting held under subparagraph 22
(i) of this paragraph, the developer shall deliver to each unit owner notice that the 23
requirements of subparagraph (i) of this paragraph have been met. 24
2. The notice shall include the date, time, and place of the 25
meeting to elect the board of directors for the council of unit owners. 26
(iii) If a replacement board member is elected, the term of each 27
member of the board of directors appointed by the developer shall end 10 days after the 28
meeting is held as specified in subparagraph (i) of this paragraph. 29
(iv) Within 30 days from the date of the meeting held under 30
subparagraph (i) of this paragraph, the developer shall deliver to the officers or board of 31
directors for the council of unit owners, as provided in the condominium declaration or 32
bylaws, at the developer’s expense: 33
1. The documents specified in § 11–132 of this title; 34
2. The condominium funds, including operating funds, 35
replacement reserves, investment accounts, and working capital; 36 8 HOUSE BILL 793
3. The tangible property of the condominium; and 1
4. A roster of current unit owners, including mailing 2
addresses, telephone numbers, and unit numbers, if known. 3
(v) The replacement reserves delivered under subparagraph (iv)2 of 4
this paragraph for a residential condominium shall be equal to at least the reserve funding 5
amount recommended in the reserve study completed under § 11–109.4 of this title as of 6
the date of the meeting. 7
(vi) 1. This subparagraph does not apply to a contract entered 8
into before October 1, 2009. 9
2. A. In this subparagraph, “contract” means an 10
agreement with a company or individual to handle financial matters, maintenance, or 11
services for the condominium. 12
B. “Contract” does not include an agreement relating to the 13
provision of utility services or communication systems. 14
3. Until all members of the board of directors of the 15
condominium are elected by the unit owners at a transitional meeting as specified in 16
subparagraph (i) of this paragraph, a contract entered into by the officers or board of 17
directors of the condominium may be terminated, at the discretion of the board of directors 18
and without liability for the termination, not later than 30 days after notice. 19
(vii) If the developer fails to comply with the requirements of this 20
paragraph, an aggrieved unit owner may submit the dispute to the Division of Consumer 21
Protection of the Office of the Attorney General under § 11–130(c) of this title. 22
[(d)] (E) The council of unit owners may be either incorporated as a nonstock 23
corporation or unincorporated and it is subject to those provisions of Title 5, Subtitle 2 of 24
the Corporations and Associations Article which are not inconsistent with this title. The 25
council of unit owners has, subject to any provision of this title, and except as provided in 26
item (22) of this subsection, the declaration, and bylaws, the following powers: 27
(1) To have perpetual existence, subject to the right of the unit owners to 28
terminate the condominium regime as provided in § 11–123 of this title; 29
(2) To adopt and amend reasonable rules and regulations; 30
(3) To adopt and amend budgets for revenues, expenditures, and reserves 31
and collect assessments for common expenses from unit owners; 32
HOUSE BILL 793 9
(4) To sue and be sued, complain and defend, or intervene in litigation or 1
administrative proceedings in its own name on behalf of itself or two or more unit owners 2
on matters affecting the condominium; 3
(5) To transact its business, carry on its operations and exercise the powers 4
provided in this subsection in any state, territory, district, or possession of the United 5
States and in any foreign country; 6
(6) To make contracts and guarantees, incur liabilities and borrow money, 7
sell, mortgage, lease, pledge, exchange, convey, transfer, and otherwise dispose of any part 8
of its property and assets; 9
(7) To issue bonds, notes, and other obligations and secure the same by 10
mortgage or deed of trust of any part of its property, franchises, and income; 11
(8) To acquire by purchase or in any other manner, to take, receive, own, 12
hold, use, employ, improve, and otherwise deal with any property, real or personal, or any 13
interest therein, wherever located; 14
(9) To hire and terminate managing agents and other employees, agents, 15
and independent contractors; 16
(10) To purchase, take, receive, subscribe for or otherwise acquire, own, 17
hold, vote, use, employ, sell, mortgage, loan, pledge or otherwise dispose of, and otherwise 18
use and deal in and with, shares or other interests in, or obligation of corporations of the 19
State, or foreign corporations, and of associations, partnerships, and individuals; 20
(11) To invest its funds and to lend money in any manner appropriate to 21
enable it to carry on the operations or to fulfill the purposes named in the declaration or 22
bylaws, and to take and to hold real and personal property as security for the payment of 23
funds so invested or loaned; 24
(12) To regulate the use, maintenance, repair, replacement, and 25
modification of common elements; 26
(13) To cause additional improvements to be made as a part of the general 27
common elements; 28
(14) To grant easements, rights–of–way, licenses, leases in excess of 1 year, 29
or similar interests through or over the common elements in accordance with § 11–125(f) 30
of this title; 31
(15) To impose and receive any payments, fees, or charges for the use, rental, 32
or operation of the common elements other than limited common elements; 33
10 HOUSE BILL 793
(16) To impose charges for late payment of assessments and, after notice 1
and an opportunity to be heard, levy reasonable fines for violations of the declaration, 2
bylaws, and rules and regulations of the council of unit owners, under § 11–113 of this title; 3
(17) To impose reasonable charges for the preparation and recordation of 4
amendments to the declaration, bylaws, rules, regulations, or resolutions, resale 5
certificates, or statements of unpaid assessments; 6
(18) To provide for the indemnification of and maintain liability insurance 7
for officers, directors, and any managing agent or other employee charged with the 8
operation or maintenance of the condominium; 9
(19) To enforce the implied warranties made to the council of unit owners by 10
the developer under § 11–131 of this title; 11
(20) To enforce the provisions of this title, the declaration, bylaws, and rules 12
and regulations of the council of unit owners against any unit owner or occupant; 13
(21) Generally, to exercise the powers set forth in this title and the 14
declaration or bylaws and to do every other act not inconsistent with law, which may be 15
appropriate to promote and attain the purposes set forth in this title, the declaration or 16
bylaws; and 17
(22) To designate parking for individuals with disabilities, notwithstanding 18
any provision in the declaration, bylaws, or rules and regulations. 19
[(e)] (F) A unit owner may not have any right, title, or interest in any property 20
owned by the council of unit owners other than as holder of a percentage interest in common 21
expenses and common profits appurtenant to his unit. 22
[(f)] (G) A unit owner’s rights as holder of a percentage interest in common 23
expenses and common profits are such that: 24
(1) A unit owner’s right to possess, use, or enjoy property of the council of 25
unit owners shall be as provided in the bylaws; and 26
(2) A unit owner’s interest in the property is not assignable or attachable 27
separate from his unit except as provided in §§ 11–107(d) and 11–112(g) of this title. 28
11B–106.1. 29
(a) A meeting of the members of the homeowners association to elect a governing 30
body of the homeowners association shall be held within: 31
(1) 60 days from the date that at least 75% of the total number of lots that 32
may be part of the development after all phases are complete are sold to members of the 33
public for residential purposes; or 34 HOUSE BILL 793 11
(2) If a lesser percentage is specified in the governing documents of the 1
homeowners association, 60 days from the date the specified lesser percentage of the total 2
number of lots in the development after all phases are complete are sold to members of the 3
public for residential purposes. 4
(G) (1) (I) EACH MEMBER OF THE GO VERNING BODY SHALL 5
SUCCESSFULLY COMPLET E A TRAINING CURRICU LUM ON THE RESPONSIB ILITIES OF 6
A MEMBER OF THE GOVE RNING BODY DEVELOPED BY: 7
1. A COMMON OWNERSHIP COM MISSION RECOGNIZED 8
BY THE STATE OR A LOCAL G OVERNMENT ; 9
2. AN ORGANIZATION APPRO VED TO ADMINISTER TH E 10
TRAINING CURRICULUM BY A RECOGNIZED COMM ON OWNERSHIP COMMISS ION; 11
3. AN INSTITUTION ACCRED ITED BY THE MIDDLE 12
STATES COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION; 13
4. A MEMBERSHIP ORGANIZAT ION THAT OFFERS 14
NATIONALLY RECOGNIZE D CERTIFICATION CRED ENTIALS FOR COMMUNIT Y 15
MANAGERS; OR 16
5. A COUNTY WITH COURSEWO RK ESTABLISHED BY TH E 17
COUNTY COMMON OWNERS HIP COMMISSION . 18
(II) A TRAINING CURRICULUM DEVELOPED UNDER THIS 19
PARAGRAPH SHALL INCL UDE TRAINING ON: 20
1. THE MARYLAND HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATION ACT, 21
THE MARYLAND CONDOMINIUM ACT, AND THE MARYLAND COOPERATIVE 22
HOUSING CORPORATION ACT; 23
2. ROLES AND RESPONSIBIL ITIES OF COMMON 24
OWNERSHIP COMMUNITY GOVERNING BODIES ; 25
3. FIDUCIARY DUTY ; 26
4. RESPONSIBLE GOVERNANCE P OLICIES; 27
5. LEGAL STRUCTURES AND GUIDELINES; 28
6. RESERVES AND AUDITS ; 29
12 HOUSE BILL 793
7. MEETING PROCEDURES AN D REQUIREMENTS ; 1
8. HANDLING OF DISPUTES ; 2
9. INSURANCE AND BONDING ; 3
10. COMMUNITY MAINTENANCE ; 4
11. RECORD KEEPING; AND 5
12. STATE AND LOCAL RESOU RCES FOR GOVERNING 6
BODIES. 7
(2) EACH MEMBER OF THE GO VERNING BODY SHALL S UCCESSFULLY 8
COMPLETE THE TRAININ G CURRICULUM REQUIRE D UNDER THIS SUBSECT ION 9
WITHIN 90 DAYS AFTER THE INDIV IDUAL: 10
(I) IS FIRST ELECTED OR APPOINTED TO THE GOVERNING 11
BODY; OR 12
(II) FOR A MEMBER WHO IS I N OFFICE ON OCTOBER 1, 2024, 13
BEGINS A SUBSEQUENT TERM AS A MEMBER OF THE GOVERNING BODY . 14
(3) (I) THE GOVERNING BODY SH ALL: 15
1. CERTIFY THAT EACH MEM BER SUCCESSFULLY 16
COMPLETES THE T RAINING CURRICULUM R EQUIRED UNDER THIS S UBSECTION; 17
2. RETAIN A COPY OF THE CERTIFICATE OF 18
COMPLETION OF EACH M EMBER; AND 19
3. WITHIN 90 DAYS AFTER THE CERTI FICATION OF THE 20
MEMBER, REPORT TO THE COMMON OWNERSHIP COMMISSION ON THE 21
CERTIFICATION . 22
(II) A CERTIFICATE OF COMPL ETION ISSUED UNDER T HIS 23
PARAGRAPH SHALL BE V ALID FOR 3 YEARS. 24
(III) IF A MEMBER OF THE GO VERNING BODY REMAINS A 25
MEMBER OF THE GOVERN ING BODY AT THE TIME THE CERTIFICATE EXPI RES, THE 26
MEMBER SHALL RENEW T HE CERTIFICATION BY SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETING THE 27
TRAINING REQUIRED UN DER THIS SUBSECTION . 28
HOUSE BILL 793 13
(4) IF A MEMBER OF THE GO VERNING BODY DOES NO T 1
SUCCESSFULLY COMPLET E THE TRAINING REQUI RED UNDER THIS SUBSE CTION, 2
THE GOVERNING BODY M AY: 3
(I) REMOVE THE MEMBER FRO M THE GOVERNING BODY ; OR 4
(II) INVALIDATE A VOTE OF THE MEMBER . 5
[(g)] (H) If the declarant fails to comply with the requirements of this section, an 6
aggrieved lot owner may submit the dispute to the Division of Consumer Protection of the 7
Office of the Attorney General under § 11B–115(c) of this title. 8
SECTION 2. AND BE IT FURTHER ENACTED, That this Act shall take effect 9
October 1, 2024. 10