GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF NORTH CAROLINA
SESSION 2025
H D
HOUSE BILL DRH40273-NB-64
Short Title: Mental Health Protection Act. (Public)
Sponsors: Representative Dahle.
Referred to:
*DRH40273 -NB-64*
A BILL TO BE ENTITLED 1
AN ACT CONCERNING THE PROTECTION OF MINORS AND ADULTS WHO HAVE 2
DISABILITIES FROM ATTEMPTS TO CHANGE SEXUAL ORIENTATION, GENDER 3
IDENTITY, AND GENDER EXPRESSION. 4
Whereas, contemporary science recognizes that being lesbian, gay, bisexual, or 5
transgender is part of the natural spectrum of human identity and is not a disease, disorder, or 6
illness; and 7
Whereas, the American Psychological Association convened a Task Force on 8
Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation (Task Force). The Task Force 9
conducted a systemic review of peer-reviewed journal literature on sexual orientation change 10
efforts and issued a report on those efforts in 2009. The Task Force concluded that sexual 11
orientation change efforts can pose critical health risks to lesbian, gay, and bisexual people, 12
including confusion, depression, guilt, helplessness, hopelessness, shame, social withdrawal, 13
suicidality, substance abuse, stress, disappointment, self-blame, decreased self-esteem and 14
authenticity to others, increased self-hatred, hostility and blame towards parents, feelings of 15
anger and betrayal, loss of friends and potential romantic partners, problems in sexual and 16
emotional intimacy, sexual dysfunction, high-risk sexual behaviors, a feeling of being 17
dehumanized and untrue to self, a loss of faith, and a sense of having wasted time and resources; 18
and 19
Whereas, in 2009, the American Psychological Association issued a resolution on 20
Appropriate Affirmative Responses to Sexual Orientation Distress and Change Efforts, stating: 21
"[T]he [American Psychological Association] advises parents, guardians, young people, and their 22
families to avoid sexual orientation change efforts that portray homosexuality as a mental illness 23
or developmental disorder and to seek psychotherapy, social support, and educational services 24
that provide accurate information on sexual orientation and sexuality, increase family and school 25
support, and reduce rejection of sexual minority youth."; and 26
Whereas, the American Psychiatric Association published a position statement in 27
March of 2000 in which it stated the following: 28
"Psychotherapeutic modalities to convert or 'repair' homosexuality are based on 29
developmental theories whose scientific validity is questionable. Furthermore, anecdotal reports 30
of 'cures' are counterbalanced by anecdotal claims of psychological harm. In the last four decades, 31
'reparative' therapists have not produced any rigorous scientific research to substantiate their 32
claims of cure. Until there is such research available, [the American Psychiatric Association] 33
recommends that ethical practitioners refrain from attempts to change individuals' sexual 34
orientation, keeping in mind the medical dictum to first, do no harm." 35
H.B. 494
Mar 24, 2025
HOUSE PRINCIPAL CLERK General Assembly Of North Carolina Session 2025
Page 2 DRH40273-NB-64
"The potential risks of reparative therapy are great, including depression, anxiety and 1
self-destructive behavior, since therapist alignment with societal prejudices against 2
homosexuality may reinforce self-hatred already experienced by the patient. Many patients who 3
have undergone reparative therapy relate that they were inaccurately told that homosexuals are 4
lonely, unhappy individuals who never achieve acceptance or satisfaction. The possibility that 5
the person might achieve happiness and satisfying interpersonal relationships as a gay man or 6
lesbian is not presented, nor are alternative approaches to dealing with the effects of societal 7
stigmatization discussed." 8
"Therefore, the American Psychiatric Association opposes any psychiatric treatment 9
such as reparative or conversion therapy which is based upon the assumption that homosexuality 10
per se is a mental disorder or based upon the a priori assumption that a patient should change his 11
or her sexual homosexual orientation."; and 12
Whereas, in 2013, the American Psychiatric Association expanded on that position, 13
stating: "The American Psychiatric Association does not believe that same-sex orientation should 14
or needs to be changed, and efforts to do so represent a significant risk of harm by subjecting 15
individuals to forms of treatment which have not been scientifically validated and by 16
undermining self-esteem when sexual orientation fails to change. No credible evidence exists 17
that any mental health intervention can reliably and safely change sexual orientation; nor, from 18
a mental health perspective does sexual orientation need to be changed."; and 19
Whereas, in 1993, the American Academy of Pediatrics published an article in its 20
journal, Pediatrics, stating: "Therapy directed at specifically changing sexual orientation is 21
contraindicated, since it can provoke guilt and anxiety while having little or no potential for 22
achieving changes in orientation."; and 23
Whereas, in 1994, the American Medical Association Council on Scientific Affairs 24
prepared a report, stating: "Aversion therapy (a behavioral or medical intervention which pairs 25
unwanted behavior, in this case, homosexual behavior, with unpleasant sensations or aversive 26
consequences) is no longer recommended for gay men and lesbians. Through psychotherapy, gay 27
men and lesbians can become comfortable with their sexual orientation and understand the 28
societal response to it."; and 29
Whereas, the National Association of Social Workers prepared a 1997 policy 30
statement, stating: "Social stigmatization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual people is widespread and 31
is a primary motivating factor in leading some people to seek sexual orientation changes. Sexual 32
orientation conversion therapies assume that homosexual orientation is both pathological and 33
freely chosen. No data demonstrates that reparative or conversion therapies are effective, and, in 34
fact, they may be harmful."; and 35
Whereas, the American Counseling Association Governing Council issued a position 36
statement in April of 1999, stating: "We oppose 'the promotion of "reparative therapy" as a "cure" 37
for individuals who are homosexual.'"; and 38
Whereas, in 2014, the American School Counselor Association issued a position 39
statement, stating: "It is not the role of the professional school counselor to attempt to change a 40
student's sexual orientation or gender identity. Professional school counselors do not support 41
efforts by licensed mental health professionals to change a student's sexual orientation or gender 42
as these practices have been proven ineffective and harmful."; and 43
Whereas, the American Psychoanalytic Association issued a position statement in 44
June 2012 on attempts to change sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression, 45
stating: "As with any societal prejudice, bias against individuals based on actual or perceived 46
sexual orientation, gender identity or gender expression negatively affect mental health, 47
contributing to an enduring sense of stigma and pervasive self-criticism through the 48
internalization of such prejudice." The American Psychoanalytic Association further stated: 49
"Psychoanalytic technique does not encompass purposeful attempts to 'convert,' 'repair,' change 50
or shift an individual's sexual orientation, gender identity or gender expression. Such directed 51 General Assembly Of North Carolina Session 2025
DRH40273-NB-64 Page 3
efforts are against fundamental principles of psychoanalytic treatment and often result in 1
substantial psychological pain by reinforcing damaging internalized attitudes."; and 2
Whereas, in 2012, the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 3
published an article in its journal, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent 4
Psychiatry, stating: "Clinicians should be aware that there is no evidence that sexual orientation 5
can be altered through therapy, and that attempts to do so may be harmful. There is no empirical 6
evidence adult homosexuality can be prevented if gender nonconforming children are influenced 7
to be more gender conforming. Indeed, there is no medically valid basis for attempting to prevent 8
homosexuality, which is not an illness. On the contrary, such efforts may encourage family 9
rejection and undermine self-esteem, connectedness and caring, important protective factors 10
against suicidal ideation and attempts. Given that there is no evidence that efforts to alter sexual 11
orientation are effective, beneficial or necessary, and the possibility that they carry the risk of 12
significant harm, such interventions are contraindicated."; and 13
Whereas, in 2012, the Pan American Health Organization, a regional office of the 14
World Health Organization, issued a statement, stating: "These supposed conversion therapies 15
constitute a violation of the ethical principles of health care and violate human rights that are 16
protected by international and regional agreements." The organization also noted that reparative 17
therapies "lack medical justification and represent a serious threat to the health and well-being 18
of affected people."; and 19
Whereas, in 2014, the American Association of Sexuality Educators, Counselors, and 20
Therapists (AASECT) issued a statement, stating: "[S]ame sex orientation is not a mental 21
disorder and we oppose any 'reparative' or conversion therapy that seeks to 'change' or 'fix' a 22
person's sexual orientation. AASECT does not believe that sexual orientation is something that 23
needs to be 'fixed' or 'changed.' The rationale behind this position is the following: Reparative 24
therapy (for minors, in particular) is often forced or nonconsensual. Reparative therapy has been 25
proven harmful to minors. There is no scientific evidence supporting the success of these 26
interventions. Reparative therapy is grounded in the idea that non-heterosexual orientation is 27
'disordered.' Reparative therapy has been shown to be a negative predictor of psychotherapeutic 28
benefit."; and 29
Whereas, in 2015, the American College of Physicians issued a position paper, 30
stating: "The College opposes the use of 'conversion,' 'reorientation,' or 'reparative' therapy for 31
the treatment of LGBT persons… Available research does not support the use of reparative 32
therapy as an effective method in the treatment of LGBT persons. Evidence shows that the 33
practice may actually cause emotional or physical harm to LGBT individuals, particularly 34
adolescents or young persons."; and 35
Whereas, minors who experience family rejection based on their sexual orientation 36
face especially serious health risks. In one study, lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults who 37
reported higher levels of family rejection during adolescence were 8.4 times more likely to report 38
having attempted suicide, 5.9 times more likely to report high levels of depression, 3.4 times 39
more likely to use illegal drugs, and 3.4 times more likely to report having engaged in unprotected 40
sexual intercourse compared with peers from families that reported no or low levels of family 41
rejection. This is documented by Caitlin Ryan, et al., in their article entitled "Family Rejection 42
as a Predictor of Negative Health Outcomes in White and Latino Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual 43
Young Adults" (2009) 123 Pediatrics 346; and 44
Whereas, a 2018 study by the Family Acceptance Project found the following: 45
"Rates of attempted suicide by LGBT young people whose parents tried to change 46
their sexual orientation were more than double (48%) the rate of LGBT young adults who 47
reported no conversion experiences (22%). Suicide attempts nearly tripled for LGBT young 48
people who reported both home-based efforts to change their sexual orientation by parents and 49
intervention efforts by therapists and religious leaders (63%)." 50 General Assembly Of North Carolina Session 2025
Page 4 DRH40273-NB-64
"High levels of depression more than doubled (33%) for young people whose parents 1
tried to change their sexual orientation compared with those who reported no conversion 2
experiences (16%), and more than tripled (52%) for LGBT young people who reported both 3
home-based efforts to change their sexual orientation by parents and external sexual orientation 4
change efforts by therapists and religious leaders." 5
"Sexual orientation change experiences during adolescence by both parents and 6
caregivers and externally by therapists and religious leaders were associated with lower young 7
adult socioeconomic status, less educational attainment, and lower weekly income."; and 8
Whereas, North Carolina has a compelling interest in protecting the physical and 9
psychological well-being of minors, including lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth, and 10
in protecting its minors against exposure to serious harms caused by conversion therapy; Now, 11
therefore, 12
The General Assembly of North Carolina enacts: 13
SECTION 1. Chapter 90 of the General Statutes is amended by adding a new Article 14
to read: 15
"Article 1O. 16
"Mental Health Protection Act. 17
"§ 90-21.160. Short title. 18
This Article shall be known as the "Mental Health Protection Act." 19
"§ 90-21.161. Definitions. 20
The following definitions apply in this Article: 21
(1) Adult who has a disability. – A "disabled adult" as defined in 22
G.S. 108A-101(d). 23
(2) Conversion therapy. – Any practices or treatments that seek to change an 24
individual's sexual orientation or gender identity, including efforts to (i) 25
change behaviors and gender expressions or (ii) eliminate or reduce sexual or 26
romantic attractions or feelings toward individuals of the same gender. 27
Conversion therapy shall not include counseling that provides assistance to an 28
individual undergoing gender transition or counseling that provides 29
acceptance, support, and understanding of an individual or facilitates an 30
individual's coping, social support, and identity exploration and development, 31
including sexual-orientation-neutral interventions to prevent or address 32
unlawful conduct or unsafe sexual practices, as long as such counseling does 33
not seek to change an individual's sexual orientation or gender identity. 34
"§ 90-21.162. Conversion therapy prohibited. 35
(a) The following professionals shall not engage in conversion therapy with an individual 36
under 18 years of age or an adult who has a disability: 37
(1) Fee-based practicing pastoral counselor as defined in G.S. 90-382. 38
(2) Licensed clinical social worker as defined in G.S. 90B-3. 39
(3) Licensed marriage and family therapist as defined in G.S. 90-270.47. 40
(4) Licensed professional counselor as defined in G.S. 90-330. 41
(5) Psychiatrist licensed in accordance with Article 1 of this Chapter. 42
(6) Psychologist as defined in G.S. 90-270.2. 43
(b) Conversion therapy practiced by any licensed professional in subsection (a) of this 44
section shall be considered unprofessional conduct and shall subject each licensed professional 45
who engages in the practice of conversion therapy to discipline under the licensed professional's 46
respective licensing entity. 47
(c) The Department of Health and Human Services shall have concurrent authority to 48
initiate proceedings for violations of this section. The Department shall promulgate rules in 49
accordance with this section. 50
"§ 90-21.163. Prohibited State funding. 51 General Assembly Of North Carolina Session 2025
DRH40273-NB-64 Page 5
No State funds, nor any funds belonging to a municipality, agency, or political subdivision 1
of this State, shall be expended for the purpose of conducting conversion therapy, referring an 2
individual for conversion therapy, health benefits coverage for conversion therapy, or a grant or 3
contract with any entity that conducts conversion therapy or refers individuals for conversion 4
therapy." 5
SECTION 2. If any provision of this act or its application is held invalid, the 6
invalidity does not affect other provisions or applications of this act that can be given effect 7
without the invalid provisions or application and, to this end, the provisions of this act are 8
severable. 9
SECTION 3. This act is effective when it becomes law and applies to acts on or after 10
that date. 11