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STATE OF OKLAHOMA
1st Session of the 60th Legislature (2025)
SENATE BILL 625 By: Howard
AS INTRODUCED
An Act relating to the Oklahoma Discovery Code;
amending 12 O.S. 2021, Section 3226, which relates to
general provisions governing discov ery; requiring
production of commercial litigation funding agreement
upon request; prohibiting admissibility of certain
information as evidence; requiring certain
certification with production of agreement; providing
exception; defining terms; providing fo r
codification; and providing an effective date .
BE IT ENACTED BY THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF OKLAHOMA:
SECTION 1. AMENDATORY 12 O.S. 2021, Section 3226, is
amended to read as follows:
Section 3226. A. DISCOVERY METHODS; INITIAL DISCLOSURES.
1. DISCOVERY METHODS. Parties may obtain discovery regarding
any matter that is relevant to any party ’s claim or defense by one
or more of the following methods: Depositions upon oral examination
or written questions; written i nterrogatories; production of
documents or things or permission to enter upon land or other
property, for inspection and other purposes; physical and mental
examinations; requests for admission; authorizations for release of
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records; and otherwise by court order upon showing of good cause.
Except as provided in this section or unless the court orders
otherwise under this section, the frequency of use of these methods
is not limited.
2. INITIAL DISCLOSURES.
a. Except in categories of proceedings specified in
subparagraph b of this paragraph, or to the extent
otherwise stipulated or directed by order, a party,
without awaiting a discovery request, shall provide to
other parties a computation of any category of damages
claimed by the disclosing party, making available for
inspection and copying the documents or other
evidentiary material, not privileged or protected from
disclosure, on which such computation is based,
including materials bearing on the nature and extent
of injuries suffered. Subject to subsec tion B of this
section, in any action in which physical or mental
injury is claimed, the party making the claim shall
provide to the other parties a release or
authorization allowing the parties to obtain relevant
medical records and bills, and, when relev ant, a
release or authorization for employment and scholastic
records.
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b. The following categories of proceedings are exempt
from initial disclosure under subparagraph a of this
paragraph:
(1) an action for review of an administrative record,
(2) a petition for habeas corpus or other proceeding
to challenge a criminal conviction or sentence,
(3) an action brought without counsel by a person in
custody of the United States, a state, or a state
subdivision,
(4) an action to enforce or quash an administrative
summons or subpoena,
(5) an action by the United States to recover benefit
payments,
(6) an action by the United States to collect on a
student loan guaranteed by the United States,
(7) a proceeding ancillary to proceedings in other
courts, and
(8) an action to enforce an arbitration award.
c. Disclosures required under this paragra ph shall be
made at or within sixty (60) days after service unless
a different time is set by stipulation or court order,
or unless a party objects that initial disclosures are
not appropriate in the circumstances of the action and
states the objection in a motion filed with the court.
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In ruling on the objection, the court shall determine
what disclosures, if any, are to be made and set the
time for disclosure. A party shall mak e its initial
disclosures based on the information then readily
available to it and is not excused from making its
disclosures because it has not fully completed its
investigation of the case or because it challenges the
sufficiency of another party ’s disclosures or because
another party has not made its disclosures.
B. DISCOVERY SCOPE AND LIMITS. Unless otherwise limited by
order of the court in accordance with the Oklahoma Discovery Code,
the scope of discovery is as follows:
1. IN GENERAL.
a. Parties may obtain discovery regarding any matter, not
privileged, which is relevant t o any party’s claim or
defense, reasonably calculated to lead to the
discovery of admissible evidence and proportional to
the needs of the case, considering the importance of
the issues at stake in the action, the amount in
controversy, the parties ’ relative access to relevant
information, the parties ’ resources, the importance of
the discovery in resolving the issues, and whether the
burden or expense of the proposed discovery ou tweighs
its likely benefit. Information within this scope of
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discovery need not be admissible in evidence to be
discoverable.
b. A party shall produce upon request pursuant to Section
3234 of this title, any insurance agreement under
which any person carr ying on an insurance business may
be liable to satisfy part or all of a judgment which
may be entered in the action or to indemnify or
reimburse for payments made to satisfy the judgment.
Information concerning the insurance agreement is not
by reason of disclosure admissible in evidence at
trial. For purposes of this section, an application
for insurance shall not be treated as a part of an
insurance agreement.
c. A party shall produce upon request, pursuant to
Section 3234 of this title, any commercial litigation
funding agreement as defined in Section 2 of this act.
Information related to the commercial litigation
funding agreement is not by reason of disclosure
admissible as evidence at trial. Production of a
commercial litigation funding agreement s hall include
a certification by sworn affidavit by the producing
party as to whether any funds encumbered by the terms
of the agreement have been or will be sourced from a
foreign state or agency or instrumentality of a
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foreign state as defined in 28 U.S.C ., Section 1603,
as amended. Certification that discloses that a
foreign state or agency or instrumentality of a
foreign state is such a source shall include the
identity of the foreign state, agency, or
instrumentality that is the source of the funds. S uch
certification shall be supplemented or corrected by
the producing party wi thin thirty (30) days in the
event the certification becomes incomplete or
inaccurate in a material respect. A consumer
litigation funding agreement as defined in Section 3 -
801 of Title 14A of the Oklahoma Statutes shall be
exempt from the provisions of this subparagraph.
d. If a commercial litigation funding agreement as
defined in Section 2 of this act , has been requested,
a party shall also produce, upon request pursuant to
Sections 3234 and 3236 of this title, a certification
by sworn affidavit by the producing party that
identifies whether the party is an entity controlled
by a foreign adversary. The certification shall also
include an admission or denial as to whether the p arty
is under the control or direction of an entity
controlled by a foreign adversary and whether the
party will allow access to any documents or
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information arising in the litigation not generally
available to the public to an entity controlled by a
foreign adversary. In the event that the producing
party admits that an entity con trolled by a foreign
adversary may access any documents or information
arising in the litigation not generally available to
the public, the party shall specify the persons who
will have access to such documents or information.
Further, if the party receives funding pursuant to a
commercial litigation funding agreement as defined in
Section 2 of this act, the certification shall include
a statement that the funding was not sourced from an
entity controlled by a foreign adversary.
2. LIMITATIONS ON FREQUENC Y AND EXTENT.
a. By order, the court may alter the limits on the length
of depositions under Section 3230 of this title, on
the number of interrogatories under Section 3233 of
this title, on the number of requests to produce under
Section 3234 of this title, or on the number of
requests for admission under Section 3236 of this
title.
b. A party is not required to provide discovery of
electronically stored information from sources that
the party identifies as not reasonably accessible
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because of undue burden or cost. On motion to compel
discovery or for a protective order, the party from
whom discovery is sought must show that the
information is not reasonably accessible because of
undue burden or cost. If that showing is made, the
court may order discovery from such sources if the
requesting party shows good cause, considering the
limitations of subparagraph c of this paragraph. The
court may specify conditions for the discovery.
c. On motion or on its own, the court shall limit the
frequency or extent of discovery otherwise allowed if
it determines that:
(1) the discovery sought is unreasonably cumulative
or duplicative, or can be obtained from some
other source that is more conv enient, less
burdensome, or less expensive,
(2) the party seeking discovery has had ample
opportunity to obtain the information by
discovery in the action, or
(3) the proposed discovery is outside the scope
permitted by subparagraph a of paragraph 1 of
this subsection.
d. If an officer, director or managing agent of a
corporation or a government official is served with
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notice of a deposition or subpoena regarding a matter
about which he or she has no knowledge, he or she may
submit at a reasonable time prio r to the date of the
deposition an affidavit to the noticing party so
stating and identifying a person within the
corporation or government entity who has knowledge of
the subject matter involved in the pending action.
Notwithstanding such affidavit, the noticing party may
proceed with the deposition, subject to the noticed
witness’s right to seek a protective order.
3. TRIAL PREPARATION: MATERIALS.
a. Unless as provided by paragraph 4 of this subsection,
a party may not discover documents and tangible t hings
that are prepared in anticipation of litigation or for
trial by or for another party or its representative,
including the other party ’s attorney, consultant,
surety, indemnitor, insurer or agent. Subject to
paragraph 4 of this subsection, such mater ials may be
discovered if:
(1) they are otherwise discoverable under paragraph 1
of this subsection, and
(2) the party shows that it has substantial need for
the materials to prepare its case and cannot,
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without undue hardship, obtain their substantial
equivalent by other means.
b. If the court orders discovery of such materials, the
court shall protect against disclosure of the mental
impressions, conclusions, opinions or legal theories
of a party’s attorney or other representative
concerning the litigatio n.
c. A party or other person may, upon request and without
the required showing, obtain the person ’s own previous
statement about the action or its subject matter. If
the request is refused, the person may move for a
court order, and the provisions of pa ragraph 4 of
subsection A of Section 3237 of this title apply to
the award of expenses. A previous statement is
either:
(1) a written statement that the person has signed or
otherwise adopted or approved, or
(2) a contemporaneous stenographic, mechanical,
electrical, or other recording, or a
transcription thereof, which recites
substantially verbatim the person ’s oral
statement.
4. TRIAL PREPARATION: EXPERTS.
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a. Discovery of facts known and opinions held by experts,
otherwise discoverable under the provi sions of
paragraph 1 of this subsection and acquired or
developed in anticipation of litigation or for trial,
may be obtained only as follows:
(1) a party may, through interrogatories, require any
other party to identify each person whom that
other party expects to call as an expert witness
at trial and give the address at which tha t
expert witness may be located,
(2) after disclosure of the names and addresses of
the expert witnesses, the other party expects to
call as witnesses, the party, who has request ed
disclosure, may depose any such expert witnesses
subject to scope of this section. Prior to
taking the deposition the party must give notice
as required in subsections A and C of Section
3230 of this title, and
(3) in addition to taking the depositions of expert
witnesses the party may, through interrogatories,
require the party who expects to call the expert
witnesses to state the subject matter on which
each expert witness is expected to testify; the
substance of the facts and opinions to which the
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expert is expected to testify and a summary of
the grounds for each opinion; the qualifications
of each expert witness, including a list of all
publications authored by the expert witness
within the preceding ten (10) years; the
compensation to be paid to th e expert witness for
the testimony and preparation for the testimony;
and a listing of any other cases in which the
expert witness has testified as an expert at
trial or by deposition within the preceding four
(4) years. An interrogatory seeking the
information specified above shall be treated as a
single interrogatory for purposes of the
limitation on the number of interrogatories in
Section 3233 of this title.
b. The protection provided by paragraph 3 of this
subsection extends to communications between the
party’s attorney and any expert witness retained or
specially employed to provide expert testimony in the
case or whose duties as the party ’s employee regularly
involve giving expert testimony, except to the extent
that the communications:
(1) relate to compensation for the expert ’s study or
testimony,
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(2) identify facts or data that the party ’s attorney
provided and that the expert considered in
forming the opinions to be expressed, or
(3) identify assumptions that the party ’s attorney
provided and that the expert relied upon in
forming the opinions to be expressed.
c. A party may not, by interrogatories or deposition,
discover facts known or opinions held by an expert who
has been retained or specially employed by another
party in anticipation of litig ation or to prepare for
trial and who is not expected to be called as a
witness at trial, except as provided in Section 3235
of this title or upon a showing of exceptional
circumstances under which it is impracticable for the
party to obtain facts or opini ons on the same subject
by other means.
d. Unless manifest injustice would res ult:
(1) the court shall require that the party seeking
discovery pay the expert a reasonable fee for
time spent in responding to discovery under
division (2) of subparagraph a o f this paragraph
and subparagraph c of this paragraph, and
(2) the court shall require that the party seeking
discovery with respect to discovery obtained
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under subparagraph c of this paragraph, pay the
other party a fair portion of the fees and
expenses reasonably incurred by the latter party
in obtaining facts and opinions from th e expert.
5. CLAIMS OF PRIVILEGE OR PROTECTION OF TRIAL PREPARATION
MATERIALS.
a. When a party withholds information otherwise
discoverable under the Oklahoma Discovery Code by
claiming that it is privileged or subject to
protection as trial preparation material, the party
shall make the claim expressly and shall describe the
nature of the documents, communications, or things not
produced or disclosed in a manner that, without
revealing information itself privileged or protected,
will enable other parties to assess the applicability
of the privilege or protection.
b. If information produced in discovery is subject to a
claim of privilege or of protection as trial
preparation material, the party making the claim may
notify any party that received the information of the
claim and the basis for it. After being notified, a
party shall promptly return, sequester, or destroy the
specified information and any copies the party has;
shall not use or disclose the information until the
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claim is resolved; shall take re asonable steps to
retrieve the information if the party has disclosed it
before being notified; and may promptly present the
information to the court under seal for a
determination of the claim. The producing party shall
preserve the information until the claim is resolved.
This mechanism is procedural only and does not alter
the standards governing whether the information is
privileged or subject to protection as trial
preparation material or whether such privilege or
protection has been waived.
C. PROTECTIVE ORDERS.
1. Upon motion by a party or by the person from whom discovery
is sought, accompanied by a certification that the movant has in
good faith conferred or attempted to confer, either in person or by
telephone, with other affected parties in an effort to resolve the
dispute without court action, and for good cause shown, the court in
which the action is pending or on matters relating to a deposition,
the district court in the county where the deposition is to be taken
may enter any order which j ustice requires to protect a party or
person from annoyance, harassment, embarrassment, oppression or
undue delay, burden or expense, including one or more of the
following:
a. that the discovery not be had,
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b. that the discovery may be had only on specified terms
and conditions, including a designation of the time,
place or the allocation of expenses,
c. that the discovery may be had only by a method of
discovery other than that selected by the party
seeking discovery,
d. that certain matters not be inquir ed into, or that the
scope of the disclosure or discovery be limited to
certain matters,
e. that discovery be conducted with no one present except
persons designated by the court ,
f. that a deposition after being sealed be opened only by
order of the court,
g. that a trade secret or other confidential research,
development or commercial information not be disclosed
or be disclosed only in a designated way, and
h. that the parties simultaneously file specified
documents or information enclosed in sealed enve lopes
to be opened as directed by the court.
2. If the motion for a protective order is denied in whole or
in part, the court may, on such terms and conditions as are just,
order that any party or person provide or permit discovery. The
provisions of paragraph 4 of subsection A of Section 3237 of this
title apply to the award of expenses incurred in relation to the
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motion. Any protective order of the court which has the effect of
removing any material obtained by discovery from the public record
shall contain the following:
a. a statement that the court has determined it is
necessary in the interests of justice to remove the
material from the public record,
b. specific identification of the material which is to be
removed or withdrawn from the public record, or which
is to be filed but not placed in the public record,
and
c. a requirement that any party obtaining a protective
order place the protected material in a sealed manila
envelope clearly marked with the caption and case
number and is clearly marked with the word
“CONFIDENTIAL”, and stating the date the order was
entered and the name of the judge entering the order.
This requirement may also be satisfied by requiring
the party to file the documents pursuant to the
procedure for electronically filing sealed or
confidential documents approved for electronic filing
in the courts of this state.
3. No protective order entered after the filing and
microfilming of documents of any kind shall be construed to require
the microfilm record of such filing to be amended in any fashion.
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4. The party or counsel which has received the protective order
shall be responsible for promptly presenting the order to
appropriate court clerk personn el for appropriate action.
5. All documents produced or testimony given under a protective
order shall be retained in the office of counsel until required by
the court to be filed in the case.
6. Counsel for the respective parties shall be responsible fo r
informing witnesses, as necessary, of the contents of the protective
order.
7. When a case is filed in which a party intends to seek a
protective order removing material from the public record, the
plaintiff(s) and defendant(s) shall be initially design ated on the
petition under pseudonym such as “John or Jane Doe”, or “Roe”, and
the petition shall clearly indicate that the party designations are
fictitious. The party seeking confidentiality or other order
removing the case, in whole or in part, from th e public record,
shall immediately present application to the court, seeking
instructions for the conduct of the case, including confidentiality
of the records.
D. SEQUENCE AND TIMING OF DISCOVERY. Unless the parties
stipulate or the court orders otherwi se for the convenience of
parties and witnesses and in the interests of justice, methods of
discovery may be used in any sequence. The fact that a party is
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conducting discovery, whether by deposition or otherwise, shall not
operate to delay discovery by a ny other party.
E. SUPPLEMENTATION OF RESPONSES. A party who has responded t o
a request for discovery with a response that was complete when it
was made is under no duty to supplement the response to include
information thereafter acquired, except as fol lows:
1. A party is under a duty seasonably to supplement the
response with respect to any question directly addressed to:
a. the identity and location of persons having knowledge
of discoverable matters, and
b. the identity of each person expected to be called as
an expert witness at trial, the subject matter on
which the person is expected to testify, and the
substance of the testimony of the person;
2. A party is under a duty seasonably to amend a prior response
to an interrogatory, request for product ion, or request for
admission if the party obtains information upon the basis of which:
a. (1) the party knows that the response was incorrect
in some material respect when made, or
(2) the party knows that the response, which was
correct when made, is no longer true in some
material respect, and
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b. the additional or corrective info rmation has not
otherwise been made known to the other parties during
the discovery process or in writing; and
3. A duty to supplement responses may be imposed by order of
the court, agreement of the parties, or at any time prior to trial
through new requests for supplementation of prior responses.
F. DISCOVERY CONFERENCE. At any time after commencement of an
action, the court may direct the attorneys for the parties to appear
for a conference on the subject of discovery. The court shall do so
upon motion by the attorney for any party if the motion includes:
1. A statement of the issues as they then appear;
2. A proposed plan and schedule of discovery;
3. Any limitations pro posed to be placed on discovery;
4. Any other proposed orders with respect to discovery; and
5. A statement showing that the attorney making the motion has
made a reasonable effort to reach agreement with opposing attorneys
on the matters set forth in th e motion.
Each party and his attorney are under a duty to participate in
good faith in the framing of a discovery plan if a plan is proposed
by the attorney for any party. Notice of the motion shall be served
on all parties. Objections or additions to ma tters set forth in the
motion shall be served not later than ten (10) days after service of
the motion.
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Following the discovery conference, the court shall enter an
order tentatively identifying the issues for discovery purposes,
establishing a plan and sc hedule for discovery, setting limitations
on discovery, if any; and determinin g such other matters, including
the allocation of expenses, as are necessary for the proper
management of discovery in the action. In preparing the plan for
discovery the court shall protect the parties from excessive or
abusive use of discovery. An order shall be altered or amended
whenever justice so requires.
Subject to the right of a party who properly moves for a
discovery conference to prompt convening of the conference, t he
court may combine the discovery conference with a pretrial
conference.
G. SIGNING OF DISCOVERY REQUESTS, RESPONSES AND OBJECTIONS.
Every request for discovery, response or objection thereto made by a
party represented by an attorney shall be signed by at least one of
the party’s attorneys of record in the party ’s individual name whose
address shall be stated. A party who is not represented by an
attorney shall sign the request, response or objection and state the
party’s address. The signature of the attorney or party constitutes
a certification that the party has read the req uest, response or
objection, and that it is:
1. To the best of the party ’s knowledge, information and belief
formed after a reasonable inquiry consistent with the Oklahoma
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Discovery Code and warranted by existing law or a good faith
argument for the extension, modification or reversal of existing
law;
2. Interposed in good faith and not primarily to cause delay or
for any other improper purpose; and
3. Not unreasonable or undul y burdensome or expensive, given
the nature and complexity of the case, the di scovery already had in
the case, the amount in controversy, and other values at stake in
the litigation. If a request, response or objection is not signed,
it shall be deemed in effective.
If a certification is made in violation of the provisions of
this subsection, the court, upon motion or upon its own initiative,
shall impose upon the person who made the certification, the party
on whose behalf the request, response or objectio n is made, or both,
an appropriate sanction, which may include an order to pay to the
amount of the reasonable expenses occasioned thereby, including a
reasonable attorney fee.
SECTION 2. NEW LAW A new section of law to be codified
in the Oklahoma Statutes as Section 3226.2 of Title 12, unless there
is created a duplication in numbering, reads as follows:
As used in the Oklahoma Discovery Code:
1. “Commercial litigation funder ” means any person or entity,
other than an attorney perm itted to charge a contingent fee
representing a party, that enters into a cont ract establishing a
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right to receive compensation that is contingent on and sourced from
any proceeds of the civil action by settlement, judgment, or
otherwise. Commercial litig ation funder shall not include a
consumer litigation funder as defined in Section 3 -801 of Title 14A
of the Oklahoma Statutes;
2. “Commercial litigation funding agreement ” means an agreement
under which the commercial litigation funder is granted a right to
receive compensation contingent on and sourced from any proceeds of
a civil action by settlement, judgment, or otherwise. A commercial
litigation funding agreement shall not include:
a. funding provided by an attorney to a client as
authorized by the Oklahoma Rules of Professional
Conduct, Appendix 3–A of Chapter 1 of Title 5 of the
Oklahoma Statutes, unless such funds are encumbered
pursuant to a commercial litigation funding agreement ,
or
b. a consumer litigation funding agreement as defined in
Section 3-801 of Title 14A of the Oklahoma Statutes ;
3. “Entity controlled by a for eign adversary” means, with
respect to a person, whether a human being or bodies politic or
corporate, that such person is:
a. a foreign person that is a national of, is
headquartered in, has its principal place of business
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in, or is organized under the law of a foreign
adversary country,
b. a body corporate with respect to which a foreign
person or combination of foreign persons described in
subparagraph a of this paragraph directly or
indirectly owns at least 20 percent (20%) of such
body, or
c. a person subject to the direction or control of a
foreign person or entity described in sub paragraph a
or b of this paragraph; and
4. “Foreign adversary country ” means a country identifi ed in 10
U.S.C., Section 4872(d)(2) .
SECTION 3. This act shall become effective November 1, 2025.
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