II
119THCONGRESS
1
STSESSION S. 288
To support and promote the human rights of Southern Mongolians in the
People’s Republic of China, and for other purposes.
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
JANUARY29, 2025
Mr. M
ERKLEY(for himself and Mr. SULLIVAN) introduced the following bill;
which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations
A BILL
To support and promote the human rights of Southern Mon-
golians in the People’s Republic of China, and for other
purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-1
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 2
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 3
This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Southern Mongolian 4
Human Rights Policy Act’’. 5
SEC. 2. FINDINGS. 6
Congress makes the following findings: 7
(1) According to the China Statistical Yearbook 8
for 2021, more than 6,000,000 ethnic Mongolians 9
live in the People’s Republic of China, of which some 10
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two-thirds live in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous 1
Region, and many others in three prefectures and 2
eight counties designated as autonomous for Mongo-3
lians by the Government of the People’s Republic of 4
China. 5
(2) Over the centuries, successive central Chi-6
nese governments have promoted the migration of 7
Chinese people into the area currently administered 8
as the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and 9
today only about 18 percent of the population of the 10
Region is counted as ethnically Mongolian. 11
(3) In 2020, officials in the Inner Mongolia Au-12
tonomous Region announced a new policy to effec-13
tively replace Mongolian as the principal language of 14
instruction with Chinese, in the subjects of history, 15
politics, and literature, and shut down Bainu, the 16
only Mongolian-language-based social media website 17
based in the country. Beginning in September 2023, 18
schools across the region largely removed Mongolian- 19
language instruction from elementary and secondary 20
schools throughout the region. Reports indicate that 21
high school and college entrance exams will be con-22
ducted in Chinese exclusively starting in 2025 and 23
2028, respectively. The People’s Republic of China 24
authorities have banned Mongolian language books 25
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from bookstores and removed signs in the unique, 1
vertically-written Mongolian script from schools, 2
buildings, streets, and parks. 3
(4) The People’s Republic of China officials 4
launched ‘‘patriotic education’’ campaigns at schools 5
and universities throughout the Inner Mongolia Au-6
tonomous Region, designed to suppress manifesta-7
tions of Mongolian identity in favor of the common 8
Chinese national identity’’ and encourage ‘‘all ethnic 9
groups to accept the great mother country, Chinese 10
nationality, Chinese culture, [and the] Chinese Com-11
munist Party.’’ In response to the new education 12
policy, tens of thousands of Southern Mongolians in 13
the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region launched 14
protests, in which some 300,000 Southern Mongo-15
lian students boycotted school and teachers went on 16
strike, and some individuals reportedly committed 17
suicide in protest. Security authorities responded 18
harshly by arresting, beating, detaining, jailing, and 19
placing under home confinement some estimated 20
8,000 to 10,000 Southern Mongolians. 21
(5) Chinese authorities now fully control all ac-22
tivities of the Chinggis Khan Mausoleum in the 23
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, including the 24
schedule, scale, and ticketing of ritual ceremonies 25
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and approval and monitoring of gatherings, denying 1
Southern Mongolians the ability to carry out tradi-2
tional rituals and observances free of government in-3
terference and profiteering. This has broken an 4
eight-century-long memorial tradition at the site, 5
which has served as an historical and cultural rep-6
resentation of the Mongolian identity. 7
(6) The People’s Republic of China policies 8
have undermined the religious heritage of Southern 9
Mongolians, many of whom follow Tibetan Bud-10
dhism, including through the destruction of mon-11
asteries and temples during the Cultural Revolution, 12
and interference in the ability to choose their own 13
religious leaders. Restrictions on travel and freedom 14
of religion or belief inhibit the ability of Southern 15
Mongolians to affiliate, engage, and communicate 16
with Mongol communities around the world, espe-17
cially those with cultural, linguistic and religious 18
links to people in the country of Mongolia and the 19
Buryatia, Kamykia, and Tuvan regions of the Rus-20
sian Federation, resulting in a diminution of their 21
common cultural heritage. 22
(7) The People’s Republic of China policies 23
have effectively ended the traditional Southern Mon-24
golian economic livelihood of pastoralism, a key 25
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marker of Mongol identity, by forcibly resettling 1
more than 246,000 nomadic households to urban 2
and agricultural areas where Mandarin language 3
and Chinese cultural elements dominate. These poli-4
cies have cut off Southern Mongolians from their an-5
cestral lands and increased their economic depend-6
ence on the state, eroding their social cohesion. This 7
has led to severe social and psychological impacts, 8
including mental illness and economic deprivation. 9
(8) The environment of the Inner Mongolia Au-10
tonomous Region has degraded under the People’s 11
Republic of China policies that have removed no-12
mads, ending traditional stewardship of grazing 13
lands, and exploited natural resources through min-14
ing and heavy industry without sufficient stake-15
holder input from local inhabitants, resulting in air 16
and water pollution and severe health problems 17
among local Southern Mongolians. Bayan Obo, the 18
largest rare earth mine in the world, is the source 19
of toxic waste, including radioactive thorium that 20
has been seeping into groundwater. 21
(9) Southern Mongolian dissidents, activists, 22
writers, bloggers, lawyers, and their family members 23
who have attempted to exercise their freedom of ex-24
pression and defend their legal rights have been de-25
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tained, arrested, imprisoned, and placed under home 1
confinement by the People’s Republic of China au-2
thorities. Activist Yanjindulam remains under home 3
confinement after being released from prison, artist 4
Ashidaa is still under home confinement, lawyer 5
Huhbulag has been detained multiple times, and dis-6
sident Almaz has been frequently harassed and de-7
tained by the authorities. 8
(10) Authorities detained rights activist Hada, 9
who promoted self-determination and democracy for 10
Southern Mongolians, in 1995 and sentenced him to 11
15 years in 1996. He was held without legal basis 12
for an additional four years following the expiration 13
of his sentence. Hada was subsequently placed under 14
home confinement until his disappearance in Sep-15
tember 2020. In 2011, Hada’s wife Xinna, an out-16
spoken critic of human rights violations in Southern 17
Mongolia, was arrested before being sentenced to 18
three years in prison, suspended for five years. Their 19
son Uiles was sentenced at the age of 17 to two 20
years in prison on the basis of multiple fabricated 21
charges. The family’s welfare and whereabouts have 22
been unknown since September 2020. 23
(11) Chinese authorities have subjected South-24
ern Mongolians to transnational repression. Since 25
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2009, at least five Southern Mongolian dissidents in 1
exile have been forcibly returned to China, including 2
from Mongolia. On May 3, 2023, Chinese police offi-3
cers detained Lhamjab Borjigin, a long-time dis-4
sident writer and historian, in Ulaanbaatar, Mon-5
golia, and forcibly returned him to China on the 6
same day. Lhamjab Borjigin had escaped from home 7
confinement on March 6, 2023, after he was sen-8
tenced to one year in prison, suspended for two 9
years, for writing a book entitled ‘‘China’s Cultural 10
Revolution’’. 11
(12) The Congressional-Executive Commission 12
on China reported that ‘‘[d]uring the Commission’s 13
2023 reporting year, Chinese Communist Party and 14
government authorities implemented policies that 15
limited the freedom of ethnic minority groups to ex-16
press their cultural and religious identities in con-17
travention of the PRC Regional Ethnic Autonomy 18
Law and international human rights treaties, includ-19
ing the International Covenant on Civil and Political 20
Rights’’. 21
(13) The Government of the People’s Republic 22
of China’s policies have undermined the ability of 23
Southern Mongolians to exercise their rights under 24
international law to safeguard and develop their own 25
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language, culture, religion or belief, and economic 1
livelihoods, as part of a deliberate effort to erase 2
their distinct Mongolian culture and Sinicize the 3
Southern Mongolian people. 4
SEC. 3. STATEMENT OF POLICY. 5
It is the policy of the United States— 6
(1) to support and promote human rights of 7
Southern Mongolians in the People’s Republic of 8
China, including the fundamental freedoms of ex-9
pression, peaceful assembly, and religion or belief, 10
and rights related to arbitrary detention, discrimina-11
tion, and other abuses; 12
(2) to support the aspirations of the Southern 13
Mongolian people to safeguard their cultural and lin-14
guistic heritage, including the ability to use and pro-15
mote their own spoken and written language, and 16
protect their traditional pastoralist way of life that 17
they have maintained for thousands of years; and 18
(3) to press the Government of the People’s Re-19
public of China to allow the Southern Mongolian 20
people the ability to enjoy autonomy promised them. 21
SEC. 4. SENSE OF CONGRESS. 22
It is the sense of Congress that— 23
(1) the United States supports the liberty and 24
legitimate aspirations of the Southern Mongolian 25
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people to safeguard their cultural and linguistic her-1
itage and practice their traditional way of life with-2
out threat of forced assimilation policies of the Gov-3
ernment of the People’s Republic of China and the 4
Chinese Communist Party; 5
(2) the President should— 6
(A) condemn human rights abuses against 7
Southern Mongolians by authorities of the Peo-8
ple’s Republic of China; and 9
(B) call on such authorities to allow South-10
ern Mongolians the ability to exercise the au-11
tonomy guaranteed by the People’s Republic of 12
China, including to conduct their affairs and re-13
ceive education in their own spoken and written 14
language; 15
(3) the Secretary of State should— 16
(A) work with United States allies and 17
partners and through multilateral institutions 18
to advocate for the human rights of Southern 19
Mongolians; 20
(B) urge the United Nations Human 21
Rights Council to prioritize assessment of the 22
human rights of Southern Mongolians in its re-23
views of the People’s Republic of China compli-24
ance with international human rights law, in-25
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cluding through the Universal Periodic Review 1
process, and to request travel by United Na-2
tions officials to assess conditions of Southern 3
Mongolians in the People’s Republic of China; 4
(C) promote the right of Southern Mongo-5
lians to protect their spoken and written lan-6
guage; 7
(D) promote the freedom of religion or be-8
lief of Southern Mongolians; 9
(E) work with the United Nations Edu-10
cational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 11
(UNESCO) to identify and protect world herit-12
age sites in areas of traditional Mongolian cul-13
ture in the People’s Republic of China; and 14
(F) coordinate closely with the inter-15
national community on targeted sanctions and 16
visa restrictions; 17
(4) the United States companies and individ-18
uals operating in areas designated as autonomous 19
for Mongolians in the People’s Republic of China 20
should take steps to ensure that their commercial 21
activities do not contribute to human rights viola-22
tions, undermine the autonomous rights of Southern 23
Mongolians, or contribute to the environmental deg-24
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radation or resettlement of nomads in those areas; 1
and 2
(5) the United States Ambassador to the Peo-3
ple’s Republic of China should expeditiously seek to 4
meet with Hada and his family members, as well as 5
other Southern Mongolian dissidents, activists, writ-6
ers, and lawyers who are either in prison or under 7
detention or home confinement. 8
SEC. 5. DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR MATTERS. 9
(a) I
NNERMONGOLIASECTION INUNITEDSTATES 10
E
MBASSY INBEIJING, CHINA.— 11
(1) I
N GENERAL.—The Secretary of State 12
should consider establishing an Inner Mongolian 13
team within the United States Embassy in Beijing, 14
China, to follow political, economic, and social devel-15
opments in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 16
and other areas designated by the People’s Republic 17
of China as autonomous for Mongolians, with due 18
consideration given to hiring Southern Mongolians 19
as Locally Employed Staff. 20
(2) R
ESPONSIBILITIES.—Responsibilities of a 21
team devoted to Inner Mongolia should include re-22
porting on human rights issues and access to areas 23
designated as autonomous for Mongolians by United 24
States Government officials, journalists, nongovern-25
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mental organizations, and the Southern Mongolian 1
diaspora. 2
(3) L
ANGUAGE REQUIREMENTS .—The Sec-3
retary of State should ensure that the Department 4
of State has sufficient proficiency in Mongolian lan-5
guage in order to carry out paragraph (1), and that 6
the United States Embassy in Beijing, China, has 7
sufficient resources to hire Local Employed Staff 8
proficient in the Mongolian language, as appro-9
priate. 10
(b) R
EPORT.—Not later than 180 days after the date 11
of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of State shall 12
submit to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Sen-13
ate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House 14
of Representatives a report on the staffing described in 15
subsection (a). 16
SEC. 6. RELIGIOUS FREEDOM. 17
(a) H
UMANRIGHTSREPORTS.—The Ambassador at 18
Large for International Religious Freedom shall, con-19
sistent with the duties under sections 101(c) and 102(a) 20
of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 (22 21
U.S.C. 6411(c), 6412(a)), assist the Secretary of State to 22
assess the impact of the restrictions on Tibetan Buddhism 23
by the Government of the People’s Republic of China on 24
the religious freedom of— 25
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(1) practitioners of Tibetan Buddhism in the 1
People’s Republic of China who are not Tibetan; and 2
(2) practitioners of Tibetan Buddhism outside 3
the People’s Republic of China, including their abil-4
ity to travel to and share information with practi-5
tioners inside the People’s Republic of China. 6
(b) A
NNUALREPORT ONINTERNATIONALRELIGIOUS 7
F
REEDOM.—The Secretary of State, with the assistance 8
of the Ambassador at Large for International Religious 9
Freedom, shall ensure that the report required under sec-10
tions 101(c) and 102(b) of the International Religious 11
Freedom Act of 1998 (22 U.S.C. 6411(c), 6412(b)) as-12
sesses, as appropriate, the impact of the restrictions on 13
Tibetan Buddhism by the Government of the People’s Re-14
public of China on the religious freedom of — 15
(1) practitioners of Tibetan Buddhism in the 16
People’s Republic of China who are not Tibetan; and 17
(2) practitioners of Tibetan Buddhism outside 18
the People’s Republic of China, including their abil-19
ity to travel to and share information with practi-20
tioners inside the People’s Republic of China. 21
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SEC. 7. IDENTIFICATION OF PERSONS RESPONSIBLE FOR 1
HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES AGAINST SOUTHERN 2
MONGOLIANS IN THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF 3
CHINA; IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS. 4
(a) R
EPORTREQUIRED.— 5
(1) I
N GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days 6
after the date of the enactment of this Act, and an-7
nually thereafter, the President shall submit to the 8
appropriate congressional committees a report that 9
identifies each foreign person, including any official 10
of the Government of the People’s Republic of 11
China, that the President determines is responsible 12
for any of the following with respect to Southern 13
Mongolians in the People’s Republic of China: 14
(A) Torture. 15
(B) Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treat-16
ment or punishment. 17
(C) Prolonged or arbitrary detention with-18
out charges and trial. 19
(D) Causing the disappearance of persons 20
by the abduction and clandestine detention of 21
those persons. 22
(E) Other flagrant denial of the right to 23
life, liberty, or the security of persons. 24
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(F) Other gross violations of internation-1
ally recognized human rights committed against 2
Southern Mongolians. 3
(2) F
ORM.—The report required by paragraph 4
(1) shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may 5
include a classified annex. 6
(b) I
MPOSITION OF SANCTIONS.—The President 7
should impose sanctions pursuant to one or more of the 8
following authorities with respect to each foreign person 9
identified in the report required by subsection (a): 10
(1) The Global Magnitsky Human Rights Ac-11
countability Act (22 U.S.C. 10101 et seq.). 12
(2) Section 7031(c)(1)(A) of the Department of 13
State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs 14
Appropriations Act, 2024 (division F of Public Law 15
118–47; 8 U.S.C. 1182 note). 16
(3) Section 212(a)(2)(G) of the Immigration 17
and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1182(a)(2)(G)). 18
(c) S
UNSET.—This section, and any sanctions im-19
posed under this section, shall terminate on the date that 20
is 5 years after the date of the enactment of this Act. 21
(d) D
EFINITIONS.—In this section: 22
(1) A
PPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMIT -23
TEES.—The term ‘‘appropriate congressional com-24
mittees’’ means— 25
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(A) the Committee on Foreign Relations 1
and the Committee on Banking, Housing, and 2
Urban Affairs of the Senate; and 3
(B) the Committee on Foreign Affairs and 4
the Committee on Financial Services of the 5
House of Representatives. 6
(2) F
OREIGN PERSON.—The term ‘‘foreign per-7
son’’ means an individual or entity that is not a 8
United States person. 9
(3) U
NITED STATES PERSON .—The term 10
‘‘United States person’’ means— 11
(A) a United States citizen or an alien law-12
fully admitted for permanent residence to the 13
United States; 14
(B) an entity organized under the laws of 15
the United States or of any jurisdiction within 16
the United States, including a foreign branch of 17
such an entity; or 18
(C) any person in the United States. 19
SEC. 8. VOICE OF AMERICA BROADCASTS IN THE MONGO-20
LIAN LANGUAGE. 21
(a) E
STABLISHMENT OF SERVICE.—Not later than 22
180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the 23
Chief Executive Officer of the United States Agency for 24
Global Media shall establish, through the Voice of Amer-25
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ica, a service to provide Voice of America Mongolian lan-1
guage programming to Mongolian language speakers in 2
Mongolia, the People’s Republic of China, and the Russian 3
Federation. 4
(b) R
EPORT.—Not later than 270 days after the date 5
of the enactment of this Act, the Chief Executive Officer 6
of the United States Agency for Global Media shall submit 7
to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and 8
the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Rep-9
resentatives a report detailing the implementation of this 10
section, including a description of programming and 11
broadcast hours. 12
(c) A
UTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There is 13
authorized to be appropriated to the Voice of America for 14
purposes of carrying out this section $2,000,000 for each 15
of fiscal years 2025 and 2026. 16
SEC. 9. SUPPORT FOR SOUTHERN MONGOLIAN CULTURE. 17
(a) R
EPRESSEDCULTURESPRESERVATION.— 18
(1) S
ENSE OF CONGRESS .—It is the sense of 19
Congress that the Smithsonian Institution should 20
fund activities to help preserve cultures endangered 21
by the repressive policies of the People’s Republic of 22
China, including those of Southern Mongolians, Ti-23
betans, Uyghurs, and Hong Kongers, through the 24
World Cultures Center and other programs designed 25
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to promote preservation efforts, as well as research, 1
exhibitions, and education programming. 2
(2) R
EPORT.—Not later than 180 days after 3
the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary 4
of the Smithsonian Institution shall submit to the 5
Committee on Rules and Administration of the Sen-6
ate and the Committee on House Administration of 7
the House of Representatives a report on its plans 8
to help preserve cultures endangered by the policies 9
of the People’s Republic of China, including those of 10
Southern Mongolians, Tibetans, Uyghurs, and Hong 11
Kongers. 12
(b) A
SSISTANCE FOR CULTURALORGANIZATIONS, 13
M
USEUMS, ANDLIBRARIES.— 14
(1) S
ENSE OF CONGRESS .—It is the sense of 15
Congress that the Director of the Institute for Mu-16
seum and Library Sciences should establish a grant 17
program, or make available grants through an exist-18
ing program, to support efforts by diaspora commu-19
nities in the United States to preserve their cultural 20
heritage that is threatened by the repressive policies 21
of the People’s Republic of China, including the ef-22
forts of Southern Mongolians, Tibetans, Uyghurs, 23
and Hong Kongers. 24
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(2) REPORT.—Not later than 180 days after 1
the date of the enactment of this Act, the Director 2
of the Institute for Museum and Library Sciences 3
shall submit to the Committee on Health, Edu-4
cation, Labor and Pensions of the Senate and the 5
Committee on Education and Workforce of the 6
House of Representatives a report on the feasibility 7
of establishing a grant program, or to otherwise 8
make available grants through an existing program, 9
to support efforts by diaspora communities in the 10
United States to preserve their cultural heritage that 11
is threatened by the repressive policies of the Peo-12
ple’s Republic of China, including those of Southern 13
Mongolians, Tibetans, Uyghurs, and Hong Kongers, 14
including efforts to engage with such diaspora com-15
munities. 16
SEC. 10. SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS IN SOUTHERN MON-17
GOLIA. 18
(a) D
ECLARATION OFPOLICY.—It is the policy of the 19
United States to support the right of Southern Mongolians 20
to make decisions in accordance with principles of auton-21
omy regarding their economic development, including the 22
ability to maintain traditional livelihoods, such as pas-23
toralism, as well as cultural preservation, environmental 24
sustainability, and resource extraction, in areas designated 25
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as autonomous for Southern Mongolians in the People’s 1
Republic of China. 2
(b) I
NTERNATIONAL FINANCIALINSTITUTIONS.— 3
The Secretary of the Treasury should instruct the United 4
States executive director of each international financial in-5
stitution to use the voice and vote of the United States 6
to support financing of projects in areas designated as au-7
tonomous for Southern Mongolians in the People’s Repub-8
lic of China if such projects do not provide incentives for 9
the migration and settlement of non-Mongolians into 10
Southern Mongolian areas or facilitate the transfer of 11
ownership of Southern Mongolian land and natural re-12
sources to non-Mongolians, are based on a thorough 13
needs-assessment, foster self-sufficiency of the Southern 14
Mongolian people, respect Mongolian culture, traditions, 15
and traditional livelihoods, and are subject to effective 16
monitoring. 17
Æ
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