Alabama 2023 Regular Session

Alabama Senate Bill SB232 Compare Versions

Only one version of the bill is available at this time.
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11 SB232INTRODUCED
22 Page 0
33 LHK2AA-1
44 By Senator Elliott
55 RFD: Finance and Taxation General Fund
66 First Read: 20-Apr-23
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1111 5 LHK2AA-1 04/18/2023 SLU (L) bm2022-1601
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1313 SYNOPSIS:
1414 This bill would authorize peer-to-peer car
1515 sharing programs, which are business platforms that
1616 connect vehicle owners with drivers, to enable the
1717 sharing of vehicles for financial consideration in this
1818 state.
1919 This bill would provide requirements for the
2020 operation of a peer-to-peer car sharing program,
2121 including insurance requirements, notification
2222 requirements, record keeping and reporting
2323 requirements, liability requirements, consumer
2424 protection disclosure requirements, and safety recall
2525 requirements.
2626 This bill would also provide that lessors of
2727 vehicles used in peer-to-peer car sharing in the state
2828 who have paid taxes due upon purchase of the vehicle in
2929 the jurisdiction where it was purchased shall not be
3030 subject to privilege or license taxes on gross proceeds
3131 of vehicle rental or leasing.
3232 A BILL
3333 TO BE ENTITLED
3434 AN ACT
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6464 Relating to motor vehicles; establishing the
6565 Peer-to-Peer Car Sharing Program Act; to provide for the
6666 operation of peer-to-peer car sharing programs in the state;
6767 and to amend Section 40-12-222, Code of Alabama 1975, to
6868 exclude lessors of peer-to-peer car sharing vehicles from
6969 liability for certain taxes on the proceeds of vehicle rental
7070 and leasing.
7171 BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF ALABAMA:
7272 Section 1. This section shall be known and may be cited
7373 as the Peer-to-Peer Car Sharing Program Act.
7474 Section 2. As used in this section, the following words
7575 have the following meanings:
7676 (1) CAR SHARING DELIVERY PERIOD or DELIVERY PERIOD. The
7777 period of time during which a shared vehicle is being
7878 delivered to the location of the car sharing start time, if
7979 applicable, as documented by the governing car sharing program
8080 agreement.
8181 (2) CAR SHARING PERIOD or SHARING PERIOD. The period of
8282 time that commences with the car sharing delivery period or,
8383 if there is no car sharing delivery period, that commences
8484 with the car sharing start time and, in either case, ends at
8585 the car sharing termination time.
8686 (3) CAR SHARING START TIME or START TIME. The time when
8787 the shared vehicle becomes subject to the control of the
8888 shared vehicle driver, at or after the time the reservation of
8989 a shared vehicle is scheduled to begin, as documented in the
9090 records of a peer-to-peer car sharing program.
9191 (4) CAR SHARING TERMINATION TIME or TERMINATION TIME.
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121121 The earliest of the following events:
122122 a. The expiration of the agreed-upon period of time
123123 established for the use of a shared vehicle according to the
124124 terms of the car sharing program agreement, if the shared
125125 vehicle is delivered to the agreed upon location in the car
126126 sharing program agreement.
127127 b. When the shared vehicle is returned to a location as
128128 alternatively agreed upon by the shared vehicle owner and the
129129 shared vehicle driver as communicated through a peer-to-peer
130130 car sharing program, which alternatively agreed upon location
131131 shall be incorporated into the car sharing program agreement.
132132 c. When the shared vehicle owner, or the shared vehicle
133133 owner's authorized designee, takes possession and control of
134134 the shared vehicle.
135135 (5) PEER-TO-PEER CAR SHARING or SHARING. The authorized
136136 use of a vehicle by an individual other than the vehicle's
137137 owner through a peer-to-peer car sharing program. The term
138138 does not include a rental or leasing transaction of tangible
139139 personal property which is subject to Article 4 of Chapter 12
140140 of Title 40, Code of Alabama 1975, except as provided by
141141 Section 40-12-222(a)(2), Code of Alabama 1975.
142142 (6) PEER-TO-PEER CAR SHARING PROGRAM. A business
143143 platform that connects vehicle owners with drivers to enable
144144 the sharing of vehicles for financial consideration. The term
145145 does not include any of the following:
146146 a. A person engaging or continuing within this state in
147147 the business of leasing or renting any automotive vehicle or
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178178 to Article 4 of Chapter 12 of Title 40, Code of Alabama 1975.
179179 b. A person facilitating a rental transaction of
180180 tangible personal property which is subject to Article 4 of
181181 Chapter 12 of Title 40, Code of Alabama 1975.
182182 c. A motor vehicle rental company licensed pursuant to
183183 Section 27-7-5.1, Code of Alabama 1975.
184184 d. A person facilitating rental transactions as used in
185185 Section 40-2-11(7)(c), Code of Alabama 1975.
186186 (7) PEER-TO-PEER CAR SHARING PROGRAM AGREEMENT or
187187 AGREEMENT. The terms and conditions applicable to a shared
188188 vehicle owner and a shared vehicle driver that govern the use
189189 of a shared vehicle through a peer-to-peer car sharing
190190 program. The term does not include any of the following;
191191 a. A car rental service provider solely providing
192192 hardware or software as a service to a person or entity that
193193 is not effectuating payment of financial consideration for the
194194 use of a shared vehicle.
195195 b. A motor vehicle rental agreement governed by Section
196196 32-15-6, Code of Alabama 1975.
197197 c. Hiring, leasing, or renting a motor vehicle under a
198198 rental agreement governed by Section 32-15-6, Code of Alabama
199199 1975.
200200 d. A rental agreement with a motor vehicle rental
201201 company licensed pursuant to Section 27-7-5.1, Code of Alabama
202202 1975.
203203 (8) SHARED VEHICLE or VEHICLE. A vehicle that is
204204 available for sharing through a peer-to-peer car sharing
205205 program. The term does not include an automotive vehicle or a
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235235 truck trailer, semitrailer, or house trailer that is subject
236236 to Article 4 of Chapter 12 of Title 40, Code of Alabama 1975,
237237 except as provided by Section 40-12-222(a)(2), Code of Alabama
238238 1975.
239239 (9) SHARED VEHICLE DRIVER or DRIVER. An individual who
240240 has been authorized to drive the shared vehicle by the shared
241241 vehicle owner under a car sharing program agreement. The term
242242 does not include a person hiring, leasing, or renting a motor
243243 vehicle under an agreement with a motor vehicle rental company
244244 licensed pursuant to Section 27-7-5.1, Code of Alabama 1975.
245245 (10) SHARED VEHICLE OWNER or OWNER. The registered
246246 owner, or a person or entity designated by the registered
247247 owner, of a vehicle made available for sharing to shared
248248 vehicle drivers through a peer-to-peer car sharing program.
249249 The term does not include any of the following:
250250 a. A lessor that is subject to Article 4 of Chapter 12
251251 of Title 40, Code of Alabama 1975, except as provided by
252252 Section 40-12-222(a)(2), Code of Alabama 1975.
253253 b. A motor vehicle rental company licensed pursuant to
254254 Section 27-7-5.1, Code of Alabama 1975.
255255 Section 3.(a) Except as provided in subsection (b), a
256256 peer-to-peer car sharing program shall assume liability of a
257257 shared vehicle owner for bodily injury or property damage to
258258 third parties or uninsured and underinsured motorists or
259259 personal injury protection losses during the car sharing
260260 period, in an amount stated in the peer-to-peer car sharing
261261 program agreement. The amount shall not be less than the proof
262262 of financial responsibility required under Chapter 7, Title
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292292 32, Code of Alabama 1975.
293293 (b) Notwithstanding the definition of "car sharing
294294 termination time," the assumption of liability under
295295 subsection (a) does not apply to any shared vehicle owner
296296 under either of the following circumstances:
297297 (1) When a shared vehicle owner makes an intentional
298298 or fraudulent material misrepresentation or omission to the
299299 peer-to-peer car sharing program before the car sharing period
300300 in which the loss occurred.
301301 (2) When a shared vehicle owner acts in concert with a
302302 shared vehicle driver who fails to return the shared vehicle
303303 pursuant to the terms of the car sharing program agreement.
304304 (c) Notwithstanding the definition of "car sharing
305305 termination time," the assumption of liability under
306306 subsection (a) would apply to bodily injury, property damage,
307307 uninsured and underinsured motorist, or personal injury
308308 protection losses by damaged third parties required under
309309 Chapter 7 of Title 32, Code of Alabama 1975.
310310 (d) A peer-to-peer car sharing program shall ensure
311311 that, during each car sharing period, the shared vehicle owner
312312 and the shared vehicle driver are insured under a motor
313313 vehicle liability insurance policy that does all of the
314314 following:
315315 (1) Provides insurance coverage in amounts no less than
316316 the minimum amounts required for proof of financial
317317 responsibility under Section 32-7-2, Code of Alabama 1975.
318318 (2) Does either of the following:
319319 a. Recognizes that the shared vehicle insured under the
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349349 policy is made available and used through a peer-to-peer car
350350 sharing program.
351351 b. Does not exclude the use of a shared vehicle by a
352352 shared vehicle driver.
353353 (e) The insurance required under subsection (d) may be
354354 purchased by any of the following:
355355 (1) A shared vehicle owner.
356356 (2) A shared vehicle driver.
357357 (3) A peer-to-peer car sharing program.
358358 (4) Any combination of a shared vehicle owner, a shared
359359 vehicle driver, and a peer-to-peer car sharing program.
360360 (f) The insurance required in subsection (e), that is
361361 satisfying the requirement of subsection (d), shall be primary
362362 during each car sharing period, and in the event that a claim
363363 occurs in another state with minimum financial responsibility
364364 limits higher than those set forth in Section 32-7-2, Code of
365365 Alabama 1975, during the car sharing period, the coverage
366366 maintained under subsection (e) shall satisfy the difference
367367 in minimum coverage amounts, up to the applicable policy
368368 limits.
369369 (g) The insurer, insurers, or peer-to-peer car sharing
370370 program providing coverage under subsection (d) or (e) shall
371371 assume primary liability for a claim when either of the
372372 following occurs:
373373 (1) A dispute exists as to who was in control of the
374374 shared motor vehicle at the time of the loss, and the
375375 peer-to-peer car sharing program does not have available, did
376376 not retain, or fails to provide the information required by
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406406 Section 6.
407407 (2) A dispute exists as to whether the shared vehicle
408408 was returned to the alternatively agreed upon location, as
409409 required under Section 2(4)(b).
410410 (h) If insurance maintained by a shared vehicle owner
411411 or shared vehicle driver in accordance with subsection (e) has
412412 lapsed or does not provide the required coverage, insurance
413413 maintained by a peer-to-peer car sharing program shall provide
414414 the coverage required by subsection (d) beginning with the
415415 first dollar of a claim and shall have the duty to defend such
416416 claim except under circumstances as set forth in subsection
417417 (b).
418418 (i) Coverage under an automobile insurance policy
419419 maintained by the peer-to-peer car sharing program may not be
420420 dependent on another automobile insurer first denying a claim,
421421 and may not require another automobile insurance policy to
422422 first deny a claim.
423423 (j) Nothing in this section does any of the following:
424424 (1) Limits the ability of a peer-to-peer car sharing
425425 program for any act or omission of the peer-to-peer car
426426 sharing program itself that results in injury to any person as
427427 a result of the use of a shared vehicle through a peer-to-peer
428428 car sharing program.
429429 (2) Limits the ability of the peer-to-peer car sharing
430430 program to seek indemnification, by contract, from the shared
431431 vehicle owner or the shared vehicle driver for economic loss
432432 sustained by the peer-to-peer car sharing program resulting
433433 from a breach of the terms and conditions of the car sharing
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463463 program agreement.
464464 Section 4. When a vehicle owner registers as a shared
465465 vehicle owner on a peer-to-peer car sharing program, and
466466 before the shared vehicle owner makes a shared vehicle
467467 available for car sharing on the peer-to-peer car sharing
468468 program, the peer-to-peer car sharing program shall notify the
469469 shared vehicle owner that, if the shared vehicle has a lien
470470 against it, the use of the shared vehicle through a
471471 peer-to-peer car sharing program, including use without
472472 physical damage coverage, may violate the terms of the
473473 contract with the lien holder.
474474 Section 5. (a) An authorized insurer that writes motor
475475 vehicle liability insurance in this state may exclude any and
476476 all coverage and the duty to defend or indemnify for any claim
477477 afforded under a shared vehicle owner's motor vehicle
478478 liability insurance policy, including, but not limited to, all
479479 of the following:
480480 (1) Liability coverage for bodily injury and property
481481 damage.
482482 (2) Personal injury protection coverage.
483483 (3) Uninsured and underinsured motorist coverage.
484484 (4) Medical payments coverage.
485485 (5) Comprehensive physical damage coverage.
486486 (6) Collision physical damage coverage.
487487 (b) Nothing in this act invalidates or limits an
488488 exclusion contained in a motor vehicle liability insurance
489489 policy, including any insurance policy in use or approved for
490490 use that excludes coverage for motor vehicles made available
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520520 for rent, sharing, hire, or for any business use.
521521 (c) Nothing in this act invalidates, limits, or
522522 restricts an insurer's ability under existing law to
523523 underwrite any insurance policy. Nothing in this act
524524 invalidates, limits, or restricts an insurer's ability under
525525 existing law to cancel and nonrenew policies.
526526 Section 6. (a) A peer-to-peer car sharing program
527527 shall collect and verify records pertaining to the use of all
528528 vehicles used in a peer-to-peer car sharing program,
529529 including, but not limited to, all of the following:
530530 (1) The number of times the vehicle is used.
531531 (2) Car sharing period pick up and drop off locations.
532532 (3) Fees paid by the shared vehicle driver.
533533 (4) Revenues received by the shared vehicle owner.
534534 (b) To facilitate a claim coverage investigation,
535535 settlement, negotiation, and litigation, the peer-to-peer car
536536 sharing program, upon request, shall provide the records
537537 collected under subsection (a) to the shared vehicle owner,
538538 the shared vehicle owner's insurer, or the shared vehicle
539539 driver's insurer.
540540 (c) The peer-to-peer car sharing program shall retain
541541 the records for a time period not less than the applicable
542542 personal injury statute of limitations.
543543 Section 7. A peer-to-peer car sharing program and a
544544 shared vehicle owner shall not be liable, vicariously or
545545 otherwise, by reason of making a shared vehicle available for
546546 use through the peer-to-peer car sharing program or by being
547547 the owner of a shared vehicle, for harm to persons or property
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577577 that occurs during the car sharing period.
578578 Section 8. A motor vehicle insurer that defends or
579579 indemnifies a claim against a shared vehicle that is excluded
580580 under the terms of its policy shall have the right to seek
581581 contribution from the motor vehicle insurer of the
582582 peer-to-peer car sharing program if the claim is both of the
583583 following:
584584 (1) Made against the shared vehicle owner or the shared
585585 vehicle driver for loss or injury that occurs during the car
586586 sharing period.
587587 (2) Excluded under the terms of its policy.
588588 Section 9. (a) Notwithstanding any law to the
589589 contrary, a peer-to-peer car sharing program shall have an
590590 insurable interest in a shared vehicle during the car sharing
591591 period.
592592 (b) Nothing in this section shall create liability on a
593593 peer-to-peer car sharing program to maintain the coverage
594594 mandated by Section 3.
595595 (c) A peer-to-peer car sharing program may own and
596596 maintain as the named insured one or more policies of motor
597597 vehicle liability insurance that provide coverage for any of
598598 the following:
599599 (1) Liabilities assumed by the peer-to-peer car sharing
600600 program under a peer-to-peer car sharing program agreement.
601601 (2) Any liability of the shared vehicle owner.
602602 (3) Damage or loss to the shared motor vehicle.
603603 (4) Any liability of the shared vehicle driver.
604604 Section 10. Each car sharing program agreement made in
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634634 this state shall disclose to the shared vehicle owner and the
635635 shared vehicle driver all of the following:
636636 (1) Any right of the peer-to-peer car sharing program
637637 to seek indemnification from the shared vehicle owner or the
638638 shared vehicle driver for economic loss sustained by the
639639 peer-to-peer car sharing program resulting from a breach of
640640 the terms and conditions of the car sharing program agreement.
641641 (2) That a motor vehicle liability insurance policy
642642 issued to the shared vehicle owner for the shared vehicle, or
643643 to the shared vehicle driver, does not provide a defense or
644644 indemnification for any claim asserted by the peer-to-peer car
645645 sharing program.
646646 (3) That the peer-to-peer car sharing program's
647647 insurance coverage on the shared vehicle owner and the shared
648648 vehicle driver is in effect only during each car sharing
649649 period and that, for any use of the shared vehicle by the
650650 shared vehicle driver after the car sharing termination time,
651651 the shared vehicle driver and the shared vehicle owner may not
652652 have insurance coverage.
653653 (4) The daily rate, fees, and, if applicable, any
654654 insurance or protection package costs that are charged to the
655655 shared vehicle owner or the shared vehicle driver.
656656 (5) That the shared vehicle owner's motor vehicle
657657 liability insurance may not provide coverage for a shared
658658 vehicle.
659659 (6) An emergency telephone number to personnel capable
660660 of fielding roadside assistance and other customer service
661661 inquiries.
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691691 (7) Whether there are conditions under which a shared
692692 vehicle driver must maintain a personal automobile insurance
693693 policy with certain applicable coverage limits on a primary
694694 basis in order to book a shared motor vehicle.
695695 Section 11. (a) A peer-to-peer car sharing program may
696696 not enter into a peer-to-peer car sharing program agreement
697697 with an individual who will operate the shared vehicle unless
698698 he or she meets any of the following requirements:
699699 (1) Holds a driver license issued under Section 32-6-1,
700700 Code of Alabama 1975, that authorizes him or her to operate
701701 vehicles of the class of the shared vehicle.
702702 (2) Is a nonresident who meets both of the following
703703 requirements:
704704 a. Has a driver license issued by the state or country
705705 of his or her residence which authorizes him or her to drive
706706 vehicles of the class of the shared vehicle.
707707 b. Is 16 years of age or older.
708708 (3) Is specifically authorized by Section 32-6-2, Code
709709 of Alabama 1975, to drive vehicles of the class of the shared
710710 vehicle.
711711 (b) A peer-to-peer car sharing program shall keep a
712712 record of all of the following:
713713 (1) The name and address of the shared vehicle driver.
714714 (2) The driver license of the shared vehicle driver and
715715 each other person, if any, who will operate the shared
716716 vehicle.
717717 (3) The place of issuance of the driver license.
718718 Section 12. (a) A peer-to-peer car sharing program
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748748 shall have sole responsibility for any equipment, including a
749749 Global Positioning System or other special equipment, that is
750750 placed in or on the vehicle to monitor or facilitate the car
751751 sharing transaction.
752752 (b) A peer-to-peer car sharing program shall indemnify
753753 and hold harmless the shared vehicle owner for any damage to
754754 or theft of such equipment during the sharing period not
755755 caused by the vehicle owner.
756756 (c) A peer-to-peer car sharing program may seek
757757 indemnity from the shared vehicle driver for any loss or
758758 damage to such equipment that occurs during the sharing
759759 period.
760760 Section 13. (a) When a vehicle owner registers as a
761761 shared vehicle owner on a peer-to-peer car sharing program,
762762 and before a shared vehicle owner makes a shared vehicle
763763 available for car sharing on the peer-to-peer car sharing
764764 program, the peer-to-peer car sharing program shall do both of
765765 the following:
766766 (1) Verify that the shared vehicle does not have any
767767 safety recalls on the vehicle for which the repairs have not
768768 been made.
769769 (2) Notify the shared vehicle owner of the requirements
770770 under subsection (b).
771771 (b)(1) If a shared vehicle owner has received an actual
772772 notice of a safety recall on the vehicle, the shared vehicle
773773 owner may not make a vehicle available as a shared vehicle on
774774 a peer-to-peer car sharing program until the safety recall
775775 repair has been made.
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805805 (2) If a shared vehicle owner receives an actual notice
806806 of a safety recall on a shared vehicle while the shared
807807 vehicle is made available on the peer-to-peer car sharing
808808 program, the shared vehicle owner shall change the status of
809809 the vehicle to unavailable as soon as practicably possible.
810810 The shared vehicle may not be listed as available until the
811811 safety recall repair has been made.
812812 (3) If a shared vehicle owner receives an actual notice
813813 of a safety recall on a shared vehicle while the shared
814814 vehicle is in the possession of a shared vehicle driver and
815815 engaged in peer-to-peer car sharing during a sharing period,
816816 the shared vehicle owner shall notify the peer-to-peer car
817817 sharing program about the safety recall as soon as practicably
818818 possible after receiving the notice of the safety recall. The
819819 shared vehicle may not be listed as available until the safety
820820 recall repair has been made.
821821 Section 14. Section 40-12-222, Code of Alabama 1975, is
822822 amended to read as follows:
823823 "ยง40-12-222
824824 (a)(1) In addition to all other taxes now imposed by
825825 law, there is hereby levied and shall be collected a privilege
826826 or license tax on each person engaging or continuing within
827827 this state in the business of leasing or renting tangible
828828 personal property at the rate of four percent of the gross
829829 proceeds derived by the lessor from the lease or rental of
830830 tangible personal property.
831831 (2) Thea. Except as provided in paragraph b., the
832832 privilege or license tax on each person engaging or continuing
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862862 within this state in the business of leasing or renting any
863863 automotive vehicle or truck trailer, semitrailer, or house
864864 trailer shall be at the rate of one and one-half percent of
865865 the gross proceeds derived by the lessor from the lease or
866866 rental of such automotive vehicle or truck trailer,
867867 semitrailer, or house trailer.
868868 b. For purposes of paragraph a. only, the business of
869869 leasing or renting an automotive vehicle includes peer-to-peer
870870 car sharing as defined in the Peer-to-Peer Car Sharing Program
871871 Act. Any gross proceeds derived by the lessor from
872872 peer-to-peer car sharing shall be subject to the tax set forth
873873 in that paragraph if, and only if, the applicable sales and
874874 use taxes were not paid upon purchase of the shared vehicle in
875875 the jurisdiction in which the shared vehicle owner purchased
876876 the vehicle.
877877 (3) The tax levied in this article shall not apply to
878878 any leasing or rental, as lessor, by the state, or any
879879 municipality or county in the state, or any public corporation
880880 organized under the laws of the state, including, without
881881 limiting the generality of the foregoing, any corporation
882882 organized under the provisions of Sections 11-54-80 through
883883 11-54-101.
884884 (4) The privilege or license tax on each person or firm
885885 engaging or continuing within this state in the business of
886886 the leasing and rental of linens and garments shall be at the
887887 rate of two percent of the gross proceeds derived by the
888888 lessor from the lease or rental of the linens and garments.
889889 (b) Notwithstanding subsection (a), nothing shall
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919919 prohibit a lessor subject to a state or local privilege or
920920 license tax from passing the amounts on to a lessee by adding
921921 the taxes to the leasing price or otherwise; provided,
922922 however, that all amounts passed on to the lessee shall be
923923 includable in the gross proceeds derived from the lease of
924924 tangible personal property which shall be subject to the
925925 privilege or license tax owed by the lessor.
926926 (c) The state and applicable local privilege or license
927927 taxes applicable to a lease or rental transaction to which a
928928 lessor is subject shall be determined as follows:
929929 (1) Except for automotive vehicles as provided in
930930 subdivision (2), the following shall apply:
931931 a. When tangible personal property is delivered to the
932932 lessee by the lessor or his or her agent, the privilege or
933933 license tax levy shall be determined based on where the
934934 property is delivered.
935935 b. When tangible personal property is picked up at the
936936 lessor's rental location by the lessee or his or her agent,
937937 the privilege or license tax levy shall be determined based on
938938 the rental location.
939939 (2) For automotive vehicles required to be registered
940940 pursuant to Section 32-6-61, each lease payment is considered
941941 a separate lease transaction and occurs in the location as
942942 provided below and the following rules shall apply:
943943 a. The privilege or license tax levy on any
944944 nonrecurring gross proceeds due at the inception of the lease
945945 to a new motor vehicle dealer or a used motor vehicle dealer
946946 licensed pursuant to Section 40-12-391, including any
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976976 capitalized cost reduction or other fee that is retained by
977977 the dealer in connection with its initiation of the lease,
978978 shall be determined based on the location of the dealer where
979979 the lease was initiated.
980980 b. The privilege or license tax levy on gross proceeds
981981 other than those described in paragraph a., including the
982982 initial lease or rental payment and all subsequent lease or
983983 rental payments, shall be determined based on the garage
984984 address of the lessee as provided to the county licensing
985985 official. The lessor is considered to be engaging or
986986 continuing within this state in the business of leasing or
987987 renting tangible personal property when its lessee has a
988988 garage address within this state."
989989 Section 15. This act shall become effective on the
990990 first day of the third month following its passage and
991991 approval by the Governor, or its otherwise becoming law.
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