Stricken language would be deleted from and underlined language would be added to present law.
*LJH199* 03/18/2025 1:18:11 PM LJH199
State of Arkansas 1
95th General Assembly A Bill 2
Regular Session, 2025 HOUSE BILL 1829 3
4
By: Representatives Dalby, Evans 5
6
7
For An Act To Be Entitled 8
AN ACT TO AMEND THE DOMESTIC ABUSE ACT OF 1991; TO 9
PROVIDE FOR REMOTE TESTIMONY IN CERTAIN INSTANCES IN 10
A HEARING UNDER THE DOMESTIC ABUSE ACT OF 1991; TO 11
AMEND REQUIREMENTS REGARDING SERVICE OF PLEADINGS OR 12
FILINGS UNDER AN ORDER OF PROTECTION MATTER; TO 13
PROVIDE OVERSIGHT FOR A DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 14
INTERVENTION PROGRAM; AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES. 15
16
17
Subtitle 18
TO AMEND THE DOMESTIC ABUSE ACT OF 1991; 19
TO PROVIDE FOR REMOTE TESTIMONY IN 20
CERTAIN INSTANCES IN A HEARING UNDER THE 21
DOMESTIC ABUSE ACT OF 1991; AND TO 22
PROVIDE OVERSIGHT FOR A DOMESTIC 23
VIOLENCE INTERVENTION PROGRAM. 24
25
BE IT ENACTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE STATE OF ARKANSAS: 26
27
SECTION 1. Arkansas Code § 9 -15-103 is amended to read as follows: 28
9-15-103. Definitions. 29
As used in this chapter: 30
(1) “Commercial mobile radio service” means commercial mobile 31
service as defined in 47 U.S.C. § 332 , as it existed on January 1, 2025 ; 32
(2) “County where the petitioner resides” means the county in 33
which the petitioner physically resides at the time the petition is filed and 34
may include a county where the petitioner is located for a short -term stay in 35
a domestic violence shelter; 36 HB1829
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(3)(A) “Dating relationship” means a romantic or intimate social 1
relationship between two (2) individuals that shall be determined by 2
examining the following factors: 3
(i) The length of the relationship; 4
(ii) The type of the relationship; and 5
(iii) The frequency of interaction between the two 6
(2) individuals involved in the relationship. 7
(B) “Dating relationship” does not include a casual 8
relationship or ordinary fraternization between two (2) individuals in a 9
business or social context; 10
(4) “Domestic abuse” means: 11
(A) Physical harm, bodily injury, assault, or the 12
infliction of fear of imminent physical harm, bodily injury, or assault 13
between family or household members; or 14
(B) Any sexual conduct between family or household 15
members, whether minors or adults, that constitutes a crime under the laws of 16
this state; 17
(C)(i) A pattern of behavior that in purpose or effect 18
unreasonably interferes with the free will and personal liberty of a person, 19
also known as "course of control". 20
(ii) As used in subdivision (4)(C)(i) of this 21
section, "course of control" means a pattern of behavior that in purpose or 22
effect unreasonably interferes with the free will and personal liberty of a 23
person and includes without limitation the unreasonable: 24
(a) Isolation of a person from his or her 25
friends, relatives, or other sources of support; 26
(b) Deprivation of a person's basic 27
necessities; 28
(c) Control, regulation, or monitoring of a 29
person's movements, communications, daily behavior, finances, economic 30
resources, or access to resources; or 31
(d) Compelling of a person by intimidation, 32
force, threat of force, or threat based on actual or suspected immigration 33
status to engage in conduct from which the person has a right to abstain or 34
to abstain from conduct in which the person has a right to engage; or 35
(D)(i) A pattern of behavior that unreasonably destroys 36 HB1829
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the mental or emotional calm of a family or household member based on the 1
totality of the circumstances, also known as "disturbing the peace". 2
(ii) As used in subdivision (4)(D)(i) of this 3
section, "disturbing the peace" means a pattern of behavior that unreasonably 4
destroys the mental or emotional calm of a family or household member based 5
on the totality of the circumstances and includes without limitation: 6
(a) Molesting the other party; 7
(b) Attacking the other party; 8
(c) Striking the other party; 9
(d) Stalking the other party; 10
(e) Threatening the other party; 11
(f) Sexually assaulting the other party; 12
(g) Battering the other party; 13
(h) Credibly impersonating the other party; 14
(i) Falsely impersonating the other party; 15
(j) Harassing the other party; 16
(k) Telephoning the other party with the 17
intent to harass the other party; 18
(l) Destroying the personal property of the 19
other party; 20
(m) Directly or indirectly contacting the 21
other party with the intent to harass the other party; 22
(n) Coming within a specified distance of the 23
other party; 24
(o) Disturbing the peace of the other party; 25
(p) Disturbing the peace of a family member or 26
household member of the other party; or 27
(q) Any other act that the court determines 28
should be enjoined; 29
(5) “Family or household members” means spouses, former spouses, 30
parents and children, persons related by blood within the fourth degree of 31
consanguinity, in-laws, any children residing in the household, persons who 32
presently or in the past have resided or cohabited together, persons who have 33
or have had a child in common, and persons who are presently or in the past 34
have been in a dating relationship together; 35
(6) “In-laws” means persons related by marriage within the 36 HB1829
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second degree of consanguinity; and 1
(7) “Wireless telephone service provider” means a commercial 2
mobile radio service provider or reseller. 3
4
SECTION 2. Arkansas Code § 9 -15-201 is amended to read as follows: 5
9-15-201. Petition — Requirements generally. 6
(a) All petitions under this chapter shall be verified. 7
(b) The petition shall be filed with the circuit clerk in the county 8
where the petitioner resides, where the alleged incident of abuse occurred, 9
or where the respondent may be served. 10
(c)(1) A petition for relief under this chapter may be filed in the 11
circuit court. 12
(2) A petition for relief under this chapter may be filed in a 13
pilot district court if the jurisdiction is established by the Supreme Court 14
under Arkansas Constitution, Amendment 80, § 7, and if the cases are assigned 15
to the pilot district court through the administrative plan under Supreme 16
Court Administrative Order No. 14. 17
(d) A petition may be filed by: 18
(1) Any adult family or household member on behalf of himself or 19
herself; 20
(2) Any adult family or household member on behalf of another 21
family or household member who is a minor, including a married minor; 22
(3) Any adult family or household member on behalf of another 23
family or household member who has been adjudicated an incompetent; or 24
(4) An employee or volunteer of a domestic -violence shelter or 25
program on behalf of a minor, including a married minor. 26
(e)(d)(1) A petition for relief shall: 27
(A) Allege the existence of domestic abuse; 28
(B) Disclose the existence of any pending litigation 29
between the parties; and 30
(C) Disclose any prior filings of a petition for an order 31
of protection under this chapter. 32
(2) The petition shall be accompanied by an affidavit made under 33
oath that states the specific facts and circumstances of the domestic abuse 34
and the specific relief sought. 35
(f)(e) The petition may be filed regardless of whether there is any 36 HB1829
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pending litigation between the parties. 1
(g)(f) A person's right to file a petition , or obtain relief hereunder 2
under this section shall not be affected by his or her leaving the residence 3
or household to avoid abuse. 4
5
SECTION 3. Arkansas Code § 9 -15-203 is amended to read as follows: 6
9-15-203. Petition — Form. 7
(a) The circuit clerk shall provide simplified forms and clerical 8
assistance to help petitioners with the writing and filing of a petition 9
under this chapter if the petitioner is not represented by counsel. 10
(b)(1) The Arkansas Child Abuse/Rape/Domestic Violence Commission 11
shall develop an informational pamphlet that provides information on domestic 12
violence resources in consultation with experts on domestic abuse prevention 13
and intervention. 14
(2) The circuit clerk shall provide the informational pamphlet 15
developed under subdivision (b)(1) of this section. 16
(b)(c) The petition form shall not require or suggest that a 17
petitioner include his or her Social Security number or the Social Security 18
number of the respondent in the petition. 19
(c)(d)(1)(A) A petitioner may omit his or her home address or business 20
address from all documents filed with the court. 21
(B) If a petitioner omits his or her home address, the 22
petitioner shall provide the court with a mailing address. 23
(2) If disclosure of a petitioner's home address is necessary to 24
determine jurisdiction or consider venue, the court may order the disclosure 25
of the petitioner's home address: 26
(A) After receiving the petitioner's consent; 27
(B) Orally and in chambers, out of the presence of the 28
respondent, and a sealed record to be made; or 29
(C) After a hearing, if the court takes into consideration 30
the safety of the petitioner and finds the disclosure in the interest of 31
justice. 32
(d)(e) The petition may be in substantially the following form: 33
“Petition for Order of Protection 34
35
Case No. _____________ 36 HB1829
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1
_____________ Petitioner's home address: 2
Petitioner _____________________________ 3
_____________________________ 4
_____________ Petitioner's work address: 5
Date of Birth _____________________________ 6
7
vs. 8
9
_____________ Respondent's home address: 10
Respondent _____________________________ 11
_____________________________ 12
_____________ Respondent's work address: 13
Date of Birth, _____________________________ 14
if known _____________________________ 15
16
______ I am the petitioner and ______ at least 18 years of age ______ under 17
18 but emancipated. 18
______ I am filing on behalf of myself. 19
______ I am filing on behalf of a family or household member who is: 20
______ a minor(s): (list) ___________________________________________________ 21
______ an adjudicated incompetent person: (list) ___________________________ _ 22
______ The respondent is ______ at least 18 years of age ______ under 18 but 23
emancipated. 24
______ I am an employee or volunteer of a domestic violence shelter or 25
program, and I am filing on behalf of a minor. 26
The respondent and petitioner (or victim if filing on behalf of a minor or 27
incompetent person): (check all that apply) 28
______ Are spouses; ______ Are related by blood; 29
______ Are parent and child; ______ Currently reside together 30
or cohabit; 31
______ Are former spouses; ______ Formerly resided together or 32
cohabitated; 33
______ Have or have had a child in common; 34
or ______ Are presently or in the past 35
have been in a dating relationship. 36 HB1829
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If order of protection of children is requested: 1
Children Date of Birth Address Relationship to Parties 2
_____________________________________________________________________________3
_____________________________________________________________________________4
_____________________________________________________________________________5
_____________________________________________________________________________ 6
The respondent has committed domestic abuse to the petitioner or victim by 7
the following acts: (describe) 8
_____________________________________________________________________________9
_____________________________________________________________________________10
_____________________________________________________________________________11
_____________________________________________________________________________ 12
_____________________________________________________________________________13
_____________________________________________________________________________14
_____________________________________________________________________________15
_____________________________________________________________________________ 16
_____________________________________________________________________________ 17
I am afraid of the respondent and: (describe) 18
_____________________________________________________________________________19
_____________________________________________________________________________20
_____________________________________________________________________________21
_____________________________________________________________________________ 22
_____________________________________________________________________________23
_____________________________________________________________________________ 24
_____________ (1) There is an immediate and present danger of domestic abuse 25
to me; or 26
_____________ (2) The respondent is scheduled to be released from 27
incarceration within thirty (30) days and upon the respondent's release there 28
will be an immediate and present danger of domestic abuse to me. 29
The reasons are as follows: (describe) 30
_____________________________________________________________________________31
_____________________________________________________________________________32
_____________________________________________________________________________33
_____________________________________________________________________________ 34
_____________________________________________________________________________ 35
______ Petitioner requests that the court issue an ex parte order of 36 HB1829
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protection with the following provisions: (check all that apply) 1
______ Excluding the respondent from a shared residence or from the residence 2
of the petitioner or victim. Address of residence: 3
_____________________________________________________________________________ 4
______ Excluding the respondent from the place of business, employment, 5
school, or other location of the petitioner or victim. Address of residence: 6
_____________________________________________________________________________ 7
______ Excluding the respondent from the place of business, employment, 8
school, or other location of the petitioner or victim. Address of: 9
Place of business: __________________________________________________________ 10
Employment: _________________________________________________________________ 11
School: _____________________________________________________________________ 12
Other (identify): ___________________________________________________________ 13
Prohibiting the respondent, directly or through an agent, from contacting the 14
petitioner or victim, except under the following conditions: 15
_____________________________________________________________________________16
_____________________________________________________________________________17
_____________________________________________________________________________18
______ Awarding temporary custody of minor children as follows: 19
Child's Name and Name of Person to Receive Custody 20
_____________________________________________________________________________21
_____________________________________________________________________________22
_____________________________________________________________________________23
_____________________________________________________________________________ 24
______ Requiring the respondent to pay child support in the amount of 25
$_____________ per child per month 26
______ Requiring the respondent to pay spousal support in the amount of 27
$_____________ per month 28
______ Excluding the petitioner's address from notice to the respondent 29
______ It is further requested that upon hearing, the court issue a full 30
order of protection with the following provisions: (check all that apply) 31
_____________ Excluding the respondent from the shared residence or from the 32
residence of the petitioner or victim. Address of the 33
residence:___________________________________________________________________ 34
______ Excluding the respondent from the place of business, employment, 35
school, or other location of the petitioner or victim. Address of: 36 HB1829
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Place of business: __________________________________________________________ 1
Employment: _________________________________________________________________ 2
School: _____________________________________________________________________ 3
Other (identify): ___________________________________________________________ 4
______ Awarding temporary custody of minor children as follows: 5
Child's Name and Name of Person to Receive Custody 6
_____________________________________________________________________________7
_____________________________________________________________________________8
_____________________________________________________________________________9
_____________________________________________________________________________ 10
_____________________________________________________________________________ 11
______ Requiring the respondent to pay child support in the amount of 12
$_____________ per child per month 13
______ Requiring the respondent to pay spousal support in the amount of 14
$_____________ per month 15
______ Requiring the respondent to pay filing fees, service fees, court costs 16
and petitioner's attorney fees. 17
______ I am involved in pending litigation with the respondent in the case 18
of: 19
Case No.: ___________________________________________________________________ 20
Circuit or District Judge: __________________________________________________ 21
County or City: _____________________________________________________________ 22
______ I have previously filed a petition for an order of protection against 23
the respondent in the following case or cases: 24
Case No.: ___________________________________________________________________ 25
Circuit Judge: ______________________________________________________________ 26
County: _____________________________________________________________________ 27
The petitioner under oath states that the facts stated in the above petition 28
are true according to the petitioner's best knowledge and belief. 29
________________________ 30
Date 31
32
________________________ 33
Petitioner's signature 34
35
STATE OF ARKANSAS 36 HB1829
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COUNTY OF _____________________ 1
Subscribed and sworn to before me this _____________ day of 2
_____________, 20______. 3
4
________________________ 5
Notary Public 6
My Commission Expires: 7
________________________". 8
9
SECTION 4. Arkansas Code § 9 -15-205(a), concerning the relief that a 10
court may order upon a hearing for a petition for an order of protection 11
under the Domestic Abuse Act of 1991, is amended to read as follows: 12
(a) At the hearing on the petition filed under this chapter, upon a 13
finding of domestic abuse as defined in § 9 -15-103, the court may provide the 14
following relief: 15
(1) Exclude the abusing party from the dwelling that the parties 16
share or from the residence of the petitioner or victim; 17
(2) Exclude the abusing party from the place of business or 18
employment, school, or other location of the petitioner or victim; 19
(3)(A) Award temporary custody or establish temporary visitation 20
rights with regard to minor children of the parties. 21
(B)(i) If a previous child custody or visitation 22
determination has been made by another court with continuing jurisdiction 23
with regard to the minor children of the parties, a temporary child custody 24
or visitation determination may be made under subdivision (a)(3)(A) of this 25
section. 26
(ii) The order shall remain in effect until the court 27
with original jurisdiction enters a subsequent order regarding the children; 28
(4) Order temporary support for minor children or a spouse, with 29
such support to be enforced in the manner prescribed by law for other child 30
support and alimony awards; 31
(5) Allow the prevailing party a reasonable attorney's fee as 32
part of the costs; 33
(6) Prohibit the abusing party directly or through an agent from 34
contacting the petitioner or victim except under specific conditions named in 35
the order; 36 HB1829
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(7) Direct the exclusive care, possession, custody, or control 1
of any pet animal owned, possessed, leased, kept, or held by : either party 2
residing in the household; and 3
(A) The petitioner; 4
(B) The respondent; or 5
(C) A minor residing in the residence or household of 6
either the petitioner or the respondent; 7
(8)(A) The court may order the respondent to refrain from: 8
(i) Coming into contact with the animal; or 9
(ii) Taking, transferring, encumbering, concealing, 10
molesting, attacking, striking, threatening, harming, or disposing of the 11
animal; 12
(B) Subdivision (8)(A) of this section does not limit any 13
other remedy available to a petitioner by another provision of law; 14
(9) Prohibit the respondent from taking any action that could 15
result in the termination of any necessary utility service or another 16
necessary service related to the family dwelling or the dwelling of the 17
petitioner; 18
(10) Prohibit the respondent from taking any action that could 19
result in the cancellation or change of coverage or change of beneficiary of 20
any health, automobile, or homeowner's insurance policy to the detriment of 21
the petitioner or a dependent child in common of the petitioner and 22
respondent; 23
(11) Prohibit the respondent from transferring, encumbering, 24
concealing, or disposing of specified property owned or leased by the 25
petitioner; 26
(12) Provide the petitioner with temporary possession of an 27
automobile, debit card, credit card, checkbook, documentation related to 28
financial accounts, documentation related to the petitioner's health, 29
documentation related to automobile or homeowner's insurance, documentation 30
related to proving identity, a key, or other necessary specified personal 31
effects; 32
(13) Order the respondent to complete a domestic violence 33
intervention program; 34
(14) Order the appointment of an attorney ad litem under Admin. 35
Order No. 15.1 to represent any minor child or children; or 36 HB1829
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(8)(15)(A) Order other relief as the court deems necessary or 1
appropriate for the protection of a family or household member. 2
(B) The relief may include , but not be limited to, without 3
limitation enjoining and restraining the abusing party from doing, attempting 4
to do, or threatening to do any act injuring, mistreating, molesting, or 5
harassing the petitioner. 6
7
SECTION 5. Arkansas Code § 9 -15-219 is repealed. 8
9-15-219. Order of protection — Course of control — Definitions. 9
(a) As used in this section: 10
(1)(A) “Course of control” means a pattern of behavior that in 11
purpose or effect unreasonably interferes with the free will and personal 12
liberty of a person. 13
(B) “Course of control” includes without limitation the 14
following: 15
(i) Unreasonably isolating a person from his or her 16
friends, relatives, or other sources of support; 17
(ii) Unreasonably depriving a person of basic 18
necessities; 19
(iii) Unreasonably controlling, regulating, or 20
monitoring a person's movements, communications, daily behavior, finances, 21
economic resources, or access to resources; and 22
(iv) Unreasonably compelling a person by 23
intimidation, force, threat of force, or threat based on actual or suspected 24
immigration status to engage in conduct from which the person has a right to 25
abstain or to abstain from conduct in which the person has a right to engage; 26
and 27
(2)(A) “Disturbing the peace” means a pattern of behavior that 28
unreasonably destroys the mental or emotional calm of a family or household 29
member based on the totality of the circumstances. 30
(B) “Disturbing the peace” includes without limitation 31
course of control. 32
(b) A court may enter an ex parte order enjoining a party from 33
engaging in course of control or disturbing the peace, including without 34
limitation through one (1) or more of the following acts: 35
(1) Molesting the other party; 36 HB1829
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(2) Attacking the other party; 1
(3) Striking the other party; 2
(4) Stalking the other party; 3
(5) Threatening the other party; 4
(6) Sexually assaulting the other party; 5
(7) Battering the other party; 6
(8) Credibly impersonating the other party; 7
(9) Falsely impersonating the other party; 8
(10) Harassing the other party; 9
(11) Telephoning the other party with the intent to harass the 10
other party; 11
(12) Destroying the personal property of the other party; 12
(13) Directly or indirectly contacting the other party with the 13
intent to harass the other party; 14
(14) Coming within a specified distance of the other party; 15
(15) Disturbing the peace of the other party; 16
(16) Disturbing the peace of a family member or household member 17
of the other party; or 18
(17) Any other act that the court determines should be enjoined. 19
(c)(1) Upon a showing of good cause, an order of protection may 20
include an order granting the petitioner the exclusive care, possession, or 21
control of an animal owned, possessed, leased, kept, or held by: 22
(A) The petitioner; 23
(B) The respondent; or 24
(C) A minor residing in the residence or household of 25
either the petitioner or respondent. 26
(2) The court may order the respondent to refrain from: 27
(A) Coming into contact with the animal; or 28
(B) Taking, transferring, encumbering, concealing, 29
molesting, attacking, striking, threatening, harming, or otherwise disposing 30
of the animal. 31
(d) This section does not limit any other remedy available to a 32
petitioner by another provision of law. 33
34
SECTION 6. Arkansas Code Title 9, Chapter 15, Subchapter 2, is amended 35
to add additional sections to read as follows: 36 HB1829
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9-15-220. Hearing — Ability of party or child to appear outside the 1
physical presence of the other party. 2
(a) The court may allow the testimony of a party or a child who is the 3
subject of a proceeding under this chapter to be taken outside the physical 4
presence of any other party. 5
(b) This section does not limit any party's right to cross -examine a 6
witness whose testimony is taken in a room other than the courtroom in 7
accordance with an order made under this section. 8
9
9-15-221. Sheriff's office — Duties. 10
(a) The sheriff’s office in every county in the state shall designate 11
at least one (1) officer to serve petitions, notices of hearing, ex parte 12
orders of protection, and final orders of protection on a respondent under 13
this subchapter. 14
(b)(1) The designated officer shall: 15
(A) Attempt to serve the respondent within two (2) hours 16
of receiving the document; 17
(B) Keep a record of every attempt made to serve the 18
respondent; 19
(C) Maintain a log detailing each attempt to serve the 20
respondent, including without limitation the date, time, and address related 21
to each attempt made. 22
(2) If the respondent is in a county other than the county where 23
the petition was filed, the designated officer in the county where the 24
respondent is located shall perform the duties included listed in subdivision 25
(b)(1) of this section. 26
(c) The circuit clerk shall immediately provide the petition, ex parte 27
temporary order, if granted, and notice of hearing to the designated officer. 28
(d)(1) The county sheriff shall immediately enter or cause to be 29
entered any orders and subsequent modifications or cancellations made under 30
this subchapter into the registry of orders of protection and temporary 31
orders of protection order under § 12 -12-215. 32
(2) If the county sheriff does not have a center terminal and 33
entries are made by another agency that does have a center terminal, the 34
agency with the center terminal shall make such entries immediately upon 35
receipt of information from the county sheriff. 36 HB1829
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1
9-15-222. Violation of order of protection — Expedited hearing. 2
(a) An expedited hearing shall be scheduled when a motion for contempt 3
is filed that alleges a violation of an order of protection. 4
(b) A request for relief under this section shall not preclude a party 5
from seeking any other civil or criminal relief. 6
7
9-15-223. Domestic violence intervention programs — Definition —8
Purpose. 9
(a) As used in this section, "batterer intervention program or a 10
domestic violence intervention program” means a certified intervention 11
program that: 12
(1) Provides classes to individuals who commit acts of domestic 13
violence or abuse; and 14
(2) Offers nonviolent strategies and values that promote respect 15
and equality in a dating relationship. 16
(b) The purpose of a batterer intervention program or a domestic 17
violence intervention program is to: 18
(1) Hold batterers accountable; 19
(2) Promote safety for victims; 20
(3) Interrupt, avoid, and end domestic violence and abuse; and 21
(4) Recognize that a participant in a batterer intervention 22
program or a domestic violence intervention program may need additional 23
services for mental health treatment, drug and alcohol treatment, parenting 24
education, or other issues, and aid that participant in the connection to 25
those services. 26
(c) The Arkansas Child Abuse/Rape/Domestic Violence Commission shall 27
be responsible for certification of a batterer intervention program or a 28
domestic violence intervention program. 29
(d) A batterer intervention program or a domestic violence 30
intervention program shall operate within a framework of the following 31
fundamental tenets: 32
(1) Battery or domestic abuse is a pattern of behavior and not a 33
singular event; 34
(2) While battery or domestic abuse is not an addiction or 35
disease and not caused by alcohol or substance abuse, alcohol or substance 36 HB1829
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abuse can be an aggravating factor and should be addressed; 1
(3) A batterer or a domestic abuser is solely responsible for 2
his or her actions and must be held accountable for his or her violence and 3
abuse; 4
(4) A batterer intervention program or a domestic violence 5
intervention program service provider may provide factual information, but he 6
or she shall not participate as an advocate for a batterer or a domestic 7
abuser in a court setting; and 8
(5) Family reunification services to address behavior that 9
constitutes battery or domestic abuse are: 10
(A) Inappropriate as the primary intervention; and 11
(B) Should not be used in the beginning stages of the 12
batterer intervention program or a domestic violence intervention program or 13
while violence is still occurring. 14
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