| 1 | 1 | | CALIFORNIA LEGISLATURE 20192020 REGULAR SESSION Assembly Bill No. 2383Introduced by Assembly Member ChoiFebruary 18, 2020 An act to amend Section 261 of the Penal Code, relating to sexual assault. LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL'S DIGESTAB 2383, as introduced, Choi. Sexual assault.Existing law establishes various sexual assault offenses, including the offense of rape. Under existing law, rape is defined as an act of sexual intercourse accomplished with a person who is not the spouse of the perpetrator, under certain circumstances, including where the act is accomplished against a persons will by means of force, violence, duress, menace, or fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury on the person or another.This bill would make technical, nonsubstantive changes to these provisions.Digest Key Vote: MAJORITY Appropriation: NO Fiscal Committee: NO Local Program: NO Bill TextThe people of the State of California do enact as follows:SECTION 1. Section 261 of the Penal Code is amended to read:261. (a) Rape is an act of sexual intercourse accomplished with a person who is not the spouse of the perpetrator, under any of the following circumstances:(1) Where a person If a victim is incapable, because of a mental disorder or developmental or physical disability, of giving legal consent, and this is known or reasonably should be known to the person committing the act. Notwithstanding the existence of a conservatorship pursuant to the provisions of the Lanterman-Petris-Short Act (Part 1 (commencing with Section 5000) of Division 5 of the Welfare and Institutions Code), the prosecuting attorney shall prove, as an element of the crime, that a mental disorder or developmental or physical disability rendered the alleged victim incapable of giving consent.(2) Where it If the act is accomplished against a persons will by means of force, violence, duress, menace, or fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury on the person or another.(3) Where a person is prevented from resisting by any intoxicating or anesthetic substance, or any controlled substance, and this condition was known, or reasonably should have been known by the accused.(4) Where a person is at the time unconscious of the nature of the act, and this is known to the accused. As used in this paragraph, unconscious of the nature of the act means incapable of resisting because the victim meets any one of the following conditions:(A) Was unconscious or asleep.(B) Was not aware, knowing, perceiving, or cognizant that the act occurred.(C) Was not aware, knowing, perceiving, or cognizant of the essential characteristics of the act due to the perpetrators fraud in fact.(D) Was not aware, knowing, perceiving, or cognizant of the essential characteristics of the act due to the perpetrators fraudulent representation that the sexual penetration served a professional purpose when it served no professional purpose.(5) Where a person submits under the belief that the person committing the act is someone known to the victim other than the accused, and this belief is induced by any artifice, pretense, or concealment practiced by the accused, with intent to induce the belief.(6) Where the act is accomplished against the victims will by threatening to retaliate in the future against the victim or any other person, and there is a reasonable possibility that the perpetrator will execute the threat. As used in this paragraph, threatening to retaliate means a threat to kidnap or kidnap, falsely imprison, or to inflict extreme pain, serious bodily injury, or death.(7) Where the act is accomplished against the victims will by threatening to use the authority of a public official to incarcerate, arrest, or deport the victim or another, and the victim has a reasonable belief that the perpetrator is a public official. As used in this paragraph, public official means a person employed by a governmental agency who has the authority, as part of that position, to incarcerate, arrest, or deport another. The perpetrator does not actually have to be a public official.(b) As used in this section, duress means a direct or implied threat of force, violence, danger, or retribution sufficient to coerce a reasonable person of ordinary susceptibilities to perform an act which that otherwise would not have been performed, or acquiesce in an act to which one otherwise would not have submitted. The total circumstances, including the age of the victim, and his or her relationship to the defendant, are factors to consider in appraising the existence of duress.(c) As used in this section, menace means any threat, declaration, or act which shows an intention to inflict an injury upon another. |
|---|
| 2 | 2 | | |
|---|
| 3 | 3 | | CALIFORNIA LEGISLATURE 20192020 REGULAR SESSION Assembly Bill No. 2383Introduced by Assembly Member ChoiFebruary 18, 2020 An act to amend Section 261 of the Penal Code, relating to sexual assault. LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL'S DIGESTAB 2383, as introduced, Choi. Sexual assault.Existing law establishes various sexual assault offenses, including the offense of rape. Under existing law, rape is defined as an act of sexual intercourse accomplished with a person who is not the spouse of the perpetrator, under certain circumstances, including where the act is accomplished against a persons will by means of force, violence, duress, menace, or fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury on the person or another.This bill would make technical, nonsubstantive changes to these provisions.Digest Key Vote: MAJORITY Appropriation: NO Fiscal Committee: NO Local Program: NO |
|---|
| 4 | 4 | | |
|---|
| 5 | 5 | | |
|---|
| 6 | 6 | | |
|---|
| 7 | 7 | | |
|---|
| 8 | 8 | | |
|---|
| 9 | 9 | | CALIFORNIA LEGISLATURE 20192020 REGULAR SESSION |
|---|
| 10 | 10 | | |
|---|
| 11 | 11 | | Assembly Bill |
|---|
| 12 | 12 | | |
|---|
| 13 | 13 | | No. 2383 |
|---|
| 14 | 14 | | |
|---|
| 15 | 15 | | Introduced by Assembly Member ChoiFebruary 18, 2020 |
|---|
| 16 | 16 | | |
|---|
| 17 | 17 | | Introduced by Assembly Member Choi |
|---|
| 18 | 18 | | February 18, 2020 |
|---|
| 19 | 19 | | |
|---|
| 20 | 20 | | An act to amend Section 261 of the Penal Code, relating to sexual assault. |
|---|
| 21 | 21 | | |
|---|
| 22 | 22 | | LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL'S DIGEST |
|---|
| 23 | 23 | | |
|---|
| 24 | 24 | | ## LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL'S DIGEST |
|---|
| 25 | 25 | | |
|---|
| 26 | 26 | | AB 2383, as introduced, Choi. Sexual assault. |
|---|
| 27 | 27 | | |
|---|
| 28 | 28 | | Existing law establishes various sexual assault offenses, including the offense of rape. Under existing law, rape is defined as an act of sexual intercourse accomplished with a person who is not the spouse of the perpetrator, under certain circumstances, including where the act is accomplished against a persons will by means of force, violence, duress, menace, or fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury on the person or another.This bill would make technical, nonsubstantive changes to these provisions. |
|---|
| 29 | 29 | | |
|---|
| 30 | 30 | | Existing law establishes various sexual assault offenses, including the offense of rape. Under existing law, rape is defined as an act of sexual intercourse accomplished with a person who is not the spouse of the perpetrator, under certain circumstances, including where the act is accomplished against a persons will by means of force, violence, duress, menace, or fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury on the person or another. |
|---|
| 31 | 31 | | |
|---|
| 32 | 32 | | This bill would make technical, nonsubstantive changes to these provisions. |
|---|
| 33 | 33 | | |
|---|
| 34 | 34 | | ## Digest Key |
|---|
| 35 | 35 | | |
|---|
| 36 | 36 | | ## Bill Text |
|---|
| 37 | 37 | | |
|---|
| 38 | 38 | | The people of the State of California do enact as follows:SECTION 1. Section 261 of the Penal Code is amended to read:261. (a) Rape is an act of sexual intercourse accomplished with a person who is not the spouse of the perpetrator, under any of the following circumstances:(1) Where a person If a victim is incapable, because of a mental disorder or developmental or physical disability, of giving legal consent, and this is known or reasonably should be known to the person committing the act. Notwithstanding the existence of a conservatorship pursuant to the provisions of the Lanterman-Petris-Short Act (Part 1 (commencing with Section 5000) of Division 5 of the Welfare and Institutions Code), the prosecuting attorney shall prove, as an element of the crime, that a mental disorder or developmental or physical disability rendered the alleged victim incapable of giving consent.(2) Where it If the act is accomplished against a persons will by means of force, violence, duress, menace, or fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury on the person or another.(3) Where a person is prevented from resisting by any intoxicating or anesthetic substance, or any controlled substance, and this condition was known, or reasonably should have been known by the accused.(4) Where a person is at the time unconscious of the nature of the act, and this is known to the accused. As used in this paragraph, unconscious of the nature of the act means incapable of resisting because the victim meets any one of the following conditions:(A) Was unconscious or asleep.(B) Was not aware, knowing, perceiving, or cognizant that the act occurred.(C) Was not aware, knowing, perceiving, or cognizant of the essential characteristics of the act due to the perpetrators fraud in fact.(D) Was not aware, knowing, perceiving, or cognizant of the essential characteristics of the act due to the perpetrators fraudulent representation that the sexual penetration served a professional purpose when it served no professional purpose.(5) Where a person submits under the belief that the person committing the act is someone known to the victim other than the accused, and this belief is induced by any artifice, pretense, or concealment practiced by the accused, with intent to induce the belief.(6) Where the act is accomplished against the victims will by threatening to retaliate in the future against the victim or any other person, and there is a reasonable possibility that the perpetrator will execute the threat. As used in this paragraph, threatening to retaliate means a threat to kidnap or kidnap, falsely imprison, or to inflict extreme pain, serious bodily injury, or death.(7) Where the act is accomplished against the victims will by threatening to use the authority of a public official to incarcerate, arrest, or deport the victim or another, and the victim has a reasonable belief that the perpetrator is a public official. As used in this paragraph, public official means a person employed by a governmental agency who has the authority, as part of that position, to incarcerate, arrest, or deport another. The perpetrator does not actually have to be a public official.(b) As used in this section, duress means a direct or implied threat of force, violence, danger, or retribution sufficient to coerce a reasonable person of ordinary susceptibilities to perform an act which that otherwise would not have been performed, or acquiesce in an act to which one otherwise would not have submitted. The total circumstances, including the age of the victim, and his or her relationship to the defendant, are factors to consider in appraising the existence of duress.(c) As used in this section, menace means any threat, declaration, or act which shows an intention to inflict an injury upon another. |
|---|
| 39 | 39 | | |
|---|
| 40 | 40 | | The people of the State of California do enact as follows: |
|---|
| 41 | 41 | | |
|---|
| 42 | 42 | | ## The people of the State of California do enact as follows: |
|---|
| 43 | 43 | | |
|---|
| 44 | 44 | | SECTION 1. Section 261 of the Penal Code is amended to read:261. (a) Rape is an act of sexual intercourse accomplished with a person who is not the spouse of the perpetrator, under any of the following circumstances:(1) Where a person If a victim is incapable, because of a mental disorder or developmental or physical disability, of giving legal consent, and this is known or reasonably should be known to the person committing the act. Notwithstanding the existence of a conservatorship pursuant to the provisions of the Lanterman-Petris-Short Act (Part 1 (commencing with Section 5000) of Division 5 of the Welfare and Institutions Code), the prosecuting attorney shall prove, as an element of the crime, that a mental disorder or developmental or physical disability rendered the alleged victim incapable of giving consent.(2) Where it If the act is accomplished against a persons will by means of force, violence, duress, menace, or fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury on the person or another.(3) Where a person is prevented from resisting by any intoxicating or anesthetic substance, or any controlled substance, and this condition was known, or reasonably should have been known by the accused.(4) Where a person is at the time unconscious of the nature of the act, and this is known to the accused. As used in this paragraph, unconscious of the nature of the act means incapable of resisting because the victim meets any one of the following conditions:(A) Was unconscious or asleep.(B) Was not aware, knowing, perceiving, or cognizant that the act occurred.(C) Was not aware, knowing, perceiving, or cognizant of the essential characteristics of the act due to the perpetrators fraud in fact.(D) Was not aware, knowing, perceiving, or cognizant of the essential characteristics of the act due to the perpetrators fraudulent representation that the sexual penetration served a professional purpose when it served no professional purpose.(5) Where a person submits under the belief that the person committing the act is someone known to the victim other than the accused, and this belief is induced by any artifice, pretense, or concealment practiced by the accused, with intent to induce the belief.(6) Where the act is accomplished against the victims will by threatening to retaliate in the future against the victim or any other person, and there is a reasonable possibility that the perpetrator will execute the threat. As used in this paragraph, threatening to retaliate means a threat to kidnap or kidnap, falsely imprison, or to inflict extreme pain, serious bodily injury, or death.(7) Where the act is accomplished against the victims will by threatening to use the authority of a public official to incarcerate, arrest, or deport the victim or another, and the victim has a reasonable belief that the perpetrator is a public official. As used in this paragraph, public official means a person employed by a governmental agency who has the authority, as part of that position, to incarcerate, arrest, or deport another. The perpetrator does not actually have to be a public official.(b) As used in this section, duress means a direct or implied threat of force, violence, danger, or retribution sufficient to coerce a reasonable person of ordinary susceptibilities to perform an act which that otherwise would not have been performed, or acquiesce in an act to which one otherwise would not have submitted. The total circumstances, including the age of the victim, and his or her relationship to the defendant, are factors to consider in appraising the existence of duress.(c) As used in this section, menace means any threat, declaration, or act which shows an intention to inflict an injury upon another. |
|---|
| 45 | 45 | | |
|---|
| 46 | 46 | | SECTION 1. Section 261 of the Penal Code is amended to read: |
|---|
| 47 | 47 | | |
|---|
| 48 | 48 | | ### SECTION 1. |
|---|
| 49 | 49 | | |
|---|
| 50 | 50 | | 261. (a) Rape is an act of sexual intercourse accomplished with a person who is not the spouse of the perpetrator, under any of the following circumstances:(1) Where a person If a victim is incapable, because of a mental disorder or developmental or physical disability, of giving legal consent, and this is known or reasonably should be known to the person committing the act. Notwithstanding the existence of a conservatorship pursuant to the provisions of the Lanterman-Petris-Short Act (Part 1 (commencing with Section 5000) of Division 5 of the Welfare and Institutions Code), the prosecuting attorney shall prove, as an element of the crime, that a mental disorder or developmental or physical disability rendered the alleged victim incapable of giving consent.(2) Where it If the act is accomplished against a persons will by means of force, violence, duress, menace, or fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury on the person or another.(3) Where a person is prevented from resisting by any intoxicating or anesthetic substance, or any controlled substance, and this condition was known, or reasonably should have been known by the accused.(4) Where a person is at the time unconscious of the nature of the act, and this is known to the accused. As used in this paragraph, unconscious of the nature of the act means incapable of resisting because the victim meets any one of the following conditions:(A) Was unconscious or asleep.(B) Was not aware, knowing, perceiving, or cognizant that the act occurred.(C) Was not aware, knowing, perceiving, or cognizant of the essential characteristics of the act due to the perpetrators fraud in fact.(D) Was not aware, knowing, perceiving, or cognizant of the essential characteristics of the act due to the perpetrators fraudulent representation that the sexual penetration served a professional purpose when it served no professional purpose.(5) Where a person submits under the belief that the person committing the act is someone known to the victim other than the accused, and this belief is induced by any artifice, pretense, or concealment practiced by the accused, with intent to induce the belief.(6) Where the act is accomplished against the victims will by threatening to retaliate in the future against the victim or any other person, and there is a reasonable possibility that the perpetrator will execute the threat. As used in this paragraph, threatening to retaliate means a threat to kidnap or kidnap, falsely imprison, or to inflict extreme pain, serious bodily injury, or death.(7) Where the act is accomplished against the victims will by threatening to use the authority of a public official to incarcerate, arrest, or deport the victim or another, and the victim has a reasonable belief that the perpetrator is a public official. As used in this paragraph, public official means a person employed by a governmental agency who has the authority, as part of that position, to incarcerate, arrest, or deport another. The perpetrator does not actually have to be a public official.(b) As used in this section, duress means a direct or implied threat of force, violence, danger, or retribution sufficient to coerce a reasonable person of ordinary susceptibilities to perform an act which that otherwise would not have been performed, or acquiesce in an act to which one otherwise would not have submitted. The total circumstances, including the age of the victim, and his or her relationship to the defendant, are factors to consider in appraising the existence of duress.(c) As used in this section, menace means any threat, declaration, or act which shows an intention to inflict an injury upon another. |
|---|
| 51 | 51 | | |
|---|
| 52 | 52 | | 261. (a) Rape is an act of sexual intercourse accomplished with a person who is not the spouse of the perpetrator, under any of the following circumstances:(1) Where a person If a victim is incapable, because of a mental disorder or developmental or physical disability, of giving legal consent, and this is known or reasonably should be known to the person committing the act. Notwithstanding the existence of a conservatorship pursuant to the provisions of the Lanterman-Petris-Short Act (Part 1 (commencing with Section 5000) of Division 5 of the Welfare and Institutions Code), the prosecuting attorney shall prove, as an element of the crime, that a mental disorder or developmental or physical disability rendered the alleged victim incapable of giving consent.(2) Where it If the act is accomplished against a persons will by means of force, violence, duress, menace, or fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury on the person or another.(3) Where a person is prevented from resisting by any intoxicating or anesthetic substance, or any controlled substance, and this condition was known, or reasonably should have been known by the accused.(4) Where a person is at the time unconscious of the nature of the act, and this is known to the accused. As used in this paragraph, unconscious of the nature of the act means incapable of resisting because the victim meets any one of the following conditions:(A) Was unconscious or asleep.(B) Was not aware, knowing, perceiving, or cognizant that the act occurred.(C) Was not aware, knowing, perceiving, or cognizant of the essential characteristics of the act due to the perpetrators fraud in fact.(D) Was not aware, knowing, perceiving, or cognizant of the essential characteristics of the act due to the perpetrators fraudulent representation that the sexual penetration served a professional purpose when it served no professional purpose.(5) Where a person submits under the belief that the person committing the act is someone known to the victim other than the accused, and this belief is induced by any artifice, pretense, or concealment practiced by the accused, with intent to induce the belief.(6) Where the act is accomplished against the victims will by threatening to retaliate in the future against the victim or any other person, and there is a reasonable possibility that the perpetrator will execute the threat. As used in this paragraph, threatening to retaliate means a threat to kidnap or kidnap, falsely imprison, or to inflict extreme pain, serious bodily injury, or death.(7) Where the act is accomplished against the victims will by threatening to use the authority of a public official to incarcerate, arrest, or deport the victim or another, and the victim has a reasonable belief that the perpetrator is a public official. As used in this paragraph, public official means a person employed by a governmental agency who has the authority, as part of that position, to incarcerate, arrest, or deport another. The perpetrator does not actually have to be a public official.(b) As used in this section, duress means a direct or implied threat of force, violence, danger, or retribution sufficient to coerce a reasonable person of ordinary susceptibilities to perform an act which that otherwise would not have been performed, or acquiesce in an act to which one otherwise would not have submitted. The total circumstances, including the age of the victim, and his or her relationship to the defendant, are factors to consider in appraising the existence of duress.(c) As used in this section, menace means any threat, declaration, or act which shows an intention to inflict an injury upon another. |
|---|
| 53 | 53 | | |
|---|
| 54 | 54 | | 261. (a) Rape is an act of sexual intercourse accomplished with a person who is not the spouse of the perpetrator, under any of the following circumstances:(1) Where a person If a victim is incapable, because of a mental disorder or developmental or physical disability, of giving legal consent, and this is known or reasonably should be known to the person committing the act. Notwithstanding the existence of a conservatorship pursuant to the provisions of the Lanterman-Petris-Short Act (Part 1 (commencing with Section 5000) of Division 5 of the Welfare and Institutions Code), the prosecuting attorney shall prove, as an element of the crime, that a mental disorder or developmental or physical disability rendered the alleged victim incapable of giving consent.(2) Where it If the act is accomplished against a persons will by means of force, violence, duress, menace, or fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury on the person or another.(3) Where a person is prevented from resisting by any intoxicating or anesthetic substance, or any controlled substance, and this condition was known, or reasonably should have been known by the accused.(4) Where a person is at the time unconscious of the nature of the act, and this is known to the accused. As used in this paragraph, unconscious of the nature of the act means incapable of resisting because the victim meets any one of the following conditions:(A) Was unconscious or asleep.(B) Was not aware, knowing, perceiving, or cognizant that the act occurred.(C) Was not aware, knowing, perceiving, or cognizant of the essential characteristics of the act due to the perpetrators fraud in fact.(D) Was not aware, knowing, perceiving, or cognizant of the essential characteristics of the act due to the perpetrators fraudulent representation that the sexual penetration served a professional purpose when it served no professional purpose.(5) Where a person submits under the belief that the person committing the act is someone known to the victim other than the accused, and this belief is induced by any artifice, pretense, or concealment practiced by the accused, with intent to induce the belief.(6) Where the act is accomplished against the victims will by threatening to retaliate in the future against the victim or any other person, and there is a reasonable possibility that the perpetrator will execute the threat. As used in this paragraph, threatening to retaliate means a threat to kidnap or kidnap, falsely imprison, or to inflict extreme pain, serious bodily injury, or death.(7) Where the act is accomplished against the victims will by threatening to use the authority of a public official to incarcerate, arrest, or deport the victim or another, and the victim has a reasonable belief that the perpetrator is a public official. As used in this paragraph, public official means a person employed by a governmental agency who has the authority, as part of that position, to incarcerate, arrest, or deport another. The perpetrator does not actually have to be a public official.(b) As used in this section, duress means a direct or implied threat of force, violence, danger, or retribution sufficient to coerce a reasonable person of ordinary susceptibilities to perform an act which that otherwise would not have been performed, or acquiesce in an act to which one otherwise would not have submitted. The total circumstances, including the age of the victim, and his or her relationship to the defendant, are factors to consider in appraising the existence of duress.(c) As used in this section, menace means any threat, declaration, or act which shows an intention to inflict an injury upon another. |
|---|
| 55 | 55 | | |
|---|
| 56 | 56 | | |
|---|
| 57 | 57 | | |
|---|
| 58 | 58 | | 261. (a) Rape is an act of sexual intercourse accomplished with a person who is not the spouse of the perpetrator, under any of the following circumstances: |
|---|
| 59 | 59 | | |
|---|
| 60 | 60 | | (1) Where a person If a victim is incapable, because of a mental disorder or developmental or physical disability, of giving legal consent, and this is known or reasonably should be known to the person committing the act. Notwithstanding the existence of a conservatorship pursuant to the provisions of the Lanterman-Petris-Short Act (Part 1 (commencing with Section 5000) of Division 5 of the Welfare and Institutions Code), the prosecuting attorney shall prove, as an element of the crime, that a mental disorder or developmental or physical disability rendered the alleged victim incapable of giving consent. |
|---|
| 61 | 61 | | |
|---|
| 62 | 62 | | (2) Where it If the act is accomplished against a persons will by means of force, violence, duress, menace, or fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury on the person or another. |
|---|
| 63 | 63 | | |
|---|
| 64 | 64 | | (3) Where a person is prevented from resisting by any intoxicating or anesthetic substance, or any controlled substance, and this condition was known, or reasonably should have been known by the accused. |
|---|
| 65 | 65 | | |
|---|
| 66 | 66 | | (4) Where a person is at the time unconscious of the nature of the act, and this is known to the accused. As used in this paragraph, unconscious of the nature of the act means incapable of resisting because the victim meets any one of the following conditions: |
|---|
| 67 | 67 | | |
|---|
| 68 | 68 | | (A) Was unconscious or asleep. |
|---|
| 69 | 69 | | |
|---|
| 70 | 70 | | (B) Was not aware, knowing, perceiving, or cognizant that the act occurred. |
|---|
| 71 | 71 | | |
|---|
| 72 | 72 | | (C) Was not aware, knowing, perceiving, or cognizant of the essential characteristics of the act due to the perpetrators fraud in fact. |
|---|
| 73 | 73 | | |
|---|
| 74 | 74 | | (D) Was not aware, knowing, perceiving, or cognizant of the essential characteristics of the act due to the perpetrators fraudulent representation that the sexual penetration served a professional purpose when it served no professional purpose. |
|---|
| 75 | 75 | | |
|---|
| 76 | 76 | | (5) Where a person submits under the belief that the person committing the act is someone known to the victim other than the accused, and this belief is induced by any artifice, pretense, or concealment practiced by the accused, with intent to induce the belief. |
|---|
| 77 | 77 | | |
|---|
| 78 | 78 | | (6) Where the act is accomplished against the victims will by threatening to retaliate in the future against the victim or any other person, and there is a reasonable possibility that the perpetrator will execute the threat. As used in this paragraph, threatening to retaliate means a threat to kidnap or kidnap, falsely imprison, or to inflict extreme pain, serious bodily injury, or death. |
|---|
| 79 | 79 | | |
|---|
| 80 | 80 | | (7) Where the act is accomplished against the victims will by threatening to use the authority of a public official to incarcerate, arrest, or deport the victim or another, and the victim has a reasonable belief that the perpetrator is a public official. As used in this paragraph, public official means a person employed by a governmental agency who has the authority, as part of that position, to incarcerate, arrest, or deport another. The perpetrator does not actually have to be a public official. |
|---|
| 81 | 81 | | |
|---|
| 82 | 82 | | (b) As used in this section, duress means a direct or implied threat of force, violence, danger, or retribution sufficient to coerce a reasonable person of ordinary susceptibilities to perform an act which that otherwise would not have been performed, or acquiesce in an act to which one otherwise would not have submitted. The total circumstances, including the age of the victim, and his or her relationship to the defendant, are factors to consider in appraising the existence of duress. |
|---|
| 83 | 83 | | |
|---|
| 84 | 84 | | (c) As used in this section, menace means any threat, declaration, or act which shows an intention to inflict an injury upon another. |
|---|