Colorado 2025 Regular Session

Colorado Senate Bill SB165 Compare Versions

Only one version of the bill is available at this time.

Old	New	Differences
1	1	First Regular Session
2	2	Seventy-fifth General Assembly
3	3	STATE OF COLORADO
4	4	INTRODUCED
5	5
6	6
7	7	LLS NO. 25-0383.01 Josh Schultz x5486
8	8	SENATE BILL 25-165
9	9	Senate Committees House Committees
10	10	Business, Labor, & Technology
11	11	A BILL FOR AN ACT
12	12	C
13	13	ONCERNING ELECTRICAL WORK REGULATED IN THE STATE .101
14	14	Bill Summary
15	15	(Note: This summary applies to this bill as introduced and does
16	16	not reflect any amendments that may be subsequently adopted. If this bill
17	17	passes third reading in the house of introduction, a bill summary that
18	18	applies to the reengrossed version of this bill will be available at
19	19	http://leg.colorado.gov
20	20	.)
21	21	Section 1 of the bill amends a definition and adds new definitions
22	22	under the electricians' practice act.
23	23	Current law requires an applicant for a journeyman electrician's
24	24	license or a residential wireman's license to provide evidence of having
25	25	certain minimum years of apprenticeship experience, accredited training,
26	26	or practical experience. For the purpose of these requirements, section 2
27	27	allows an applicant for a journeyman electrician's license to have a
28	28	minimum of 8,000 hours, as an alternative to 4 years, of certain
29	29	SENATE SPONSORSHIP
30	30	Pelton B. and Daugherty,
31	31	HOUSE SPONSORSHIP
32	32	(None),
33	33	Shading denotes HOUSE amendment. Double underlining denotes SENATE amendment.
34	34	Capital letters or bold & italic numbers indicate new material to be added to existing law.
35	35	Dashes through the words or numbers indicate deletions from existing law. apprenticeship or practical experience and an applicant for a residential
36	36	wireman's license to have a minimum of 4,000 hours, as an alternative to
37	37	2 years, of certain practical experience.
38	38	Current law allows an applicant for a journeyman electrician's
39	39	license or a residential wireman's license to substitute for required
40	40	practical experience evidence of academic training or practical experience
41	41	in the electrical field. Section 2 also allows an applicant to also substitute
42	42	evidence of training in photovoltaic systems installation. However,
43	43	section 2 also states that the state electrical board (board) may, but is no
44	44	longer required to, provide work experience credit for academic training,
45	45	military training, photovoltaic systems installation training, or
46	46	substantially similar training.
47	47	Current law requires that, for all applicants seeking work
48	48	experience credit toward licensure, the board give credit for electrical
49	49	work that is not required to be performed by or under the supervision of
50	50	a licensed electrician if the applicant can show that the experience or
51	51	supervision is adequate. Section 3 allows the board to give the credit, but
52	52	it is not required to do so.
53	53	Section 4 requires that, for an apprentice who holds a residential
54	54	wireman's license, an electrical contractor, an apprenticeship program, or
55	55	a state apprenticeship agency that employs the apprentice must report
56	56	qualifying years or hours of work experience only for commercial,
57	57	industrial, or substantially similar work. Section 4 also allows an
58	58	individual who possesses an active residential wireman's or master
59	59	electrician's license to not take the journeyman electrician license
60	60	examination.
61	61	Section 5 requires the department of regulatory agencies to:
62	62	! Uphold the rules and regulations of the current edition of
63	63	the national electrical code, including applying the code to
64	64	certain equipment;
65	65	! Cooperate with utilities to maintain safe clearances and
66	66	safe working distances for the utilities based on the current
67	67	edition of the national electrical code; and
68	68	! Allow each utility to install its proper metering equipment
69	69	with the assistance of qualified electrical personnel.
70	70	Current law requires that the contract for any public works project
71	71	that does not receive federal money in an amount of $1,000,000 or more
72	72	require the general contractor or other entity to submit documentation to
73	73	the agency that certifies that all firms identified:
74	74	! Participate in an apprenticeship program registered with the
75	75	United States department of labor's office of apprenticeship
76	76	or a state apprenticeship agency recognized by the United
77	77	States department of labor (registered apprenticeship
78	78	program); and
79	79	! Have a proven record of graduating apprentices.
80	80	SB25-165
81	81	-2- Current law allows for photovoltaic installations with a direct
82	82	current design capacity of less than 300 kilowatts, the performance of all
83	83	photovoltaic electrical work, the installation of photovoltaic modules, and
84	84	the installation of photovoltaic module mounting equipment (applicable
85	85	work) to be subject to on-site supervision by a certified photovoltaic
86	86	energy practitioner designated by the NABCEP. Section 6 requires that
87	87	the photovoltaic energy practitioner is also working for a contractor that
88	88	is not a registered electrical contractor; is registered with the department
89	89	of regulatory agencies as a photovoltaic installer no later than December
90	90	31, 2025; is a business in good standing with the state; and employs a
91	91	NABCEP PV installation professional.
92	92	Section 6 also removes language:
93	93	! Stating that neither the public utilities commission nor a
94	94	utility is responsible for monitoring or enforcing
95	95	compliance with statutory requirements concerning solar
96	96	photovoltaic installations (installations); and
97	97	! Requiring a qualifying retail utility to obtain and retain all
98	98	documentation submitted in connection with an installation.
99	99	Section 6 also defines "photovoltaic electrical work" as electrical
100	100	work performed on a photovoltaic system that is covered electrical work
101	101	in accordance with the national electrical code.
102	102	Section 7 addresses photovoltaic electrical work for installations
103	103	of at least 300 kilowatts, requiring that the work must:
104	104	! Comply with electrical permitting requirements and be
105	105	performed by an electrical contractor;
106	106	! Include a contemporaneous review of the work; and
107	107	! Be subject to compliance checks by state electrical
108	108	inspectors or individuals appointed by the director of the
109	109	division of professions and occupations in the department
110	110	of regulatory agencies.
111	111	Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Colorado:1
112	112	SECTION 1. In Colorado Revised Statutes, 12-115-103, amend2
113	113	(3); and add (7.5), (7.7), and (9.5) as follows:3
114	114	12-115-103. Definitions. As used in this article 115, unless the4
115	115	context otherwise requires:5
116	116	(3) "Electric light, heat, and power" means the standard types of6
117	117	electricity that are supplied by an electric utility, regardless of whether the
118	118	7
119	119	source is an electric utility or the inverter output circuit of a photovoltaic8
120	120	SB25-165-3- system, direct-current lighting system, or a similar circuit from another1
121	121	type of renewable energy system or electric vehicle charging2
122	122	infrastructure, and used and consumed in a real estate improvement or3
123	123	real estate fixture REGULATED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE NATIONAL4
124	124	ELECTRICAL CODE, EXCLUDING CHAPTER 8, "COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS ".5
125	125	(7.5) "NABCEP"
126	126	MEANS THE NORTH AMERICAN BOARD OF6
127	127	C
128	128	ERTIFIED ENERGY PRACTITIONERS.7
129	129	(7.7) "NABCEP
130	130	PV INSTALLATION PROFESSIONAL" MEANS AN8
131	131	INDIVIDUAL WHO IS CERTIFIED BY THE NABCEP TO INSTALL9
132	132	PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS.10
133	133	(9.5) "PV
134	134	INSTALLATION TRAINING" MEANS TRAINING CONCERNING11
135	135	PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS INSTALLATION PRACTICES DESCRIBED IN THE "PV12
136	136	I
137	137	NSTALLATION PROFESSIONAL JOB TASK ANALYSIS" DOCUMENT13
138	138	PUBLISHED BY THE NABCEP.14
139	139	SECTION 2. In Colorado Revised Statutes, 12-115-110, amend15
140	140	(2)(a)(I), (2)(a)(II), (2)(b) introductory portion, (2)(b)(II), (3)(a), (3)(b)16
141	141	introductory portion, and (3)(b)(II); and add (6) as follows:17
142	142	12-115-110. License requirements - rules - continuing18
143	143	education - repeal. (2) Journeyman electrician. (a) An applicant for19
144	144	a journeyman electrician's license shall furnish written evidence that the20
145	145	applicant has had the following:21
146	146	(I) At least four years'
147	147	OR EIGHT THOUSAND HOURS' apprenticeship22
148	148	in the electrical trade or four years'
149	149	OR EIGHT THOUSAND HOURS' practical23
150	150	experience in wiring for, installing, and repairing electrical apparatus and24
151	151	equipment for electric light, heat, and power;25
152	152	(II) At least two of the applicant's years'
153	153	YEARS OR FOUR26
154	154	THOUSAND HOURS OF THE APPLICANT 'S experience required by subsection27
155	155	SB25-165
156	156	-4- (2)(a)(I) of this section has been in commercial, industrial, or1
157	157	substantially similar work; and2
158	158	(b) An applicant shall be permitted to MAY substitute for required3
159	159	practical experience evidence of academic training or practical experience4
160	160	in the electrical field, which shall be IS credited as follows:5
161	161	(II) If the applicant has academic training, including military6
162	162	training
163	163	OR PV INSTALLATION TRAINING, that does not qualify under7
164	164	subsection (2)(b)(I) of this section, the board shall
165	165	MAY provide work8
166	166	experience credit for the training or for substantially similar training9
167	167	established by rule.10
168	168	(3) Residential wireman. (a) An applicant for a residential11
169	169	wireman's license shall furnish written evidence that the applicant has at12
170	170	least two years of accredited training or two years
171	171	OR FOUR THOUSAND13
172	172	HOURS of practical experience in wiring one-, two-, three-, and14
173	173	four-family dwellings.15
174	174	(b) An applicant shall be permitted to
175	175	MAY substitute for required16
176	176	practical experience evidence of academic training in the electrical field,17
177	177	which shall be IS credited as follows:18
178	178	(II) If the applicant has academic training, including military19
179	179	training
180	180	OR PV INSTALLATION TRAINING, that is not sufficient to qualify20
181	181	under subsection (3)(b)(I) of this section, the board shall
182	182	MAY provide21
183	183	work experience credit for the training according to a uniform ratio22
184	184	established by rule.23
185	185	(6) (a) F
186	186	OR THE PURPOSES OF SUBSECTIONS (2)(a)(I) AND (3)(a) OF24
187	187	THIS SECTION, UNTIL JULY 1, 2029, AN APPLICANT EARNS PRACTICAL25
188	188	EXPERIENCE BY WORKING:26
189	189	(I) T
190	190	WO THOUSAND HOURS AS AN NABCEP PV INSTALLATION27
191	191	SB25-165
192	192	-5- PROFESSIONAL;1
193	193	(II) U
194	194	P TO TWO THOUSAND HOURS AS AN APPRENTICE TO AN2
195	195	NABCEP
196	196	PV INSTALLATION PROFESSIONAL, SO LONG AS THE SUPERVISING3
197	197	NABCEP
198	198	PV INSTALLATION PROFESSIONAL PROVIDES PROOF OF THE4
199	199	APPLICANT'S EMPLOYMENT AND AN AFFIDAVIT ATTESTING THAT THE5
200	200	APPLICANT EARNED THE HOURS AS AN APPRENTICE ; OR6
201	201	(III) U
202	202	P TO FOUR THOUSAND HOURS AS AN NABCEP PV7
203	203	INSTALLATION PROFESSIONAL, IF THE APPLICANT SUBMITS ADDITIONAL8
204	204	DOCUMENTATION TO THE BOARD , INCLUDING PAYROLL RECORDS , WORK9
205	205	ORDERS, PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS, OR OTHER RELEVANT MATERIALS THAT10
206	206	DOCUMENT SIGNIFICANT SOLAR INDUSTRY WORK THAT QUALIFIES AS11
207	207	ELECTRICAL HOURS. THE BOARD SHALL REVIEW THE DOCUMENTATION12
208	208	AND DETERMINE HOW MANY HOURS OF PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE THE13
209	209	APPLICANT EARNS BEYOND THE TWO THOUSAND HOURS PERMITTED BY14
210	210	SUBSECTION (6)(a)(I) OF THIS SECTION.15
211	211	(b) F
212	212	OR EVERY TWO HOURS THAT AN APPLICANT WORKS AS16
213	213	DESCRIBED IN SUBSECTION (6)(a)(II) OR (6)(a)(III) OF THIS SECTION, THE17
214	214	APPLICANT EARNS ONE HOUR FOR THE PURPOSES OF SUBSECTIONS (2)(a)(I)18
215	215	AND (3)(a) OF THIS SECTION.19
216	216	(c) T
217	217	HIS SUBSECTION (6) IS REPEALED, EFFECTIVE AUGUST 1, 2034.20
218	218	SECTION 3. In Colorado Revised Statutes, amend 12-115-11121
219	219	as follows:22
220	220	12-115-111. Credit for experience not subject to supervision23
221	221	of a licensed electrician. For all applicants seeking work experience24
222	222	credit toward licensure, the board shall
223	223	MAY give credit for electrical25
224	224	work that is not required to be performed by or under the supervision of26
225	225	a licensed electrician if the applicant can show that the particular27
226	226	SB25-165
227	227	-6- experience received or the supervision under which the work has been1
228	228	performed is adequate.2
229	229	SECTION 4. In Colorado Revised Statutes, 12-115-115, amend3
230	230	(4)(a); and add (3)(d) as follows:4
231	231	12-115-115. Apprentices - supervision - registration -5
232	232	discipline - rules. (3) (d) F
233	233	OR AN APPRENTICE WHO HOLDS AN ACTIVE6
234	234	RESIDENTIAL WIREMAN'S LICENSE, AN ELECTRICAL CONTRACTOR , AN7
235	235	APPRENTICESHIP PROGRAM REGISTERED WITH THE UNITED STATES8
236	236	DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 'S OFFICE OF APPRENTICESHIP, OR A STATE9
237	237	APPRENTICESHIP AGENCY RECOGNIZED BY THE UNITED STATES10
238	238	DEPARTMENT OF LABOR THAT EMPLOYS THE APPRENTICE IN THIS STATE11
239	239	SHALL REPORT QUALIFYING YEARS OR HOURS OF WORK EXPERIENCE ONLY12
240	240	FOR COMMERCIAL, INDUSTRIAL, OR SUBSTANTIALLY SIMILAR WORK , AS13
241	241	REQUIRED BY SECTION 12-115-110 (2)(a)(II).14
242	242	(4) On and after January 1, 2021, contingent on the availability of15
243	243	existing resources within the department or the receipt of gifts, grants,16
244	244	and donations pursuant to subsection (7) of this section:17
245	245	(a) (I) An apprentice who has been registered for at least six years,18
246	246	has completed eight thousand hours of practical training, and
247	247	meets all19
248	248	other journeyman electrician license requirements specified in section20
249	249	12-115-110,
250	250	AND DOES NOT POSSESS AN ACTIVE RESIDENTIAL WIREMAN 'S21
251	251	OR MASTER ELECTRICIAN'S LICENSE shall take the journeyman electrician22
252	252	license examination at least every three years in alignment with the23
253	253	license renewal cycle until the apprentice receives a passing score.24
254	254	(II) If an apprentice has failed to pass the license examination in25
255	255	two consecutive three-year periods, the apprentice may request an26
256	256	exemption from the board from future examination requirements. The27
257	257	SB25-165
258	258	-7- board shall grant the exemption if the board determines that the1
259	259	apprentice has legitimate educational or professional circumstances that2
260	260	justify the exemption. The board shall promulgate ADOPT rules3
261	261	concerning the process of requesting and approving license examination4
262	262	exemptions.5
263	263	SECTION 5. In Colorado Revised Statutes, add 12-115-125 as6
264	264	follows:7
265	265	12-115-125. Duties of department relating to electrical work.8
266	266	(1) T
267	267	HE DEPARTMENT SHALL:9
268	268	(a) U
269	269	PHOLD THE RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE CURRENT10
270	270	EDITION OF THE NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE IN ITS ENTIRETY, INCLUDING11
271	271	APPLYING THE CODE TO ALL EQUIPMENT FROM THE POINT AT WHICH12
272	272	SERVICE TRANSFORMERS GENERATE VOLTAGE TO USABLE SYSTEMS FOR13
273	273	CONSUMERS, INCLUDING ALL ASSOCIATED WIRING ; RISERS, WHETHER14
274	274	OVERHEAD OR UNDERGROUND ; AND METERING SYSTEMS;15
275	275	(b) C
276	276	OOPERATE WITH UTILITIES TO MAINTAIN SAFE CLEARANCES16
277	277	AND SAFE WORKING DISTANCES FOR THE UTILITIES BASED ON THE17
278	278	CURRENT EDITION OF THE NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE ; AND18
279	279	(c) A
280	280	LLOW EACH UTILITY TO INSTALL ITS PROPER METERING19
281	281	EQUIPMENT WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF QUALIFIED ELECTRICAL PERS ONNEL .20
282	282	(2) A
283	283	LL EQUIPMENT IS SUBJECT TO INSPECTION BY AN AUTHORITY21
284	284	HAVING JURISDICTION TO PERFORM ELECTRICAL INSPECTIONS .22
285	285	SECTION 6. In Colorado Revised Statutes, 40-2-128, amend23
286	286	(1)(a)(I)(A) and (2)(a)(I); repeal (1)(a)(II); and add (2)(a.5) as follows:24
287	287	40-2-128. Solar photovoltaic installations - supervision -25
288	288	qualifications of electrical contractors - definitions. (1) For all26
289	289	photovoltaic installations allowed under section 40-2-124 with a direct27
290	290	SB25-165
291	291	-8- current design capacity of less than three hundred kilowatts:1
292	292	(a) (I) (A) The performance of all photovoltaic electrical work, the2
293	293	installation of photovoltaic modules, and the installation of photovoltaic3
294	294	module mounting equipment is subject to on-site supervision by a4
295	295	certified photovoltaic energy practitioner, as designated by the North5
296	296	American Board of Certified Energy Practitioners (NABCEP)
297	297	AND THAT6
298	298	IS WORKING FOR A PHOTOVOLTAIC INSTALLER , or a licensed master7
299	299	electrician, licensed journeyman electrician, or licensed residential8
300	300	wireman, as
301	301	THOSE TERMS ARE defined in section 12-115-103.9
302	302	(II) Neither the commission nor the utility shall have
303	303	10
304	304	responsibility for monitoring or enforcing compliance with this section.11
305	305	It shall be the responsibility of the applicant to obtain the information12
306	306	required by subparagraph (I) of this paragraph (a), and it shall be the13
307	307	responsibility of the qualifying retail utility to obtain from the applicant14
308	308	and retain, for at least one year after completion of the installation, copies15
309	309	of all documentation submitted by the applicant in connection with the16
310	310	installation.17
311	311	(2) As used in this section, unless the context otherwise requires:18
312	312	(a) (I) "Photovoltaic electrical work" means wiring, grounding, or19
313	313	repairing electrical apparatus and equipment in a photovoltaic distributed20
314	314	generation system MEANS ELECTRICAL WORK PERFORMED ON A21
315	315	PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM THAT IS COVERED ELECTRICAL WORK IN22
316	316	ACCORDANCE WITH THE NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE , INCLUDING23
317	317	ARTICLES 100, 690, 90.2 (1), AND 90.2 (3) OF THE NATIONAL ELECTRICAL24
318	318	CODE.25
319	319	(a.5) "P
320	320	HOTOVOLTAIC INSTALLER" MEANS A CONTRACTOR THAT :26
321	321	(I) I
322	322	S NOT A REGISTERED ELECTRICAL CONTRACTOR , AS DEFINED27
323	323	SB25-165
324	324	-9- IN SECTION 12-115-103 (4);1
325	325	(II) I
326	326	S REGISTERED WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF REGULATORY2
327	327	AGENCIES AS A PHOTOVOLTAIC INSTALLER NO LATER T HAN DECEMBER 31,3
328	328	2025;4
329	329	(III) I
330	330	S A BUSINESS IN GOOD STANDING WITH THE STATE ; AND5
331	331	(IV) E
332	332	MPLOYS A NABCEP PV INSTALLATION PROFESSIONAL, AS6
333	333	DEFINED IN SECTION 12-115-103 (7.7).7
334	334	SECTION 7. In Colorado Revised Statutes, 12-115-107, amend8
335	335	(2)(f) as follows:9
336	336	12-115-107. Board powers and duties - rules - definitions.10
337	337	(2) In addition to all other powers and duties conferred or imposed upon11
338	338	the board by this article 115, the board is authorized to:12
339	339	(f) (I) Regulate a licensed master electrician, journeyman13
340	340	electrician, or residential wireman who, acting within his or her
341	341	THEIR14
342	342	scope of competence, supervises a solar photovoltaic installation pursuant15
343	343	to section 40-2-128.16
344	344	(II) On and after January 1, 2020, All photovoltaic electrical work17
345	345	for installations of at least three hundred kilowatts, including the18
346	346	interconnection of the modules, grounding of the modules, any balance19
347	347	of system wiring, and the customer-side point of connection to the utility20
348	348	grid, must:21
349	349	(A) Be performed by a licensed master electrician, licensed22
350	350	journeyman electrician, licensed residential wireman, or properly23
351	351	supervised electrical apprentices; and must24
352	352	(B) Comply with all applicable requirements of this article 115,25
353	353	including sections 12-115-109 and 12-115-115, and all applicable rules26
354	354	of the board;27
355	355	SB25-165
356	356	-10- (C) COMPLY WITH ELECTRICAL PERMITTING REQUIREMENTS AND1
357	357	MUST BE PERFORMED BY AN ELECTRICAL CONTRACTOR PURSUANT TO2
358	358	SECTION 12-115-120;3
359	359	(D) I
360	360	NCLUDE A CONTEMPORANEOUS REVIEW PURSUANT TO4
361	361	SECTION 12-115-120 (10) TO ENSURE THAT THE REQUIREMENTS OF THIS5
362	362	ARTICLE 115 HAVE BEEN MET; AND6
363	363	(E) B
364	364	E SUBJECT TO COMPLIANCE CHECKS BY A STATE ELECTRICAL7
365	365	INSPECTOR OR AN INDIVIDUAL APPOINTED BY THE DIRECTOR TO PERFORM8
366	366	COMPLIANCE CHECKS PURSUANT TO SECTION 12-115-119. COMPLIANCE9
367	367	CHECKS PERFORMED UNDER THIS SECTION MUST BE CONSISTENT WITH THE10
368	368	NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE AND STATE AND LOCAL ELECTRICAL CODES .11
369	369	(III) (A) A
370	370	S USED IN THIS SECTION, "PHOTOVOLTAIC ELECTRICAL12
371	371	WORK" MEANS ELECTRICAL WORK PERFORMED ON A PHOTOVOLTAIC13
372	372	SYSTEM THAT IS COVERED ELECTRICAL WORK IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE14
373	373	NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE , INCLUDING ARTICLES 100, 690, 90.2 (1),15
374	374	AND 90.2 (3) OF THE NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE.16
375	375	(B) "P
376	376	HOTOVOLTAIC ELECTRICAL WORK " INCLUDES THE17
377	377	PREINSTALLATION ASSEMBLY OF PHOTOVOLTAIC M ODULES TO18
378	378	PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE MOUNTING EQUIPMENT FOR INSTALLATION ON19
379	379	SITE.20
380	380	(C) "P
381	381	HOTOVOLTAIC ELECTRICAL WORK " DOES NOT INCLUDE SITE21
382	382	PREPARATION, TRENCHING OR EXCAVATING , HAULING, OR OTHER WORK22
383	383	THAT IS NOT SPECIFICALLY DESCRIBED IN SUBSECTION (2)(f)(III)(A) OR23
384	384	(2)(f)(III)(B)
385	385	OF THIS SECTION.24
386	386	SECTION 8. Act subject to petition - effective date. This act25
387	387	takes effect at 12:01 a.m. on the day following the expiration of the26
388	388	ninety-day period after final adjournment of the general assembly; except27
389	389	SB25-165
390	390	-11- that, if a referendum petition is filed pursuant to section 1 (3) of article V1
391	391	of the state constitution against this act or an item, section, or part of this2
392	392	act within such period, then the act, item, section, or part will not take3
393	393	effect unless approved by the people at the general election to be held in4
394	394	November 2026 and, in such case, will take effect on the date of the5
395	395	official declaration of the vote thereon by the governor.6
396	396	SB25-165
397	397	-12-