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General Assembly Substitute Bill No. 128
February Session, 2022
AN ACT CONCERNING FORECLOSURE, ASSIGNMENT AND OTHER
ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS FOR UNPAID SEWER ASSESSMENTS
AND OTHER FEES AND CHARGES.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in General
Assembly convened:
Section 1. Section 7-254 of the 2022 supplement to the general statutes 1
is repealed and the following is substituted in lieu thereof (Effective 2
October 1, 2022, and applicable to actions filed on or after October 1, 2022): 3
(a) Any assessment of benefits or any installment thereof, not paid 4
within thirty days after the due date, shall be delinquent and shall be 5
subject to interest from such due date at the interest rate and in the 6
manner provided by the general statutes for delinquent property taxes. 7
Each addition of interest shall be collectible as a part of such assessment. 8
(b) (1) Whenever any installment of an assessment becomes 9
delinquent, the interest on such delinquent installment shall be as 10
provided in subsection (a) of this section or five dollars, whichever is 11
greater. Any unpaid assessment and any interest due thereon shall 12
constitute a lien upon the real estate against which the assessment was 13
levied from the date of such levy. Each such lien may be continued, 14
recorded and released in the manner provided by the general statutes 15
for continuing, recording and releasing property tax liens. Each such 16
lien shall take precedence over all other liens and encumbrances except 17 Substitute Bill No. 128
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taxes and may be enforced, in accordance with subdivision (2) of this 18
subsection, in the same manner as property tax liens. The tax collector 19
of the municipality may collect such assessments in accordance with any 20
mandatory provision of the general statutes for the collection of 21
property taxes and the municipality may recover any such assessment 22
in a civil action against any person liable therefor. 23
(2) In the case of one or more liens for any unpaid assessment and 24
any interest due thereon, as described in subdivision (1) of this 25
subsection, upon any owner-occupied real estate, no such lien or liens 26
may be enforced unless the principal for all such liens upon such owner-27
occupied real estate exceeds four thousand dollars. 28
(c) [Any] (1) Except as provided in subdivision (2) of this subsection, 29
any municipality, by resolution of its legislative body, may assign, for 30
consideration, any and all liens filed by the tax collector to secure unpaid 31
sewer assessments as provided under the provisions of this chapter. The 32
consideration received by the municipality shall be negotiated between 33
the municipality and the assignee. 34
(2) In the case of one or more liens filed by the tax collector to secure 35
unpaid assessments, as described in subdivision (1) of this subsection, 36
upon any owner-occupied real estate, no such lien or liens may be 37
assigned unless the principal for all such liens upon such owner-38
occupied real estate exceeds four thousand dollars. 39
(d) The assignee or assignees of such liens shall have and possess the 40
same powers and rights at law or in equity as such municipality and 41
municipality's tax collector would have had if the lien had not been 42
assigned with regard to the precedence and priority of such lien, the 43
accrual of interest and the fees and expenses of collection, except that 44
any such assignee (1) shall not be insulated from liability by virtue of 45
the provisions of section 42-110c, and (2) shall be obligated to provide a 46
payoff statement, as defined in section 49-8a, in the same manner as a 47
mortgagee in accordance with the requirements of section 49-10a. The 48
assignee shall have the same rights to enforce such liens as any private 49 Substitute Bill No. 128
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party holding a lien on real property, including, but not limited to, 50
foreclosure and a suit on the debt. 51
(e) No such assignment executed on or after July 1, 2022, shall be valid 52
or enforceable unless memorialized in a contract executed by the 53
authority and the assignee that is in writing and provides: (1) The 54
manner in which the assignee will provide to the owner of the real 55
property that is the subject of the assignment one or more addresses and 56
telephone numbers that may be used for correspondence with the 57
assignee about the debt and payment thereof; (2) the earliest and latest 58
dates by which the assignee shall commence any foreclosure or suit on 59
the debt or the manner for determining such dates, except as may be 60
impacted by any payment arrangement, bankruptcy petition or other 61
circumstance, provided in no event shall the assignee commence a 62
foreclosure suit before one year has elapsed since the assignee's 63
purchase of the lien; (3) the structure and rates of attorney's fees that the 64
assignee may claim against the owner or owners of such real property 65
in any foreclosure, suit on the debt or otherwise, and a prohibition from 66
using as foreclosure counsel any attorney or law office that is owned by, 67
employs or contracts with any person having an interest in such 68
assignee; (4) confirmation that the owner of the real property for which 69
the lien has been filed shall be a third-party beneficiary entitled to 70
enforce the covenants and responsibilities of the assignee as contained 71
in the contract; (5) a prohibition on the assignee assigning the lien 72
without the municipality's prior written consent; (6) the detail and 73
frequency of reports provided to the municipality's tax collector 74
regarding the status of the assigned liens; (7) confirmation that the 75
assignee is not ineligible, pursuant to section 31-57b, to be assigned the 76
lien because of occupational safety and health law violations; (8) 77
disclosure of (A) all resolved and pending arbitrations and litigation 78
matters in which the assignee or any of its principals have been involved 79
within the last ten years, except foreclosure actions involving liens 80
purchased from or assigned by governmental entities, (B) all criminal 81
proceedings that the assignee or any of its principals has ever been the 82
subject, (C) any interest in the subject property held by the assignee or 83 Substitute Bill No. 128
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any of its principals, officers or agents, and (D) each instance in which 84
the assignee or any of its principals was found to have violated any state 85
or local ethics law, regulation, ordinance, code, policy or standard, or to 86
have committed any other offense arising out of the submission of 87
proposals or bids or the performance of work on public contract; and (9) 88
such additional terms to which the municipality and the assignee 89
mutually agree, consistent with applicable law. 90
(f) The assignee, or any subsequent assignee, shall provide written 91
notice of an assignment, not later than sixty days after the date of such 92
assignment, to the owner and any holder of a mortgage on the real 93
property that is the subject of the assignment, provided such owner or 94
holder is of record as of the date of such assignment. Such notice shall 95
include information sufficient to identify (1) the property that is subject 96
to the lien and in which the holder has an interest, (2) the name and 97
addresses of the assignee, and (3) the amount of unpaid taxes, interest 98
and fees being assigned relative to the subject property as of the date of 99
the assignment. 100
(g) Not less than sixty days prior to commencing an action to 101
foreclose a lien under this section, the assignee shall provide a written 102
notice, by first-class mail, to the holders of all first or second security 103
interests on the property subject to the lien that were recorded before 104
the date the assessment of the lien sought to be enforced became 105
delinquent. Such notice shall set forth: (1) The amount of unpaid debt 106
owed to the assignee as of the date of the notice; (2) the amount of any 107
attorney's fees and costs incurred by the assignee in the enforcement of 108
the lien as of the date of the notice; (3) a statement of the assignee's 109
intention to foreclose the lien if the amounts set forth pursuant to 110
subdivisions (1) and (2) of this subsection are not paid to the assignee 111
on or before sixty days after the date on which the notice is provided; 112
(4) the assignee's contact information, including, but not limited to, the 113
assignee's name, mailing address, telephone number and electronic mail 114
address, if any; and (5) instructions concerning the acceptable means of 115
making a payment on the amounts owed to the assignee as set forth 116 Substitute Bill No. 128
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pursuant to subdivisions (1) and (2) of this subsection. Any notice 117
required under this subsection shall be effective upon the date such 118
notice is provided. 119
(h) When providing the written notice required under subsection (g) 120
of this section, the assignee may rely on the last recorded security 121
interest of record in identifying the name and mailing address of the 122
holder of such interest, unless the holder of such interest is the plaintiff 123
in an action pending in Superior Court to enforce such interest, in which 124
case the assignee shall provide the written notice to the attorney 125
appearing on behalf of the plaintiff. 126
(i) Each aspect of a foreclosure, sale or other disposition under this 127
section, including, but not limited to, the costs, attorney fees, method, 128
advertising, time, date, place and terms, shall be commercially 129
reasonable. 130
Sec. 2. Section 7-258 of the 2022 supplement to the general statutes is 131
repealed and the following is substituted in lieu thereof (Effective October 132
1, 2022, and applicable to actions filed on or after October 1, 2022): 133
(a) (1) Any charge for connection with or for the use of a sewerage 134
system, not paid within thirty days of the due date, shall thereupon be 135
delinquent and shall bear interest from the due date at the rate and in 136
the manner provided by the general statutes for delinquent property 137
taxes. Each addition of interest shall be collectible as a part of such 138
connection or use charge. Any such unpaid connection or use charge 139
shall constitute a lien upon the real estate against which such charge was 140
levied from the date it became delinquent. Each such lien may be 141
continued, recorded and released in the manner provided by the general 142
statutes for continuing, recording and releasing property tax liens. Each 143
such lien shall take precedence over all other liens and encumbrances 144
except taxes and may be foreclosed in the same manner as a lien for 145
property taxes in accordance with subdivision (2) of this subsection. The 146
municipality may by ordinance designate the tax collector or any other 147
person as collector of sewerage system connection and use charges and 148 Substitute Bill No. 128
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such collector of sewerage system connection and use charges may 149
collect such charges in accordance with the provisions of the general 150
statutes for the collection of property taxes. The municipality may 151
recover any such charges in a civil action against any person liable 152
therefor. For the purpose of establishing or revising such connection or 153
use charges and for the purpose of collecting such charges any 154
municipality may enter into agreements with any water company or 155
municipal water department furnishing water in such municipality for 156
the purchase from such water company or municipal water department 157
of information or services and such agreement may designate such 158
water company or municipal water department as a billing or collecting 159
agent of the collector of sewerage system connection and use charges in 160
the municipality. Any water company or municipal water department 161
may enter into and fulfill any such agreements and may utilize for the 162
collection of such charges any of the methods utilized by it for the 163
collection of its water charges. 164
(2) In the case of one or more liens for any unpaid connection or use 165
charge, as described in subdivision (1) of this subsection, upon any 166
owner-occupied real estate, no such lien or liens may be foreclosed 167
unless the principal for all such liens upon such owner-occupied real 168
estate exceeds four thousand dollars. 169
(b) [Any] (1) Except as provided in subdivision (2) of this subsection, 170
any municipality, by resolution of its legislative body, may assign, for 171
consideration, any and all liens filed by the tax collector or collector of 172
sewerage system connection and use charges to secure unpaid sewerage 173
connection and use charges as provided under the provisions of this 174
chapter. The consideration received by the municipality shall be 175
negotiated between the municipality and the assignee. 176
(2) In the case of one or more liens filed by the tax collector or collector 177
of sewerage system connection and use charges to secure unpaid 178
sewerage connection and use charges, as described in subdivision (1) of 179
this subsection, upon any owner-occupied real estate, no such lien or 180
liens may be assigned unless the principal for all such liens upon such 181 Substitute Bill No. 128
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owner-occupied real estate exceeds four thousand dollars. 182
(c) The assignee or assignees of such liens shall have and possess the 183
same powers and rights at law or in equity as such municipality and 184
municipality's tax collector would have had if the lien had not been 185
assigned with regard to the precedence and priority of such lien, the 186
accrual of interest and the fees and expenses of collection, except that 187
any such assignee (1) shall not be insulated from liability for its conduct 188
by virtue of the provisions of section 42-110c, and (2) shall be obligated 189
to provide a payoff statement, as defined in section 49-8a, in the same 190
manner as a mortgagee in accordance with the requirements of section 191
49-10a. The assignee shall have the same rights to enforce such liens as 192
any private party holding a lien on real property, including, but not 193
limited to, foreclosure and a suit on the debt. 194
(d) No such assignment executed on or after July 1, 2022, shall be 195
valid or enforceable unless memorialized in a contract executed by the 196
authority and the assignee that is in writing and provides: (1) The 197
manner in which the assignee will provide to the owner of the real 198
property that is the subject of the assignment one or more addresses and 199
telephone numbers that may be used for correspondence with the 200
assignee about the debt and payment thereof; (2) the earliest and latest 201
dates by which the assignee shall commence any foreclosure or suit on 202
the debt or the manner for determining such dates, except as may be 203
impacted by any payment arrangement, bankruptcy petition or other 204
circumstance, provided in no event shall the assignee commence a 205
foreclosure suit before one year has elapsed since the assignee's 206
purchase of the lien; (3) the structure and rates of attorney's fees that the 207
assignee may claim against the owner or owners of such real property 208
in any foreclosure, suit on the debt or otherwise, and a prohibition from 209
using as foreclosure counsel any attorney or law office that is owned by, 210
employs or contracts with any person having an interest in such 211
assignee; (4) confirmation that the owner of the real property for which 212
the lien has been filed shall be a third-party beneficiary entitled to 213
enforce the covenants and responsibilities of the assignee as contained 214 Substitute Bill No. 128
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in the contract; (5) a prohibition on the assignee assigning the lien 215
without the municipality's prior written consent; (6) the detail and 216
frequency of reports provided to the municipality's tax collector 217
regarding the status of the assigned liens; (7) confirmation that the 218
assignee is not ineligible, pursuant to section 31-57b, to be assigned the 219
lien because of occupational safety and health law violations; (8) 220
disclosure of (A) all resolved and pending arbitrations and litigation 221
matters in which the assignee or any of its principals have been involved 222
within the last ten years, except foreclosure actions involving liens 223
purchased from or assigned by governmental entities, (B) all criminal 224
proceedings that the assignee or any of its principals has ever been the 225
subject, (C) any interest in the subject property held by the assignee or 226
any of its principals, officers or agents, and (D) each instance in which 227
the assignee or any of its principals was found to have violated any state 228
or local ethics law, regulation, ordinance, code, policy or standard, or to 229
have committed any other offense arising out of the submission of 230
proposals or bids or the performance of work on public contract; and (9) 231
such additional terms to which the municipality and the assignee 232
mutually agree consistent with applicable law. 233
(e) The assignee, or any subsequent assignee, shall provide written 234
notice of an assignment, not later than sixty days after the date of such 235
assignment, to the owner and any holder of a mortgage on the real 236
property that is the subject of the assignment, provided such owner or 237
holder is of record as of the date of such assignment. Such notice shall 238
include information sufficient to identify (1) the property that is subject 239
to the lien and in which the holder has an interest, (2) the name and 240
addresses of the assignee, and (3) the amount of unpaid taxes, interest 241
and fees being assigned relative to the subject property as of the date of 242
the assignment. 243
(f) Not less than sixty days prior to commencing an action to foreclose 244
a lien under this section, the assignee shall provide a written notice, by 245
first-class mail, to the holders of all first or second security interests on 246
the property subject to the lien that were recorded before the date the 247 Substitute Bill No. 128
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assessment of the lien sought to be enforced became delinquent. Such 248
notice shall set forth: (1) The amount of unpaid debt owed to the 249
assignee as of the date of the notice; (2) the amount of any attorney's fees 250
and costs incurred by the assignee in the enforcement of the lien as of 251
the date of the notice; (3) a statement of the assignee's intention to 252
foreclose the lien if the amounts set forth pursuant to subdivisions (1) 253
and (2) of this subsection are not paid to the assignee on or before sixty 254
days after the date the notice is provided; (4) the assignee's contact 255
information, including, but not limited to, the assignee's name, mailing 256
address, telephone number and electronic mail address, if any; and (5) 257
instructions concerning the acceptable means of making a payment on 258
the amounts owed to the assignee as set forth pursuant to subdivisions 259
(1) and (2) of this subsection. Any notice required under this subsection 260
shall be effective upon the date such notice is provided. 261
(g) When providing the written notice required under subsection (f) 262
of this section, the assignee may rely on the last recorded security 263
interest of record in identifying the name and mailing address of the 264
holder of such interest, unless the holder of such interest is the plaintiff 265
in an action pending in Superior Court to enforce such interest, in which 266
case the assignee shall provide the written notice to the attorney 267
appearing on behalf of the plaintiff. 268
(h) Each aspect of a foreclosure, sale or other disposition under this 269
section, including, but not limited to, the costs, attorney fees, method, 270
advertising, time, date, place and terms, shall be commercially 271
reasonable. 272
Sec. 3. Section 22a-506 of the general statutes is repealed and the 273
following is substituted in lieu thereof (Effective October 1, 2022, and 274
applicable to actions filed on or after October 1, 2022): 275
(a) An authority may (1) levy and collect benefit assessments upon 276
the lands and buildings within its jurisdiction that, in its judgment, are 277
especially benefited by a wastewater system; (2) establish, revise and 278
collect rates, fees, charges, penalties and assessments for the use and 279 Substitute Bill No. 128
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benefits of a wastewater system; and (3) order the owner of any building 280
which is accessible to a wastewater system to connect to such system, all 281
in the manner provided in sections 7-249 to 7-257, inclusive, and sections 282
22a-416 to 22a-599, inclusive. 283
(b) (1) Any assessment of benefits, including any installment thereof, 284
and any charge, fee, fine or other amount that is not paid within thirty 285
days after the due date shall be delinquent, shall be subject to interest 286
and shall constitute a lien upon the premises served and a charge upon 287
the owner thereof all in the manner provided both by the provisions of 288
the general statutes for delinquent property taxes and by section 7-258, 289
as amended by this act. The rules and regulations of the authority may 290
provide for the discontinuance of water pollution control service for 291
nonpayment of taxes, special assessments, fees, rates, penalties or other 292
charges therefor imposed under sections 22a-500 to 22a-519, inclusive. 293
Such lien shall take precedence over all other liens or encumbrances 294
except taxes and may be foreclosed against the lot or building served, in 295
accordance with subdivision (2) of this subsection, in the same manner 296
as a lien for taxes, provided all such liens shall continue until such time 297
as they shall be discharged or foreclosed by the authority without the 298
necessity of filing certificates of continuation, but in no event for longer 299
than ten years. The authority may institute a civil action against such 300
owner to recover the amount of any such fee or charge which remains 301
due and unpaid for thirty days along with interest thereon at the same 302
rate as unpaid taxes and with reasonable attorneys' fees, provided no 303
such civil action to recover such amount may be instituted against the 304
owner of an owner-occupied premises unless the principal for such 305
amount exceeds four thousand dollars. 306
(2) In the case of one or more liens for any assessment of benefits and 307
any charge, fee, fine or other amount that is not paid within thirty days 308
after the due date, as described in subdivision (1) of this subsection, 309
upon any owner-occupied premises served, no such lien or liens may be 310
foreclosed unless the principal for all such liens upon such owner-311
occupied premises served exceeds four thousand dollars. 312 Substitute Bill No. 128
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Sec. 4. Section 49-92o of the 2022 supplement to the general statutes 313
is repealed and the following is substituted in lieu thereof (Effective 314
October 1, 2022, and applicable to actions filed on or after October 1, 2022): 315
(a) [Any] (1) Except as provided in subdivision (2) of this subsection, 316
any regional sewer authority established under an act of the General 317
Assembly, may assign, for consideration, any and all liens filed by such 318
regional sewer authority to secure unpaid sewer assessments or 319
connection or use charges of the authority. The consideration received 320
by the authority shall be negotiated between the authority and the 321
assignee. 322
(2) In the case of one or more liens filed by a regional sewer authority 323
to secure unpaid sewer assessment or connection or use charges of the 324
authority, as described in subdivision (1) of this subsection, upon any 325
owner-occupied real estate, no such lien or liens may be assigned unless 326
the principal for all such liens upon such owner-occupied real estate 327
exceeds four thousand dollars. 328
(b) The assignee or assignees of such liens shall have and possess the 329
same powers and rights at law or in equity as such authority would have 330
had if the lien had not been assigned with regard to the precedence and 331
priority of such lien, the accrual of interest and the fees and expenses of 332
collection, except that any such assignee (1) shall not be insulated from 333
liability by section 42-110c, and (2) shall be obligated to provide a payoff 334
statement, as defined in section 49-8a, in the same manner as a 335
mortgagee in accordance with the requirements of section 49-10a. The 336
assignee shall have the same rights to enforce such liens as any private 337
party holding a lien on real property, including, but not limited to, 338
foreclosure and a suit on the debt. 339
(c) No such assignment executed on or after July 1, 2022, shall be valid 340
or enforceable unless memorialized in a contract executed by the 341
authority and the assignee that is in writing and provides: (1) The 342
manner in which the assignee will provide to the owner of the real 343
property that is the subject of the assignment one or more addresses and 344 Substitute Bill No. 128
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telephone numbers that may be used for correspondence with the 345
assignee about the debt and payment thereof; (2) the earliest and latest 346
dates by which the assignee shall commence any foreclosure or suit on 347
the debt or the manner for determining such dates, except as may be 348
impacted by any payment arrangement, bankruptcy petition or other 349
circumstance, provided in no event shall the assignee commence a 350
foreclosure suit before one year has elapsed since the assignee's 351
purchase of the lien; (3) the structure and rates of attorney's fees that the 352
assignee may claim against the owner or owners of such real property 353
in any foreclosure, suit on the debt or otherwise, and a prohibition from 354
using as foreclosure counsel any attorney or law office that is owned by, 355
employs or contracts with any person having an interest in such 356
assignee; (4) confirmation that the owner of the real property for which 357
the lien has been filed shall be a third-party beneficiary entitled to 358
enforce the covenants and responsibilities of the assignee as contained 359
in the contract; (5) a prohibition on the assignee assigning the lien 360
without the municipality's prior written consent; (6) the detail and 361
frequency of reports provided to the municipality's tax collector 362
regarding the status of the assigned liens; (7) confirmation that the 363
assignee is not ineligible, pursuant to section 31-57b, to be assigned the 364
lien because of occupational safety and health law violations; (8) 365
disclosure of (A) all resolved and pending arbitrations and litigation 366
matters in which the assignee or any of its principals have been involved 367
within the last ten years, except foreclosure actions involving liens 368
purchased from or assigned by governmental entities, (B) all criminal 369
proceedings that the assignee or any of its principals has ever been the 370
subject, (C) any interest in the subject property held by the assignee or 371
any of its principals, officers or agents, and (D) each instance in which 372
the assignee or any of its principals was found to have violated any state 373
or local ethics law, regulation, ordinance, code, policy or standard, or to 374
have committed any other offense arising out of the submission of 375
proposals or bids or the performance of work on public contract; and (9) 376
such additional terms to which the municipality and the assignee 377
mutually agree consistent with applicable law. 378 Substitute Bill No. 128
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(d) The assignee, or any subsequent assignee, shall provide written 379
notice of an assignment, not later than sixty days after the date of such 380
assignment, to the owner and any holder of a mortgage on the real 381
property that is the subject of the assignment, provided such owner or 382
holder is of record as of the date of such assignment. Such notice shall 383
include information sufficient to identify (1) the property that is subject 384
to the lien and in which the holder has an interest, (2) the name and 385
addresses of the assignee, and (3) the amount of unpaid taxes, interest 386
and fees being assigned relative to the subject property as of the date of 387
the assignment. 388
(e) Not less than sixty days prior to commencing an action to foreclose 389
a lien assigned under this section, the assignee shall provide a written 390
notice, by first-class mail to the holders of all first or second security 391
interests on the property subject to the lien that were recorded before 392
the date the assessment of such lien became delinquent. Such notice 393
shall set forth: (1) The amount of unpaid debt owed to the assignee as of 394
the date of the notice; (2) the amount of any attorney's fees and costs 395
incurred by the assignee in the enforcement of the lien as of the date of 396
the notice; (3) a statement of the assignee's intention to foreclose the lien 397
if the amounts set forth pursuant to subdivisions (1) and (2) of this 398
subsection are not paid to the assignee on or before sixty days after the 399
date the notice is provided; (4) the assignee's contact information, 400
including, but not limited to, the assignee's name, mailing address, 401
telephone number and electronic mail address, if any; and (5) 402
instructions concerning the acceptable means of making a payment on 403
the amounts owed to the assignee as set forth pursuant to subdivisions 404
(1) and (2) of this subsection. Any notice required under this subsection 405
shall be effective upon the date such notice is provided. 406
(f) When providing the written notice required under subsection (e) 407
of this section, the assignee may rely on the last recorded security 408
interest of record in identifying the name and mailing address of the 409
holder of such interest, unless the holder of such interest is the plaintiff 410
in an action pending in Superior Court to enforce such interest, in which 411 Substitute Bill No. 128
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case the assignee shall provide the written notice to the attorney 412
appearing on behalf of the plaintiff. 413
(g) Each aspect of a foreclosure, sale or other disposition under this 414
section, including, but not limited to, the costs, attorney fees, method, 415
advertising, time, date, place and terms, shall be commercially 416
reasonable. Costs and reasonable attorneys' fees incurred by the 417
assignee as a result of any foreclosure action or other legal proceeding 418
brought pursuant to this section and directly related to the proceeding 419
shall be taxed in any such proceeding against each person having title 420
to any property subject to the proceedings. Such costs and fees may be 421
collected by the assignee at any time after demand for payment has been 422
made by the assignee. 423
This act shall take effect as follows and shall amend the following
sections:
Section 1 October 1, 2022, and
applicable to actions filed
on or after October 1, 2022
7-254
Sec. 2 October 1, 2022, and
applicable to actions filed
on or after October 1, 2022
7-258
Sec. 3 October 1, 2022, and
applicable to actions filed
on or after October 1, 2022
22a-506
Sec. 4 October 1, 2022, and
applicable to actions filed
on or after October 1, 2022
49-92o
PD Joint Favorable Subst.