CS/HB 1173 2022 CODING: Words stricken are deletions; words underlined are additions. hb1173-01-c1 Page 1 of 18 F L O R I D A H O U S E O F R E P R E S E N T A T I VE S A bill to be entitled 1 An act relating to judgment liens; providing a short 2 title; amending s. 55.202, F.S.; specifying that 3 payment intangibles, accounts, and the proceeds 4 thereof are subject to judgment liens; providing 5 construction; amending s. 55.205, F.S.; deleting a 6 provision specifying the priority of certain judgment 7 creditor liens; specifying the validity and 8 enforceability of judgment liens against motor 9 vehicles and vessels; providing a procedure for noting 10 the lien on the certificate of title; specifying 11 restrictions on the enforcement of judgment liens; 12 specifying an account debtor's authority to discharge 13 the account debtor's obligation to pay payment 14 intangibles, accounts, or the proceeds thereof; 15 amending s. 55.208, F.S.; providing construction 16 relating to the effe ct of liens existing before a 17 specified date on payment intangibles and accounts and 18 the proceeds thereof; deleting an obsolete provision 19 relating to judgment liens on writs of execution 20 previously delivered to a sheriff; amending s. 55.209, 21 F.S.; conforming a cross-reference; amending s. 56.29, 22 F.S.; requiring a court, under certain circumstances, 23 to order the Department of Highway Safety and Motor 24 Vehicles to note certain liens on the certificate of 25 CS/HB 1173 2022 CODING: Words stricken are deletions; words underlined are additions. hb1173-01-c1 Page 2 of 18 F L O R I D A H O U S E O F R E P R E S E N T A T I VE S title of certain motor vehicles or vessels and in the 26 department's records; amending s. 319.24, F.S.; 27 prohibiting the department from issuing a motor 28 vehicle certificate of title under certain 29 circumstances; specifying procedures for a judgment 30 lienholder to place a lien on motor vehicles or 31 vessels; revising requirements for the department if a 32 certificate of title is not forwarded or returned to 33 the department under certain circumstances; revising 34 the authority of certain persons to demand and receive 35 a lien satisfaction; requiring a lienholder to enter a 36 satisfaction in a certificate of title upon 37 satisfaction or lapse of a judgment lien; amending s. 38 319.241, F.S.; revising circumstances under which the 39 department may not remove a lien from the department's 40 records or a certificate of title and specifying a 41 requirement for the department; providing an effective 42 date. 43 44 Be It Enacted by the Legislature of the State of Florida: 45 46 Section 1. This act may be cited as the "Judgment Lien 47 Improvement Act." 48 Section 2. Subsections (2) and (5) of section 55.202 , 49 Florida Statutes, are amended to read: 50 CS/HB 1173 2022 CODING: Words stricken are deletions; words underlined are additions. hb1173-01-c1 Page 3 of 18 F L O R I D A H O U S E O F R E P R E S E N T A T I VE S 55.202 Judgments, orders, and decrees; lien on personal 51 property.— 52 (2) A judgment lien may be acquired on a judgment debtor's 53 interest in all personal property in this state subject to 54 execution under s. 56.061, including payment intangibles and 55 accounts and the proceeds thereof, as those terms are defined in 56 s. 679.1021(1), but excluding other than fixtures, money, 57 negotiable instruments, and mortgages. 58 (a) For payment intangibles and accounts and the proceeds 59 thereof: 60 1. The rights of a judgment lienholder under this section 61 are subject to the rights under chapter 679 of a secured party, 62 as defined in s. 679.1021(1), who has a prior filed financing 63 statement encumbering such payment intangibles or accounts a nd 64 the proceeds thereof. 65 2. This section does not affect the obligation under s. 66 679.607(1) of an account debtor as defined in s. 679.1021(1), 67 except as the rights and obligations under this paragraph are 68 otherwise adjudicated under applicable law in a l egal proceeding 69 to which the secured party and account debtor are joined as 70 parties. 71 (b) A judgment lien is acquired by filing a judgment lien 72 certificate in accordance with s. 55.203 with the Department of 73 State after the judgment has become final and i f the time to 74 move for rehearing has lapsed, no motion for rehearing is 75 CS/HB 1173 2022 CODING: Words stricken are deletions; words underlined are additions. hb1173-01-c1 Page 4 of 18 F L O R I D A H O U S E O F R E P R E S E N T A T I VE S pending, and no stay of the judgment or its enforcement is then 76 in effect. A court may authorize, for cause shown, the filing of 77 a judgment lien certificate before a judgment has becom e final 78 when the court has authorized the issuance of a writ of 79 execution in the same matter. A judgment lien certificate not 80 filed in compliance with this subsection is permanently void and 81 of no effect. 82 (c)(b) For any lien, warrant, assessment, or judg ment 83 collected by the Department of Revenue, a judgment lien may be 84 acquired by filing the judgment lien certificate information or 85 warrant with the Department of State in accordance with 86 subsection (5). 87 (d)(c) Except as provided in s. 55.208, the effect ive date 88 of a judgment lien is the date, including the time of day, of 89 filing. Although no lien attaches to property, and a creditor 90 does not become a lien creditor as to liens under chapter 679, 91 until the debtor acquires an interest in the property, prior ity 92 among competing judgment liens is determined in order of filing 93 date and time. 94 (e)(d) Except as provided in s. 55.204(3), a judgment 95 creditor may file only one effective judgment lien certificate 96 based upon a particular judgment. 97 (5) Liens, assessments, warrants, or judgments filed 98 pursuant to paragraph (2)(c) (2)(b) may be filed directly into 99 the central database by the Department of Revenue, or its 100 CS/HB 1173 2022 CODING: Words stricken are deletions; words underlined are additions. hb1173-01-c1 Page 5 of 18 F L O R I D A H O U S E O F R E P R E S E N T A T I VE S designee as determined by its executive director, through 101 electronic or informati on data exchange programs approved by the 102 Department of State. Such filings must contain the information 103 set forth in s. 55.203(1). 104 Section 3. Subsection (1) of section 55.205, Florida 105 Statutes, is amended, and subsections (5), (6), and (7) are 106 added to that section, to read: 107 55.205 Effect of judgment lien. — 108 (1) A judgment creditor who has not acquired a judgment 109 lien as provided in s. 55.202 or whose lien has lapsed may 110 nevertheless proceed against the judgment debtor's property 111 through any appropriate judicial process. Such judgment creditor 112 proceeding by writ of execution acquires a lien as of the time 113 of levy and only on the property levied upon. Except as provided 114 in s. 55.208, such judgment creditor takes subject to the claims 115 and interest of priority judgment creditors. 116 (5)(a) If the judgment debtor's personal property, to the 117 extent not exempt from execution, includes a motor vehicle or a 118 vessel for which a Florida certificate of title has been issued, 119 a judgment lien acquired under this sec tion on such property not 120 yet noted on the certificate of title is valid and enforceable 121 against the judgment debtor. However, such judgment lien is not 122 enforceable against creditors or subsequent purchasers of such 123 property for valuable consideration whos e interests have been 124 noted on the certificate of title as provided in s. 319.27. 125 CS/HB 1173 2022 CODING: Words stricken are deletions; words underlined are additions. hb1173-01-c1 Page 6 of 18 F L O R I D A H O U S E O F R E P R E S E N T A T I VE S (b) A judgment lienholder may obtain an order instructing 126 the Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles to note the 127 lien on the certificate of title through a court o f competent 128 jurisdiction conducting proceedings supplementary to execution 129 under s. 56.29(6)(b). 130 (6) A judgment lien acquired under s. 55.202 may be 131 enforced only through judicial process, including attachment 132 under chapter 76; execution under chapter 56 ; garnishment under 133 chapter 77; a charging order under s. 605.0503, s. 620.1703, or 134 s. 620.8504; or proceedings supplementary to execution under s. 135 56.29. A holder of a judgment lien acquired pursuant to this 136 chapter may not enforce his or her rights under this section 137 through self-help repossession or replevin without the express 138 consent of the judgment debtor in a record authenticated after 139 default. 140 (7) Notwithstanding the attachment of a judgment lien 141 acquired under s. 55.202 to payment intangibles or accounts and 142 the proceeds thereof, the account debtor may, absent receipt of 143 notice under s. 679.607(1)(a) from a secured party, discharge 144 the account debtor's obligation to pay payment intangibles or 145 accounts or the proceeds thereof by paying the judgment debtor 146 until, but not after, the account debtor is served by process 147 with a complaint or petition by the judgment creditor seeking 148 judicial relief with respect to the payment intangibles or 149 accounts. Thereafter, the account debtor may discharge the 150 CS/HB 1173 2022 CODING: Words stricken are deletions; words underlined are additions. hb1173-01-c1 Page 7 of 18 F L O R I D A H O U S E O F R E P R E S E N T A T I VE S account debtor's obligation to pay payment intangibles or 151 accounts or the proceeds thereof under this section only in 152 accordance with a final order or judgm ent issued in such 153 judicial process that complies with this section. 154 Section 4. Section 55.208, Florida Statutes, is amended to 155 read: 156 55.208 Effect of prior liens on payment intangibles and 157 accounts; effect of filed judgment lien on writs of executio n 158 previously delivered to a sheriff. — 159 (1) A judgment lien under s. 55.202 existing before 160 October 1, 2022, becomes enforceable and perfected as of October 161 1, 2022, as to payment intangibles and accounts and the proceeds 162 thereof of a judgment debtor under s. 55.202(2). Any security 163 interest or lien on payment intangibles or accounts and the 164 proceeds thereof of a judgment debtor which is enforceable and 165 perfected before October 1, 2022, continues to have the same 166 rights and priority as existed before Octobe r 1, 2022, and may 167 not be primed as to payment intangibles or accounts by a 168 judgment lien certificate filed before October 1, 2022 Any lien 169 created by a writ of execution which has been delivered to the 170 sheriff of any county before October 1, 2001, remains in effect 171 for 2 years thereafter as to any property of the judgment debtor 172 located in that county before October 1, 2001, and remaining 173 within that county after that date . As to any property of the 174 judgment debtor brought into the county on or after Octob er 1, 175 CS/HB 1173 2022 CODING: Words stricken are deletions; words underlined are additions. hb1173-01-c1 Page 8 of 18 F L O R I D A H O U S E O F R E P R E S E N T A T I VE S 2001, such writs create no lien, inchoate or otherwise. 176 (2) If a judgment creditor who has delivered a writ of 177 execution to a sheriff in any county prior to October 1, 2001, 178 properly files a judgment lien certificate with the Department 179 of State by October 1, 2003, the resulting judgment lien is 180 deemed filed on the date the writ was delivered to the sheriff 181 as to all property of the judgment debtor subject to execution 182 in this state under s. 56.061 which is located in that county on 183 October 1, 2001, and that remains continuously in that county 184 thereafter. Priority of such judgment liens is determined as of 185 the effective date they are considered to have been filed. As to 186 all other property of the judgment debtor, the effective date of 187 the judgment lien is as provided in s. 55.202. The duration of 188 all judgment liens is as provided in s. 55.204. 189 (3) If a judgment creditor who has delivered a writ of 190 execution to a sheriff in any county before October 1, 2001, 191 does not properly file a judgment lien cert ificate with the 192 Department of State by October 1, 2003, such writ is considered 193 to have been abandoned and to be of no effect after October 1, 194 2003. 195 Section 5. Subsection (1) of section 55.209, Florida 196 Statutes, is amended to read: 197 55.209 Department of State; processing fees, 198 responsibilities.— 199 (1) Except for liens, assessments, warrants, or judgments 200 CS/HB 1173 2022 CODING: Words stricken are deletions; words underlined are additions. hb1173-01-c1 Page 9 of 18 F L O R I D A H O U S E O F R E P R E S E N T A T I VE S filed electronically as provided in s. 55.202(2)(c) s. 201 55.202(2)(b), the Department of State shall collect the 202 following nonrefundable processing fee s for all documents filed 203 in accordance with ss. 55.201 -55.209: 204 (a) For any judgment lien certificate or other documents 205 permitted to be filed, $20. 206 (b) For the certification of any filed document, $10. 207 (c) For copies of judgment lien documents which are 208 produced by the Department of State, $1 per page or part 209 thereof. However, no charge may be collected for copies provided 210 in an online electronic format via the Internet. 211 (d) For indexing a judgment lien by multiple judgment 212 debtor names, $5 per add itional name. 213 (e) For each additional facing page attached to a judgment 214 lien certificate or document permitted to be filed, $5. 215 Section 6. Subsection (6) of section 56.29, Florida 216 Statutes, is amended to read: 217 56.29 Proceedings supplementary. — 218 (6)(a) The court may order any property of the judgment 219 debtor, not exempt from execution , or any property, debt, or 220 other obligation due to the judgment debtor, in the hands of or 221 under the control of any person subject to the Notice to Appear, 222 to be levied upon and applied toward the satisfaction of the 223 judgment debt. The court may enter any orders, judgments, or 224 writs required to carry out the purpose of this section, 225 CS/HB 1173 2022 CODING: Words stricken are deletions; words underlined are additions. hb1173-01-c1 Page 10 of 18 F L O R I D A H O U S E O F R E P R E S E N T A T I VE S including those orders necessary or proper to subject property 226 or property rights of any judgment debtor to execution, and 227 including entry of money judgments as provided in ss. 56.16 -228 56.19 against any person to whom a Notice to Appear has been 229 directed and over whom the court obtained personal jurisdiction 230 irrespective of whether such person has retained the property, 231 subject to applicable principles of equity, and in accordance 232 with chapters 76 and 77 and all applicable rules of civil 233 procedure. Sections 56.16 -56.20 apply to any order issued under 234 this subsection. 235 (b) If the personal proper ty of the judgment debtor 236 includes a motor vehicle or a vessel that is nonexempt to any 237 extent from execution and for which a Florida certificate of 238 title has been issued, on presentation of a copy of a valid 239 judgment lien certificate acquired under s. 55. 202, the court 240 must order the Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles 241 to note the liens of the judgment creditor on the certificate of 242 title and in the records of the department. 243 Section 7. Subsections (2) and (4) and paragraphs (a) and 244 (b) of subsection (5) of section 319.24, Florida Statutes, are 245 amended to read: 246 319.24 Issuance in duplicate; delivery; liens and 247 encumbrances.— 248 (2) A duly authorized person shall sign the original 249 certificate of title and each corrected certificate and, if 250 CS/HB 1173 2022 CODING: Words stricken are deletions; words underlined are additions. hb1173-01-c1 Page 11 of 18 F L O R I D A H O U S E O F R E P R E S E N T A T I VE S there are no liens or encumbrances on the motor vehicle or 251 mobile home, as shown in the records of the department or as 252 shown in the application, shall deliver the certificate to the 253 applicant or to another person as directed by the applicant or 254 person, agent, or attorney submitting such application. The 255 motor vehicle dealer license number must be submitted to the 256 department when a dealer applies for or receives a duplicate 257 title. The current odometer reading must be submitted on an 258 application for a duplica te title. If there are one or more 259 liens or encumbrances on the motor vehicle or mobile home, the 260 certificate shall be delivered by the department to the first 261 lienholder as shown by department records or to the owner as 262 indicated in the notice of lien fil ed by the first lienholder 263 pursuant to s. 319.27. If the notice of lien filed by the first 264 lienholder indicates that the certificate should be delivered to 265 the first lienholder, the department shall deliver to the first 266 lienholder, along with the certifica te, a form to be 267 subsequently used by the lienholder as a satisfaction. If the 268 notice of lien filed by the first lienholder directs the 269 certificate of title to be delivered to the owner, then, upon 270 delivery of the certificate of title by the department to the 271 owner, the department shall deliver to the first lienholder 272 confirmation of the receipt of the notice of lien and the date 273 the certificate of title was issued to the owner at the owner's 274 address shown on the notice of lien and a form to be 275 CS/HB 1173 2022 CODING: Words stricken are deletions; words underlined are additions. hb1173-01-c1 Page 12 of 18 F L O R I D A H O U S E O F R E P R E S E N T A T I VE S subsequently used by the lienholder as a satisfaction. If the 276 application for certificate shows the name of a first lienholder 277 different from the name of the first lienholder as shown by the 278 records of the department or if the application does not show 279 the name of a judgment lienholder as shown by the records of the 280 department, the certificate shall not be issued to any person 281 until after all parties who appear to hold a lien and the 282 applicant for the certificate have been notified of the conflict 283 in writing by the dep artment by certified mail. If the parties 284 do not amicably resolve the conflict within 10 days from the 285 date such notice was mailed, then the department shall serve 286 notice in writing by certified mail on all persons appearing to 287 hold liens on that particula r vehicle, including the applicant 288 for the certificate, to show cause within 15 days from the date 289 the notice is mailed why it should not issue and deliver the 290 certificate to the person indicated in the notice of lien filed 291 by the lienholder whose name app ears in the application as the 292 first lienholder without showing any lien or liens as 293 outstanding other than those appearing in the application or 294 those which may have been filed subsequent to the filing of the 295 application for the certificate. If, within th e 15-day period, 296 any person other than the lienholder shown in the application or 297 a party filing a subsequent lien, in answer to such notice to 298 show cause, appears in person or by a representative, or 299 responds in writing, and files a written statement unde r oath 300 CS/HB 1173 2022 CODING: Words stricken are deletions; words underlined are additions. hb1173-01-c1 Page 13 of 18 F L O R I D A H O U S E O F R E P R E S E N T A T I VE S that his or her lien on that particular vehicle is still 301 outstanding, the department shall not issue the certificate to 302 anyone until after such conflict has been settled by the lien 303 claimants involved or by a court of competent jurisdiction. If 304 the conflict is not settled amicably within 10 days of the final 305 date for filing an answer to the notice to show cause, the 306 complaining party shall have 10 days to obtain a ruling, or a 307 stay order, from a court of competent jurisdiction; if no ruling 308 or stay order is issued and served on the department within the 309 10-day period, it shall issue the certificate showing no liens 310 except those shown in the application or thereafter filed to the 311 original applicant if there are no liens shown in the 312 application and none are thereafter filed, or to the person 313 indicated in the notice of lien filed by the lienholder whose 314 name appears in the application as the first lienholder if there 315 are liens shown in the application or thereafter filed. A 316 duplicate certificate or corre cted certificate shall only show 317 such lien or liens as were shown in the application and 318 subsequently filed liens that may be outstanding. 319 (4)(a)1. If the owner of the motor vehicle or mobile home, 320 as shown on the title certificate, or the director of the state 321 child support enforcement program, or the director's designee, 322 desires to place a second or subsequent lien or encumbrance 323 against the motor vehicle or mobile home when the title 324 certificate is in the possession of the first lienholder, the 325 CS/HB 1173 2022 CODING: Words stricken are deletions; words underlined are additions. hb1173-01-c1 Page 14 of 18 F L O R I D A H O U S E O F R E P R E S E N T A T I VE S owner shall send a written request to the first lienholder by 326 certified mail, and such first lienholder shall forward the 327 certificate to the department for endorsement. If the title 328 certificate is in the possession of the owner, the owner shall 329 forward the certificate to the department for endorsement. 330 2. If the holder of a judgment lien acquired under s. 331 55.202(2) on personal property of the owner desires to place a 332 lien on the motor vehicle or a vessel, the judgment lienholder 333 must send a written request to the department together with a 334 copy of the lienholder's judgment lien certificate. The 335 department shall add the name of the judgment lienholder to the 336 records of the department. The judgment lienholder must also 337 send a written request to the person in possession of the title 338 certificate by certified mail, and that person shall forward the 339 certificate to the department for endorsement. 340 (b) The department shall return the certificate to either 341 the first lienholder or to the owner, as indicated in the notice 342 of lien filed by the first lienholder, after endorsing the 343 second or subsequent lien on the certificate and on the 344 duplicate. If the first lienholder or owner fails, neglects, or 345 refuses to forward the certificate of title to the department 346 within 10 days after from the date of the owner's , the judgment 347 lienholder's, or the director's or designee's request, the 348 department, on the written request of the subsequent lienholder 349 or an assignee thereof, shall demand of the first lienholder or 350 CS/HB 1173 2022 CODING: Words stricken are deletions; words underlined are additions. hb1173-01-c1 Page 15 of 18 F L O R I D A H O U S E O F R E P R E S E N T A T I VE S the owner the return of such certificate for the notation of the 351 second or subsequent lien or encumbrance. If the first 352 lienholder or owner fails, neglects, or refuses to return the 353 certificate to the department as requested, the department must 354 void the certificate of title and issue a replacement 355 certificate showing the notation of the subsequent lien or 356 encumbrance. 357 (5)(a) Upon satisfaction of any first lien , judgment lien, 358 or encumbrance recorded at the department or upon lapse of a 359 judgment lien, the owner of the motor vehicle or mobile home, as 360 shown on the title certificate, or the person satisfying the 361 lien is shall be entitled to demand and receive from the 362 lienholder a satisfaction of the lien. If the lienholder, upon 363 satisfaction of the lien and upon demand, fails or refuses to 364 furnish a satisfaction thereof within 30 days after demand, he 365 or she shall be held liable for all costs, damages, and 366 expenses, including reasonable attorney attorney's fees, 367 lawfully incurred by the titled owner or person satisfying the 368 lien in any suit brought in this state for cancellation of the 369 lien. A motor vehicle dealer acquiring ownership of a motor 370 vehicle with an outstanding purchase money lien, shall pay and 371 satisfy the outstanding lien within 10 working days of acquiring 372 ownership. The lienholder receiving final payment as defined in 373 s. 674.215 shall mail or otherwise deliver a lien satisfaction 374 and the certificate of title indicating the satisfaction within 375 CS/HB 1173 2022 CODING: Words stricken are deletions; words underlined are additions. hb1173-01-c1 Page 16 of 18 F L O R I D A H O U S E O F R E P R E S E N T A T I VE S 10 working days of receipt of such final payment or notify the 376 person satisfying the lien that the title is not available 377 within 10 working days of receipt of such final payment. If the 378 lienholder is unable to provide the certificate of title and 379 notifies the person of such, the lienholder shall provide a lien 380 satisfaction and shall be responsible for the cost of a 381 duplicate title, including fast title charges as provided in s. 382 319.323. The provisions of this paragraph sha ll not apply to 383 electronic transactions pursuant to subsection (9). 384 (b) Following satisfaction of a lien or upon satisfaction 385 or lapse of a judgment lien , the lienholder shall enter a 386 satisfaction thereof in the space provided on the face of the 387 certificate of title. If the certificate of title was retained 388 by the owner, the owner shall, within 5 days of the satisfaction 389 of a lien, deliver the certificate of title to the lienholder 390 and the lienholder shall enter a satisfaction thereof in the 391 space provided on the face of the certificate of title. If there 392 are no subsequent liens shown thereon, the certificate shall be 393 delivered by the lienholder to the person satisfying the lien or 394 encumbrance and an executed satisfaction on a form provided by 395 the department shall be forwarded to the department by the 396 lienholder within 10 days of satisfaction of the lien. 397 Section 8. Section 319.241, Florida Statutes, is amended 398 to read: 399 319.241 Removal of lien from records. —The owner of a motor 400 CS/HB 1173 2022 CODING: Words stricken are deletions; words underlined are additions. hb1173-01-c1 Page 17 of 18 F L O R I D A H O U S E O F R E P R E S E N T A T I VE S vehicle or mobile home upon which a lien has been filed with the 401 department or noted upon a certificate of title for a period of 402 5 years may apply to the department in writing for such lien to 403 be removed from the department files or from the certificate of 404 title. The application shall be accompanied by evidence 405 satisfactory to the department that the applicant has notified 406 the lienholder by certified mail, not less than 20 days prior to 407 the date of the application, of his or her intention to apply to 408 the department for removal of the lien. Ten days after receipt 409 of the application, the department may remove the lien from its 410 files or from the certificate of title, as the case may be, if 411 no statement in writing protesting removal of the lien is 412 received by the department from the l ienholder within the 10 -day 413 period. If, however, the lienholder files with the department 414 within the 10-day period a written statement that the lien is 415 still outstanding or that a second judgment lien certificate has 416 been filed with the Department of State , the department shall 417 not remove the lien until the lienholder presents a satisfaction 418 of lien to the department. If a second judgment lien certificate 419 was filed with the Department of State, the department must 420 remove the notice of the first judgment lie n certificate and add 421 notation of the second judgment lien certificate at the end of 422 all noted liens. Ten days after the receipt of an application 423 for a derelict motor vehicle certificate and notification to the 424 lienholder, the department may remove the li en from the derelict 425 CS/HB 1173 2022 CODING: Words stricken are deletions; words underlined are additions. hb1173-01-c1 Page 18 of 18 F L O R I D A H O U S E O F R E P R E S E N T A T I VE S motor vehicle record if a written statement protesting removal 426 of the lien is not received by the department from the 427 lienholder within the 10 -day period. 428 Section 9. This act shall take effect July 1, 2022. 429