25 SB 81/CSFA Senate Bill 81 By: Senators Brass of the 6th, Walker III of the 20th, Summers of the 13th, Kennedy of the 18th, Jones II of the 22nd and others AS PASSED SENATE A BILL TO BE ENTITLED AN ACT To amend Article 22 of Chapter 1 of Title 10 of the Official Code of Georgia Annotated, 1 relating to motor vehicle franchise practices, so as provide for protection of consumer data2 in motor vehicle sales or lease transactions by affiliates of franchisors, manufacturers, and3 distributors; to provide for procedures, conditions, and limitations on the use of motor4 vehicle dealer data; to provide for standards for access and integration of data collected and5 maintained by dealers and by third parties on behalf of dealers; to provide for applicability;6 to provide for requirements of franchisors, manufacturers, and distributors in relation to7 dealers; to provide for additional unlawful activities by franchisors; to revise legislative8 findings; to provide for definitions; to amend Code Section 40-2-39 of the Official Code of9 Georgia Annotated, relating to registration and licensing of new motor vehicle dealers,10 temporary site permits, administrative fines, and penalty, so as to provide for activities which11 qualify as activity as a new motor vehicle dealer; to provide for related matters; to repeal12 conflicting laws; and for other purposes.13 BE IT ENACTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF GEORGIA:14 S. B. 81 - 1 - 25 SB 81/CSFA SECTION 1. 15 Article 22 of Chapter 1 of Title 10 of the Official Code of Georgia Annotated, relating to16 motor vehicle franchise practices, is amended by revising Code Section 10-1-621, relating17 to legislative findings, as follows:18 "10-1-621.19 The General Assembly finds and declares that:20 (1) The distribution and sale of motor vehicles within this state are vital to the general21 economy of this state and to the public interest and public welfare;22 (2) The provision for warranty service, recall service, and the repair of predelivery23 transportation damages to motor vehicles is of substantial concern to the people of this24 state;25 (3) Robust competition among dealers benefits consumers through competitive pricing,26 service, and convenient repair facilities, thus the The maintenance of full and fair27 inter-brand and intra-brand competition among dealers and others is in the public interest;28 and29 (4) The maintenance of strong and sound dealerships is essential to provide continuing30 and necessary reliable services to the consuming public in this state, to the introduction31 of new automotive technology and support and maintenance of such after a sale, to32 protect against the creation or perpetuation of monopolies and other practices that are33 detrimental to public welfare and local businesses, and to provide stable employment to34 the citizens of this state."35 SECTION 2.36 Said article is further amended by revising Code Section 10-1-632, relating to protection of37 consumer data in motor vehicle sales or lease transactions and burden of proof for violations,38 as follows:39 S. B. 81 - 2 - 25 SB 81/CSFA "10-1-632. 40 (a) With respect to consumer data, a franchisor, manufacturer, distributor, or affiliate 41 thereof or a third party acting on behalf of a franchisor, manufacturer, or distributor, or42 affiliate thereof:43 (1) Shall comply with and shall not cause a dealer to violate any applicable restrictions44 on reuse or disclosure of the consumer data established by federal or state law;45 (2) Shall provide a written statement to the dealer upon request describing the established46 procedures adopted by such franchisor, manufacturer, distributor, or affiliate thereof or47 third party acting on behalf of the franchisor, manufacturer, or distributor which meet or48 exceed any federal or state requirements to safeguard the consumer data, including, but49 not limited to, those established in the federal Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, 15 U.S.C.50 Section 6801, et seq.;51 (3) Shall, upon the written request of the dealer, provide a written list of the consumer52 data obtained from the dealer and all persons to whom any consumer data has been53 provided by the franchisor, manufacturer, distributor, or affiliate thereof or a third party54 acting on behalf of a franchisor, manufacturer, or distributor during the preceding six55 months. The dealer may make such a request no more than once every six months. The56 list must indicate the specific fields of consumer data which were provided to each57 person. Notwithstanding the foregoing, such a list shall not be required to include:58 (A) A person to whom consumer data was provided, or the specific consumer data59 provided to such person, if the person was, at the time such consumer data was60 provided, a service provider, subcontractor, or consultant acting in the course of61 performance of services on behalf of or for the benefit of the dealer, franchisor,62 manufacturer, distributor, third party, or dealer affiliate, provided that the dealer,63 franchisor, manufacturer, distributor, third party, or dealer affiliate has entered into an64 agreement with such person requiring that such person comply with the safeguard65 requirements of applicable state and federal law, including, but not limited to, those66 S. B. 81 - 3 - 25 SB 81/CSFA established in the federal Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, 15 U.S.C. Section 6801, et seq.;67 and68 (B) A person to whom consumer data was provided, or the specific consumer data69 provided to such person, if the dealer has previously consented in writing to such70 person receiving such consumer data and the dealer has not withdrawn such consent in71 writing; and72 (C) A person to whom consumer data was provided, or the specific consumer data 73 provided to such person, if that would require a franchisor, manufacturer, distributor, 74 or affiliate thereof to violate any applicable restrictions on reuse or disclosure of the 75 consumer data established by federal or state law;76 (4) May not require that a dealer grant the franchisor, manufacturer, distributor, or77 affiliate thereof or a third party acting on behalf of a franchisor, manufacturer, or78 distributor direct or indirect access to such dealer's data management system to obtain79 consumer data. A franchisor, manufacturer, distributor, affiliate, or a third party acting80 on behalf of a franchisor, manufacturer, or distributor must shall permit a dealer to81 furnish consumer data in a widely accepted file format, such as comma delimited, and82 through a third-party vendor selected by the dealer.; provided, however, that However,83 a franchisor, manufacturer, or distributor, or affiliate thereof or a third party acting on84 behalf of a franchisor, manufacturer, or distributor may access or obtain consumer data85 directly from a dealer's data management system with the express consent of the dealer. 86 Such consent shall The consent must be in the form of a written document that is separate87 from the parties' franchise agreement, is executed by the dealer, and may be withdrawn88 allow for withdrawal by the dealer upon 30 days' written notice to the franchisor,89 manufacturer, or distributor as applicable. For incentive programs beginning on or after90 July 1, 2019, such consent shall not be required as a condition to a motor vehicle dealer's91 participation in an incentive program unless such consent is necessary to obtain consumer92 data to implement the program; and93 S. B. 81 - 4 - 25 SB 81/CSFA (5) Shall indemnify the dealer for any third-party claims asserted against or damages 94 incurred by the dealer to the extent caused by access to, use of, or disclosure of consumer95 data in violation of this Code section by the franchisor, manufacturer, distributor, or96 affiliate thereof or a third party to whom the franchisor, manufacturer, or distributor has97 provided consumer data.98 (b) Nothing contained in this Code section shall limit the ability of the a franchisor, the99 manufacturer, or distributor, or affiliate thereof to require that the dealer provide, or use in100 accordance with the law, such customer information related solely to such manufacturer's101 or distributor's own vehicle makes to the extent necessary to do any of the following:102 (1) Satisfy any safety or recall notice obligations or other legal notice obligations on the103 part of the manufacturer;104 (2) Complete the sale and delivery of a new motor vehicle to a customer;105 (3) Validate and pay customer or dealer incentives;106 (4) Submit to the franchisor, manufacturer, or distributor claims for any services supplied107 by the dealer for any claim for warranty parts or repairs;108 (5) Market analysis;109 (6) Evaluate sales and service customer satisfaction with the dealer, including surveys;110 or111 (7) Reasonable marketing purposes that benefit the dealer.112 (c) In any cause of action against a franchisor, manufacturer, or distributor, or affiliate113 thereof for a violation of this Code section, the party bringing the action shall have the114 burden of proof."115 SECTION 3.116 Said article is further amended by adding a new Code section to read as follows:117 "10-1-633.118 (a) As used in this Code section, the term:119 S. B. 81 - 5 - 25 SB 81/CSFA (1) 'Authorized integrator' means a third party with whom a dealer has entered into a120 written contract to perform a specific function which requires such third party to access121 protected dealer data or write data to a dealer data system or both.122 (2) 'Data access overcharge' means any charge to a dealer or person authorized to123 perform integration that is greater than an amount which reimburses direct costs incurred124 by a dealer data systems vendor for integration. When a dealer data systems vendor fails125 to disclose the direct costs of integration and provide documentation of such costs, any126 direct costs sought to be reimbursed shall be considered a data access overcharge.127 (3) 'Dealer data system' means any software or hardware provided by a third party and128 used by a dealer in its business operations to store, process, or maintain protected dealer129 data.130 (4) 'Dealer data systems vendor' means any third party that stores protected dealer data131 pursuant to written contract with a dealer and shall include a dealer management system132 or customer relations management system provided by a third party. Such term shall not133 include a manufacturer, distributor, or affiliate subject to Code Section 10-1-632.134 (5) 'Integration' means access by an authorized integrator to protected dealer data which135 does not require access to any copyright protected material but allows for access to all136 protected dealer data and which can be accomplished by any commercially reasonable137 means not otherwise in violation of this Code section.138 (6) 'Prior express written consent' means written consent provided by the dealer that is139 contained in a document separate from any other consent, contract, franchise agreement,140 or other writing and that specifically outlines a dealer's consent for an authorized141 integrator to obtain protected dealer data, including the scope and duration of such142 consent, and may be unilaterally revoked by the dealer upon 30 days' notice without143 cause and immediately with cause.144 (7) 'Protected dealer data' means any of the following data that is stored in a dealer data145 system:146 S. B. 81 - 6 - 25 SB 81/CSFA (A) Personal, financial, or other data pertaining to a consumer that is provided to a147 dealer by a consumer;148 (B) Motor vehicle diagnostic data; or149 (C) Any other data relating to the business operations of a dealer stored or maintained150 within a dealer data system.151 (8) 'Secure open application programming interface' or 'secure open API' means an152 application programming interface that allows an authorized integrator to integrate with153 a dealer data system remotely and securely.154 (9) 'STAR standards' means standards for the automotive retail industry established by155 the Standards for Technology in Automotive Retail organization.156 (10) 'Third party' includes service providers, vendors, including dealer data systems157 vendors and authorized integrators, and any other individual or entity other than a dealer. 158 Such term shall not include any manufacturer; distributor; affiliate of a manufacturer or159 distributor; a third party acting on behalf of or engaged contractually or by other160 agreement with a manufacturer or distributor or an affiliate thereof; any governmental161 entity acting pursuant to federal, state, or local law; or any third party acting pursuant to162 a valid court order.163 (b) It shall be unlawful for a third party to:164 (1) Access, share, sell, copy, use, or transmit protected dealer data from a dealer data165 system without the prior express written consent of a dealer;166 (2) Take any action, by contract, technical means, or otherwise, that would prohibit or167 limit a dealer's ability to protect, store, copy, share, or use any protected dealer data,168 including, but not limited to:169 (A) Imposing any data access overcharges or other restrictions of any kind on the170 dealer or any authorized integrator for integration;171 (B) Prohibiting an authorized integrator or any third party identified by a dealer as an172 authorized integrator that has satisfied or is compliant with the STAR standards, or a173 S. B. 81 - 7 - 25 SB 81/CSFA standard compatible with such standards, from performing integration or placing174 unreasonable restrictions on integration, which shall include, but not be limited to:175 (i) Unreasonable restrictions on the scope or nature of the data shared with an176 authorized integrator;177 (ii) Unreasonable restrictions on the ability of an authorized integrator to write data178 to a dealer data system;179 (iii) Unreasonable restrictions or conditions on a third party accessing or sharing180 protected dealer data or writing data to a dealer data system; and181 (iv) Requiring unreasonable access to sensitive, competitive, or other confidential182 business information of a third party as a condition for access to protected dealer data183 or as a condition to share protected dealer data with an authorized integrator;184 (C) Prohibiting or limiting a dealer's ability to store, copy, securely share, or use185 protected dealer data outside the dealer data system in any manner and for any reason;186 or187 (D) Permitting access to or accessing protected dealer data without prior express188 written consent by the dealer.189 (c)(1) A secure open application programming interface shall:190 (A) Be made available by a dealer data systems vendor to any authorized integrator191 upon request by a dealer;192 (B) Include all relevant endpoints to allow for access to all protected dealer data or to193 integrate with protected dealer data; and194 (C) Provide granularity and control necessary for dealers and authorized integrators to195 integrate the data necessary pursuant to contract terms between the dealer and196 authorized integrator.197 (2) For purposes of this Code section, secure open application programming shall not198 require that an application programming interface be available to the public or at no cost199 S. B. 81 - 8 - 25 SB 81/CSFA to an authorized integrator, provided that no data access overcharge may be assessed in200 connection with a secure open API.201 (d)(1) A dealer data systems vendor shall adopt and make available a standardized202 integration framework that allows for integration through secure open APIs to authorized203 integrators. In the event that application programming interfaces are no longer the204 reasonable commercial or technical standard for secure data integration, a similar open205 access integration method may be provided to the extent such method provides the same206 or better secure integration to dealers and authorized integrators as a secure open API. 207 Any dealer data systems vendor that utilizes STAR standards or a comparable system208 shall comply with the requirements of this subsection.209 (2) A dealer data systems vendor and authorized integrator:210 (A) Shall be authorized to integrate, or otherwise access, use, store, or share protected211 dealer data to the extent only outlined in and authorized by the dealer data systems212 vendor contract or authorized integrator contract;213 (B) Shall provide that any dealer data systems vendor contract or authorized integrator214 contract may be terminated upon no more than 90 days' notice from the dealer; and215 (C) Shall, in order to prevent any risk of consumer harm or inconvenience, ensure a216 secure transition of all protected dealer data to a successor dealer data systems vendor217 or authorized integrator upon notice of a dealer's intent to terminate a dealer data218 systems vendor contract or authorized integrator contract. The requirements of this219 subparagraph may be satisfied by taking any of the following actions:220 (i) Providing unrestricted access to all protected dealer data and all other data stored221 in the dealer data system within a commercially reasonable time and in a format that222 a successor dealer data systems vendor or authorized integrator is capable of223 accessing and using;224 (ii) Deleting or returning to the dealer all protected dealer data prior to termination225 of the contract pursuant to any written directions of the dealer;226 S. B. 81 - 9 - 25 SB 81/CSFA (iii) Providing a dealer, upon request, with a list of all entities with whom it is sharing227 or has shared protected dealer data or to whom it has allowed access to protected228 dealer data; and229 (iv) Allowing a dealer to audit access to and use of any protected dealer data by the230 dealer data systems vendor or authorized integrator access.231 (3) Any dealer data systems vendor, authorized integrator, or third party acting232 pursuant to a written contract with or on behalf of a dealer shall indemnify the dealer233 for any third-party claims asserted against or damages incurred by the dealer from234 complaints, claims, or actions arising out of the willful, negligent, or impermissible use235 or disclosure of protected dealer data, customer data, or other sensitive information in236 a dealer data system by the dealer data system vendor, authorized integrator, or third237 party. Such indemnification shall include, but not be limited to, judgments, settlements,238 fines, penalties, litigation costs, defense costs, court costs, costs related to the disclosure239 of security breaches, and attorneys' fees arising out of complaints, claims, civil, or240 administrative actions.241 (e) A manufacturer, franchisor, distributor, or affiliate thereof, or any third party acting on242 behalf of a manufacturer, franchisor, distributor, or affiliate thereof; a data systems vendor;243 or dealer shall not prohibit a dealer from regularly and continually monitoring or auditing244 the specific data accessed from or written to a dealer data system or from complying with245 applicable state and federal laws or any rules or regulations promulgated thereunder. This246 subsection shall not impose an obligation on a manufacturer, franchisor, distributor, or247 affiliate thereof, a data systems vendor, or a third party to perform such monitoring or248 auditing.249 (f) A manufacturer, franchisor, distributor, data systems vendor or any third party acting250 on behalf of a manufacturer, franchisor, distributor, data systems vendor, or dealer shall not251 prohibit a dealer from copying, storing, or backing up data stored on its dealer data252 systems, or duplicating the critical components or functions thereof, for the purpose of253 S. B. 81 - 10 - 25 SB 81/CSFA allowing a dealer to restore business operations in the event of a security breach or other254 event that renders a dealer data system inoperable. This subsection shall not impose an255 obligation on a manufacturer, franchisor, distributor, data systems vendor, or third party256 to provide such capabilities. This subsection shall not relieve a dealer from any contractual257 obligation relating to the safeguard, storage, copy, use, ownership, or sharing of or access258 to data.259 (g) A dealer data systems vendor or authorized integrator shall not be held responsible for260 any action taken directly by a dealer or for any appropriately taken action upon written261 request of a dealer to the extent that such action prevents such vendor or integrator from262 meeting any legal obligation regarding the protection of protected dealer data or results in263 any liability as a consequence of such actions by the dealer.264 (h) A dealer shall not be held responsible for any action taken directly by any of its dealer265 data systems vendors or authorized integrators or for any appropriately taken action upon266 written request of a dealer data systems vendor or authorized integrator to the extent that267 such action prevents such dealer from meeting any legal obligation regarding the protection268 of protected dealer data or results in any liability as a consequence of such actions by the269 dealer data systems vendor or authorized integrator.270 (i) The rights conferred on dealers in this Code section are not waivable and may not be271 reduced or otherwise modified by any contract, agreement, or incentive program.272 (j) Nothing in this Code section shall:273 (1) Be interpreted to prevent a dealer or third party from discharging its obligations or274 limiting responsibilities as a service provider to protect and secure protected dealer data275 under an agreement or as otherwise required pursuant to federal, state, or local law;276 (2) Give a new motor vehicle dealer any ownership or rights to share or use motor277 vehicle diagnostic data beyond what is necessary to fulfill a dealer's obligation to provide278 warranty, repair, or service work to its customers;279 (3) Govern, restrict, or apply to data that exists outside of a dealer data system; or280 S. B. 81 - 11 - 25 SB 81/CSFA (4) Relieve a manufacturer, franchisor, distributor, third party acting on behalf of a281 manufacturer, franchisor, distributor, or affiliate thereof from the requirements of Code282 Section 10-1-632."283 SECTION 4.284 Said article is further amended in Code Section 10-1-641, relating to requirements of285 franchisor, manufacturer, and distributor, reasonable compensation for parts and labor, recall286 notices, and stop-sales, by revising paragraph (1) of subsection (a) as follows:287 "(a)(1) Each franchisor, manufacturer, or distributor:288 (A) Shall specify in writing to each of its dealers in this state the dealer's obligations289 for predelivery preparation including the repair of damages incurred in the290 transportation of vehicles as set forth in Code Section 10-1-642, recall work, and291 warranty service on its products;292 (B) Shall, at the election of the dealer, reasonably compensate the dealer for parts and293 labor provided for such warranty service work as provided in paragraph (2) of this294 subsection;295 (C) Shall provide the dealer with a schedule of compensation to be paid such dealer for296 parts, work, and service in connection therewith; and297 (D) Shall provide the dealer with a schedule of the time allowance for the performance298 of such work and service. Any such schedule of compensation shall include reasonable299 compensation for diagnostic work, repair service, and labor. Time allowances for the300 diagnosis and performance of such work and service shall be reasonable and adequate301 for the work to be performed; and302 (E) Shall provide compensation to the dealer for assistance provided to a retail buyer303 or lessee whose vehicle required a change, repair, or update by remote means to any304 part, system, or accessory or to any function of his or her vehicle by the vehicle305 manufacturer, franchisor, or distributor when such assistance was performed at the306 S. B. 81 - 12 - 25 SB 81/CSFA dealership or by dealership personnel at another location authorized by the307 manufacturer or distributor at the request of the customer or at the request of the308 manufacturer, franchisor, or distributor on behalf of the customer."309 SECTION 5.310 Said article is further amended in Code Section 10-1-662, relating to unlawful activities by311 franchisors, by revising paragraphs (1), (20), and (21) of and adding a new paragraph to312 subsection (a) to read as follows:313 "(1)(A) To delay, refuse, or fail to deliver new motor vehicles or new motor vehicle314 parts or accessories in a reasonable time and in reasonable quantity if such vehicles,315 parts, or accessories are publicly advertised as being available for immediate delivery. 316 Upon written request of the dealer, the franchisor shall communicate its allocation317 process in writing in a clear and concise manner within 30 days from receipt of the318 dealer's request. For purposes of this paragraph, a reasonable quantity of vehicles:319 (i) Is fair and equitable to all line-make dealers in this state; and320 (ii) Does not unfairly discriminate among line-make dealers in its allocation process.321 (B) This paragraph is not violated, however, if such failure is caused by acts or causes322 the occurrence of temporary international, national, or regional product or services323 shortages resulting from natural disaster; unavailability or scarcity of parts or service;324 labor strikes; supply chain disruptions; product recalls; or other factors and events325 beyond the control of the franchisor that temporarily reduce the supply of a franchisor326 or if a state or federal law, rule, or regulation necessitates modification of the allocation.327 (C) Nothing contained in this paragraph shall relieve a manufacturer, franchise or328 distributor from its obligations under paragraph (9) of subsection (b) of Code329 Section 10-1-661;"330 "(20) To take any materially adverse action against a dealer, including a dealer's ability331 to participate in or receive a benefit or payment owed from any incentive or332 S. B. 81 - 13 - 25 SB 81/CSFA reimbursement program, based on criteria it has established, implemented, or enforced 333 for measuring the performance, including, but not limited to, sales or service334 performance, of a dealer unless such criteria:335 (A) Is fair, reasonable, and equitable; and336 (B) Is based on accurate and relevant information; or 337 (21) To deny, delay payment for, restrict, or bill back a claim by a dealer for payment338 or reimbursement for incentives, hold-backs, sales or service promotion or other special339 program money, or any other amount owed to such dealer by the franchisor, if based340 solely on the dealer's compliance with a specific program requirement of the franchisor341 that would cause the dealer to violate a law or any properly promulgated rule or342 regulation of this state; or343 (22) To fail to provide to the dealer a written disclosure, which may be provided to a344 potential consumer of a new motor vehicle, of each accessory or function of the motor345 vehicle that may be initiated, updated, changed, or maintained by the manufacturer or346 distributor through remote means, and the charge to the consumer for the initiation,347 update, change, or maintenance that is known at the time of the transaction. A348 manufacturer or distributor may comply with this paragraph by notifying the dealer that349 the information is available on a public website or by other digital means."350 SECTION 6.351 Code Section 40-2-39 of the Official Code of Georgia Annotated, relating to registration and352 licensing of new motor vehicle dealers, temporary site permits, administrative fines, and353 penalty, is amended by revising paragraph (2) of subsection (b) as follows:354 "(2)(A) It shall be unlawful for any person to engage in any activity as a new motor355 vehicle dealer except at an established place of business which has been registered as356 such under this Code section and Code Section 40-2-38 or at a temporary site.357 S. B. 81 - 14 - 25 SB 81/CSFA (B) For purposes of this Code section, activity as a new motor vehicle dealer shall358 include:359 (i) Selling, leasing, offering to sell or lease, or negotiating binding terms with a retail360 consumer for the purchase or lease of a new motor vehicle;361 (ii) Soliciting, accepting, or receiving a deposit or other payment for the retail362 purchase or lease of a new motor vehicle;363 (iii) Soliciting, accepting, or processing a reservation from a retail consumer for a364 specific motor vehicle; or365 (iv) Soliciting, accepting, offering, or negotiating with a retail consumer a binding366 value for a motor vehicle being traded in as part of the purchase or lease of a new367 motor vehicle.368 (C) For purposes of this Code section, activity as a new motor vehicle dealer shall not369 include:370 (i) Facilitating the receipt of a deposit or a payment under a retail installment sale371 contract or lease on behalf of a dealer;372 (ii) The disclosure of a manufacturer's suggested retail price;373 (iii) The display of new motor vehicles for information or demonstration purposes374 only;375 (iv) The operation of a public website or other means of electronic communication376 that identifies to a consumer any conditional prices or financing rates, available377 financing sources, add-on product prices, or conditional trade-in values that are not378 binding on a dealer;379 (v) Sales, leasing, marketing, or advertising activities of manufacturers, franchisors,380 and distributors by or through their line-make dealers in accordance with Article 22381 of Chapter 1 of Title 10;382 (vi) Facilitating a vehicle reservation system that allows a retail consumer to request383 the opportunity to purchase or lease a new vehicle, when the vehicle becomes384 S. B. 81 - 15 - 25 SB 81/CSFA available for sale to the public, through a franchised new motor vehicle dealer,385 provided that the final terms of sale are negotiated between the retail consumer and386 franchised new motor vehicle dealer; or387 (vii) Processing a new vehicle sold order for a specific new motor vehicle entered by388 a franchised new motor vehicle dealer on behalf of a specific consumer, provided that 389 all final terms of sale are negotiated between the franchised new motor vehicle dealer390 and the consumer."391 SECTION 7.392 All laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act are repealed.393 S. B. 81 - 16 -