Hawaii 2022 Regular Session

Hawaii House Bill HB1226 Compare Versions

Only one version of the bill is available at this time.

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1	1	HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES H.B. NO. 1226 THIRTY-FIRST LEGISLATURE, 2021 STATE OF HAWAII A BILL FOR AN ACT relating to violation of privacy. BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF HAWAII:
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3	3	HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES H.B. NO. 1226
4	4	THIRTY-FIRST LEGISLATURE, 2021
5	5	STATE OF HAWAII
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7	7	HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
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9	9	H.B. NO.
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13	13	THIRTY-FIRST LEGISLATURE, 2021
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17	17	STATE OF HAWAII
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31	31	A BILL FOR AN ACT
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37	37	relating to violation of privacy.
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43	43	BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF HAWAII:
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47	47	SECTION 1. The legislature finds that the unregulated and unfettered use of facial recognition poses unique and significant implications with respect to the civil rights and liberties of residents of and visitors to Hawaii. The legislature also finds that facial recognition technology is based upon algorithms that are known to vary in accuracy. For example, a 2019 study by the National Institute of Standards and Technology of the United States Department of Commerce found evidence of race-based biases in the majority of the facial recognition algorithms examined. The study found that Blacks, Asians, and Native Americans were particularly likely to be misidentified by facial recognition technology. The legislature further finds that facial recognition technology has already been used in concerning ways in other states and countries. This technology has reportedly been used to identify peaceful protestors during the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests in various cities. The use of this technology has also reportedly resulted in the false arrests of three Black men in the United States, with other possible erroneous arrests and convictions yet to be uncovered. In December 2020, The New York Times reported that one of the arrested men, Nijeer Parks, had his case dismissed for lack of evidence; he is now suing the police, prosecutor, and City of Woodbridge, New Jersey, for false arrest, false imprisonment, and violation of his civil rights. Additionally, at least one foreign government is reported to have complete facial recognition profiles on all its citizens, which the government uses without restraint to suppress free speech and invade the privacy of people within its borders. The legislature believes that Hawaii's citizens should not be subject to such violations of privacy. The legislature also finds that the broad application of government facial recognition in public spaces is the functional equivalent of requiring every person to carry and display a personal photo identification card at all times and to carry a government global positioning system tracking device, which would constitute an unacceptable violation of privacy. The legislature further believes, however, that there are limited circumstances in which the use of facial recognition does not infringe on an individual's privacy rights. Some county police departments have used facial recognition technology in a limited capacity, in coordination with the Hawaii criminal justice data center in the department of the attorney general. In the police departments, surveillance images of a crime are compared against mugshots that already exist in the Hawaii criminal justice data center's database. The facial recognition program is intended to identify possible suspects by generating investigative leads for detectives, but any identification cannot constitute probable cause for arrest. The legislature believes that county police departments should be allowed to continue to use facial recognition for this limited passive purpose. However, the legislature finds that further uses of facial recognition technology should be prohibited unless vetted and approved by the legislature. The legislature further finds that the airports division of the department of transportation plans to use facial recognition technology to identify persons passing through airports who have fevers and may be infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) or other infectious diseases that pose a public health risk to the State. The legislature believes that monitoring passengers is a necessary step to ensure that Hawaii's economy can fully function while keeping the public safe. The legislature believes that the airports division of the department of transportation should be allowed to continue to use facial recognition technology for this emergency purpose solely within airports. However, any monitoring must be properly balanced with the constitutional right to privacy, the immediate destruction of obtained data, and prohibitions on sharing that data. The purpose of this Act is to ensure that the legislature has the opportunity to properly vet future uses of rapidly evolving facial recognition technology and to prevent unintended consequences from interfering with the privacy and freedom of persons in the State, as has occurred in other jurisdictions, by placing limits on the government's use of facial recognition systems, with certain specified exceptions. SECTION 2. The Hawaii Revised Statutes is amended by adding a new chapter to be appropriately designated and to read as follows: "CHAPTER FACIAL RECOGNITION PROHIBITION § -1 Purpose and scope. The purpose of this chapter is to place limits on the government's use of facial recognition systems, with certain specified exceptions. § -2 Applicability. This chapter shall not apply to a government official's personal use of a privately owned facial recognition system when the government official is acting in an unofficial capacity. § -3 Definitions. As used in this chapter: "Facial recognition" means an automated or semiautomated process that: (1) Assists in identifying or verifying an individual or capturing information about an individual based on the physical characteristics of the individual's face; or (2) Uses characteristics of an individual's face, head, or body to infer emotion, associations, activities, or the location of the individual. "Facial recognition system" means any computer software or application that performs facial recognition. "Government" means the State, or any of its political subdivisions, departments, agencies, and instrumentalities, corporate or otherwise. "Government official" means any person or entity acting on behalf of the State, or any of its political subdivisions, including any officer, employee, agent, contractor, subcontractor, or vendor. § -4 Restriction on government use of facial recognition. (a) Except as provided in subsection (b), it shall be unlawful for the government or any government official to obtain, retain, share, access, or use: (1) Any facial recognition system; or (2) Any information obtained from a facial recognition system. (b) A facial recognition system or information obtained from a facial recognition system shall only be obtained, retained, shared, accessed, or used: (1) By law enforcement agency personnel trained in the use of a facial recognition system: (A) To compare surveillance photographs or videos to arrest booking photographs from the Hawaii criminal justice data center; or (B) In a photo lineup conducted pursuant to section 801K-2; (2) By driver's license and civil identification card issuing agencies to satisfy the requirements of the federal REAL ID Act of 2005, Public Law 109-13; or (3) By the government or a government official: (A) Upon a determination by the director of health that there is a potential for a serious outbreak of a communicable or dangerous disease or there is the likelihood of extensive injury or death; (B) At state airports; (C) In conjunction with thermal scanning technology; and (D) To identify an individual when there is reason to believe, based on thermal scanning technology, that the individual could be infected with a communicable or dangerous disease; provided that information obtained from a facial recognition system shall be destroyed within sixty minutes after it is obtained. (c) Information obtained from a facial recognition system shall not constitute probable cause for an arrest." SECTION 3. This Act shall take effect upon its approval. INTRODUCED BY: _____________________________
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49	49	SECTION 1. The legislature finds that the unregulated and unfettered use of facial recognition poses unique and significant implications with respect to the civil rights and liberties of residents of and visitors to Hawaii.
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51	51	The legislature also finds that facial recognition technology is based upon algorithms that are known to vary in accuracy. For example, a 2019 study by the National Institute of Standards and Technology of the United States Department of Commerce found evidence of race-based biases in the majority of the facial recognition algorithms examined. The study found that Blacks, Asians, and Native Americans were particularly likely to be misidentified by facial recognition technology.
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53	53	The legislature further finds that facial recognition technology has already been used in concerning ways in other states and countries. This technology has reportedly been used to identify peaceful protestors during the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests in various cities. The use of this technology has also reportedly resulted in the false arrests of three Black men in the United States, with other possible erroneous arrests and convictions yet to be uncovered. In December 2020, The New York Times reported that one of the arrested men, Nijeer Parks, had his case dismissed for lack of evidence; he is now suing the police, prosecutor, and City of Woodbridge, New Jersey, for false arrest, false imprisonment, and violation of his civil rights. Additionally, at least one foreign government is reported to have complete facial recognition profiles on all its citizens, which the government uses without restraint to suppress free speech and invade the privacy of people within its borders. The legislature believes that Hawaii's citizens should not be subject to such violations of privacy.
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55	55	The legislature also finds that the broad application of government facial recognition in public spaces is the functional equivalent of requiring every person to carry and display a personal photo identification card at all times and to carry a government global positioning system tracking device, which would constitute an unacceptable violation of privacy.
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57	57	The legislature further believes, however, that there are limited circumstances in which the use of facial recognition does not infringe on an individual's privacy rights. Some county police departments have used facial recognition technology in a limited capacity, in coordination with the Hawaii criminal justice data center in the department of the attorney general. In the police departments, surveillance images of a crime are compared against mugshots that already exist in the Hawaii criminal justice data center's database. The facial recognition program is intended to identify possible suspects by generating investigative leads for detectives, but any identification cannot constitute probable cause for arrest. The legislature believes that county police departments should be allowed to continue to use facial recognition for this limited passive purpose. However, the legislature finds that further uses of facial recognition technology should be prohibited unless vetted and approved by the legislature.
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59	59	The legislature further finds that the airports division of the department of transportation plans to use facial recognition technology to identify persons passing through airports who have fevers and may be infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) or other infectious diseases that pose a public health risk to the State. The legislature believes that monitoring passengers is a necessary step to ensure that Hawaii's economy can fully function while keeping the public safe. The legislature believes that the airports division of the department of transportation should be allowed to continue to use facial recognition technology for this emergency purpose solely within airports. However, any monitoring must be properly balanced with the constitutional right to privacy, the immediate destruction of obtained data, and prohibitions on sharing that data.
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61	61	The purpose of this Act is to ensure that the legislature has the opportunity to properly vet future uses of rapidly evolving facial recognition technology and to prevent unintended consequences from interfering with the privacy and freedom of persons in the State, as has occurred in other jurisdictions, by placing limits on the government's use of facial recognition systems, with certain specified exceptions.
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63	63	SECTION 2. The Hawaii Revised Statutes is amended by adding a new chapter to be appropriately designated and to read as follows:
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65	65	"CHAPTER
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67	67	FACIAL RECOGNITION PROHIBITION
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69	69	§ -1 Purpose and scope. The purpose of this chapter is to place limits on the government's use of facial recognition systems, with certain specified exceptions.
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71	71	§ -2 Applicability. This chapter shall not apply to a government official's personal use of a privately owned facial recognition system when the government official is acting in an unofficial capacity.
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73	73	§ -3 Definitions. As used in this chapter:
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75	75	"Facial recognition" means an automated or semiautomated process that:
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77	77	(1) Assists in identifying or verifying an individual or capturing information about an individual based on the physical characteristics of the individual's face; or
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79	79	(2) Uses characteristics of an individual's face, head, or body to infer emotion, associations, activities, or the location of the individual.
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81	81	"Facial recognition system" means any computer software or application that performs facial recognition.
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83	83	"Government" means the State, or any of its political subdivisions, departments, agencies, and instrumentalities, corporate or otherwise.
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85	85	"Government official" means any person or entity acting on behalf of the State, or any of its political subdivisions, including any officer, employee, agent, contractor, subcontractor, or vendor.
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87	87	§ -4 Restriction on government use of facial recognition. (a) Except as provided in subsection (b), it shall be unlawful for the government or any government official to obtain, retain, share, access, or use:
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89	89	(1) Any facial recognition system; or
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91	91	(2) Any information obtained from a facial recognition system.
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93	93	(b) A facial recognition system or information obtained from a facial recognition system shall only be obtained, retained, shared, accessed, or used:
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95	95	(1) By law enforcement agency personnel trained in the use of a facial recognition system:
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97	97	(A) To compare surveillance photographs or videos to arrest booking photographs from the Hawaii criminal justice data center; or
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99	99	(B) In a photo lineup conducted pursuant to section 801K-2;
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101	101	(2) By driver's license and civil identification card issuing agencies to satisfy the requirements of the federal REAL ID Act of 2005, Public Law 109-13; or
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103	103	(3) By the government or a government official:
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105	105	(A) Upon a determination by the director of health that there is a potential for a serious outbreak of a communicable or dangerous disease or there is the likelihood of extensive injury or death;
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107	107	(B) At state airports;
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109	109	(C) In conjunction with thermal scanning technology; and
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111	111	(D) To identify an individual when there is reason to believe, based on thermal scanning technology, that the individual could be infected with a communicable or dangerous disease;
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113	113	provided that information obtained from a facial recognition system shall be destroyed within sixty minutes after it is obtained.
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115	115	(c) Information obtained from a facial recognition system shall not constitute probable cause for an arrest."
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117	117	SECTION 3. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.
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121	121	INTRODUCED BY: _____________________________
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123	123	INTRODUCED BY:
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125	125	_____________________________
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131	131	Report Title: Privacy; Facial Recognition Systems; Government Officials; Limitations on Use Description: Limits the government's use of facial recognition systems, except in certain circumstances. Does not apply to personal use of a privately owned facial recognition system when acting in an unofficial capacity. The summary description of legislation appearing on this page is for informational purposes only and is not legislation or evidence of legislative intent.
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137	137	Report Title:
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139	139	Privacy; Facial Recognition Systems; Government Officials; Limitations on Use
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143	143	Description:
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145	145	Limits the government's use of facial recognition systems, except in certain circumstances. Does not apply to personal use of a privately owned facial recognition system when acting in an unofficial capacity.
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153	153	The summary description of legislation appearing on this page is for informational purposes only and is not legislation or evidence of legislative intent.