| 1 | 1 | | THE SENATE S.B. NO. 1037 THIRTY-THIRD LEGISLATURE, 2025 STATE OF HAWAII A BILL FOR AN ACT relating to consumer data protection. BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF HAWAII: |
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| 3 | 3 | | THE SENATE S.B. NO. 1037 |
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| 4 | 4 | | THIRTY-THIRD LEGISLATURE, 2025 |
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| 5 | 5 | | STATE OF HAWAII |
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| 7 | 7 | | THE SENATE |
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| 9 | 9 | | S.B. NO. |
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| 11 | 11 | | 1037 |
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| 13 | 13 | | THIRTY-THIRD LEGISLATURE, 2025 |
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| 17 | 17 | | STATE OF HAWAII |
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| 31 | 31 | | A BILL FOR AN ACT |
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| 37 | 37 | | relating to consumer data protection. |
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| 43 | 43 | | BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF HAWAII: |
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| 47 | 47 | | SECTION 1. The Hawaii Revised Statutes is amended by adding a new chapter to title 26 be appropriately designated and to read as follows: "Chapter CONSUMER DATA PROTECTION ACT § -1 Definitions. As used in this chapter: "Affiliate" means a legal entity that controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with another legal entity or shares common branding with another legal entity. As used in this definition, "control" or "controlled" means: (1) Ownership of, or the power to vote, more than fifty per cent of the outstanding shares of any class of voting security of a company; (2) Control in any manner over the election of a majority of the directors or of individuals exercising similar functions; or (3) Power to exercise controlling influence over the management of a company. "Authenticate" means to verify through reasonable means that a consumer attempting to exercise the consumer rights specified in section -3 is the actual consumer having the consumer rights with respect to the personal data at issue. "Biometric data" means data generated by automatic measurements of an individual's biological characteristics, including fingerprints, voiceprints, eye retinas, irises, or other unique biological patterns or characteristics that are used to identify a specific individual. "Biometric data" does not include a physical or digital photograph; a video or audio recording or data generated therefrom; or information collected, used, or stored for health care treatment, payment, or operations under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. "Business associate" has the same meaning as defined in title 45 Code of Federal Regulations section 160.103. "Child" means any natural person younger than thirteen years of age. "Consent" means a clear affirmative act signifying a consumer's freely given, specific, informed, and unambiguous agreement to allow the processing of personal data relating to the consumer. "Consent" includes a written statement, including a statement written by electronic means, or any other unambiguous affirmative action. "Consent" does not include: (1) Acceptance of general or broad terms of use or document containing general or broad descriptions of personal data processing along with other unrelated information; (2) Hovering over, muting, pausing, or closing a given piece of content; or (3) Agreement obtained through the use of dark patterns. "Consumer" means a natural person who is a resident of the State acting only in an individual or household context. "Consumer" does not include a natural person acting in a commercial or employment context. "Controller" means the natural or legal person that, alone or jointly with others, determines the purpose and means of processing personal data. "Covered entity" has the same meaning as defined in title 45 Code of Federal Regulations section 160.103. "Dark patterns" means a user interface designed or manipulated with the substantial effect of subverting or impairing user autonomy, decision-making, or choice. "Dark patterns" includes any practice referred to by the Federal Trade Commission as a "dark pattern". "De-identified data" means data that cannot reasonably be linked to an identified or identifiable natural person or a device linked to the person. "Department" means the department of the attorney general. "Fund" means the consumer privacy special fund established pursuant to section -12. "Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act" means the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, Public Law 104-191, as amended. "Identified or identifiable natural person" means a natural person who may be readily identified, directly, or indirectly. "Institution of higher education" means: (1) The university of Hawaii system, or one of its campuses; or (2) A private college or university authorized to operate in the State pursuant to chapter 305J. "Nonprofit organization" means any: (1) Corporation incorporated pursuant to chapter 414D; (2) Organization exempt from taxation under section 501(c)(3), (6), or (12) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended; or (3) Electric utility cooperative association subject to chapter 421C. "Personal data" means any information that is linked or could be reasonably linkable to an identified or identifiable natural person. "Personal data" does not include de‑identified data or publicly available information. "Precise geolocation data" means information derived from technology, including global positioning system level latitude and longitude coordinates or other mechanisms, that directly identifies the specific location of a natural person with precision and accuracy within a radius of 1,750 feet. "Precise geolocation data" does not include the content of communications or any data generated by, or connected to, advanced utility metering infrastructure systems or equipment for use by a utility. "Process" or "processing" means any operation or set of operations performed, whether by manual or automated means, on personal data or on sets of personal data, including the collection, use, storage, disclosure, analysis, deletion, or modification of personal data. "Processor" means a natural or legal person that processes personal data on behalf of a controller. "Profiling" means any form of automated processing performed on personal data to evaluate, analyze, or predict personal aspects related to an identified or identifiable natural person's economic situation, health, personal preferences, interests, reliability, behavior, location, or movements. "Pseudonymous data" means personal data that cannot be attributed to a specific natural person without the use of additional information that is: (1) Stored separately; and (2) Subject to appropriate technical and organizational measures to ensure that the personal data is not attributed to an identified or identifiable individual. "Publicly available information" means information that is lawfully made available through federal, state, or local government records, or information that a business has a reasonable basis to believe is lawfully made available to the general public through widely distributed media, by the consumer, or by a person to whom the consumer has disclosed the information, unless the consumer has restricted the information to a specific audience. "Sale of personal data" means the exchange of personal data for monetary or other valuable consideration by the controller to a third party. "Sale of personal data" does not include: (1) The disclosure of personal data to a processor that processes the personal data on behalf of the controller; (2) The disclosure of personal data to a third party for purposes of providing a product or service requested by the consumer; (3) The disclosure or transfer of personal data to an affiliate of the controller; (4) The disclosure of personal data in which the consumer directs the controller to disclose the personal data or intentionally uses the controller to interact with a third party; (5) The disclosure of information that the consumer: (A) Intentionally made available to the general public via a channel of mass media; and (B) Did not restrict to a specific audience; or (6) The disclosure or transfer of personal data to a third party as an asset that is part of an actual or proposed merger, acquisition, bankruptcy, or other transaction in which the third party assumes control of all or part of the controller's assets. "Sensitive data" refers to a category of personal data. "Sensitive data" includes: (1) Personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, religious beliefs, mental or physical health conditions or diagnoses, sexual history, sexual orientation, or citizenship or immigration status; (2) The processing of genetic or biometric data for the purpose of uniquely identifying a natural person; (3) The personal data collected from a known child; or (4) Precise geolocation data. "Targeted advertising" means displaying to a consumer advertisements based on personal data obtained or inferred from that consumer's activities over time and across non-affiliated websites or online applications to predict the consumer's preferences or interests. "Targeted advertising" does not include: (1) Advertisements based on activities within a controller's own websites or online applications; (2) Advertisements based on the context of a consumer's current search query, visit to a website, or online application; (3) Advertisements directed to a consumer in response to the consumer's request for information or feedback; or (4) Processing personal data solely to measure or report advertising performance, reach, or frequency. "Third party" means a natural or legal person, public authority, agency, or body other than the consumer, controller, processor, or an affiliate of the processor or the controller. § -2 Scope; exemptions. (a) This chapter applies to persons that conduct business in the State or produce products or services that are targeted to residents of the State and during a calendar year: (1) Control or process personal data of at least one hundred thousand consumers; or (2) Control or process personal data of at least twenty‑five thousand consumers and derive over twenty‑five per cent of gross revenue from the sale of personal data. (b) This chapter shall not apply to: (1) Any government entity; (2) Any nonprofit organization; (3) Any institution of higher education; or (4) The National Insurance Crime Bureau. (c) The following information and data are exempt from this chapter: (1) Protected health information as defined in title 45 Code of Federal Regulations section 160.103; (2) Nonpublic personal information, as defined in the Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (15 U.S.C. chapter 94); (3) Confidential records as described in title 42 United States Code section 290dd-2; (4) Identifiable private information for purposes of the protection of human subjects under title 45 Code of Federal Regulations part 46; identifiable private information that is otherwise collected as part of human subjects research pursuant to the good clinical practice guidelines issued by the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use; identifiable private information collected as part of a clinical investigation under title 21 Code of Federal Regulations parts 50 and 56; personal data used or shared in research conducted in accordance with the requirements described in this chapter; and other research conducted in accordance with applicable law; (5) Information and documents created for purposes of the Health Care Quality Improvement Act of 1986 (42 U.S.C. chapter 117); (6) Patient safety work product for purposes of the Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act (42 U.S.C. sections 299b-21 to 299b-26); (7) Information derived from any of the health care‑related information listed in this subsection that is de-identified in accordance with the requirements for de-identification pursuant to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act; (8) Information originating from, and intermingled so as to be indistinguishable with, or information treated in the same manner as information exempt under this subsection that is maintained by a covered entity or business associate as defined in the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act or a program or qualified service organization as defined in title 42 Code of Federal Regulations section 2.11; (9) Information used only for public health activities and purposes as authorized by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act; (10) The collection, maintenance, disclosure, sale, communication, or use of any personal information bearing on a consumer's credit worthiness, credit standing, credit capacity, character, general reputation, personal characteristics, or mode of living by a consumer reporting agency or furnisher that provides information for use in a consumer report, and by a user of a consumer report, but only to the extent that the activity is regulated by and authorized under the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. sections 1681 to 1681x); (11) Personal data collected, processed, sold, or disclosed in compliance with the Driver's Privacy Protection Act of 1994 (18 U.S.C. chapter 123); (12) Personal data regulated by the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (20 U.S.C. section 1232g); (13) Personal data collected, processed, sold, or disclosed in compliance with the Farm Credit Act of 1971, Public Law 92-181, as amended; and (14) Data processed or maintained: (A) In the course of an individual applying to, employed by, or acting as an agent or independent contractor of a controller, processor, or third party, to the extent that the data is collected and used within the context of that role; (B) As the emergency contact information of an individual under this chapter used for emergency contact purposes; or (C) As necessary to retain to administer benefits for another individual relating to the individual under subparagraph (A) and used for the purposes of administering those benefits. (d) Controllers and processors that comply with the verifiable parental consent requirements of the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (15 U.S.C. chapter 91) shall be deemed compliant with any obligation to obtain parental consent under this chapter. § -3 Personal data rights; consumers. (a) A consumer may invoke the consumer rights specified in this subsection at any time by submitting a request to a controller specifying the consumer rights that the consumer wishes to invoke. A child's parent or legal guardian may invoke the same consumer rights on behalf of the child regarding processing personal data belonging to the child. A controller shall comply with an authenticated consumer request to exercise the right: (1) To confirm whether a controller is processing the consumer's personal data and to access the personal data; (2) To correct inaccuracies in the consumer's personal data, taking into account the nature of the personal data and the purposes of the processing of the consumer's personal data; (3) To delete personal data provided by the consumer; (4) To obtain a copy of the consumer's personal data that the consumer previously provided to the controller in a format that: (A) Is portable; (B) To the extent technically feasible, is readily usable; and (C) If the processing is carried out by automated means, allows the consumer to transmit the data to another controller without hindrance; and (5) To opt out of the processing of the personal data for purposes of: (A) Targeted advertising; (B) The sale of personal data; or (C) Profiling in furtherance of decisions made by the controller that results in the provision or denial by the controller of financial and lending services; housing; insurance; education enrollment; criminal justice; employment opportunities; health care services; or access to basic necessities, including food and water. (b) A consumer may exercise rights under this section by secure and reliable means established by the controller and described to the consumer in the controller's privacy notice. A consumer may designate an authorized agent in accordance with section -4 to exercise the rights of the consumer to opt out of the processing of the consumer's personal data for purposes of subsection (a)(5) on behalf of the consumer. In the case of processing personal data of a known child, the parent or legal guardian of the child may exercise the child's consumer rights on the child's behalf. In the case of processing personal data concerning a consumer subject to a guardianship, conservatorship, or other protective arrangement, the guardian or conservator of the consumer may exercise the consumer's rights on the consumer's behalf. (c) Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, a controller shall comply with a request by a consumer to exercise the consumer rights specified in subsection (a) as follows: (1) A controller shall respond to the consumer without undue delay, but in all cases within forty-five days of receipt of the request submitted pursuant to the methods described in subsection (a). The response period may be extended once by forty-five additional days when reasonably necessary, taking into account the complexity and number of the consumer's requests, so long as the controller informs the consumer of the extension within the initial forty-five-day response period, together with the reason for the extension; (2) If a controller declines to take action regarding the consumer's request, the controller, without undue delay, but no later than forty-five days of receipt of the request, shall inform the consumer in writing of this decision and the justification for declining to take action and instructions for appealing the decision pursuant to subsection (d); (3) Information provided in response to a consumer request shall be provided by a controller free of charge, up to twice annually per consumer. If requests from a consumer are manifestly unfounded, excessive, or repetitive, the controller may charge the consumer a reasonable fee to cover the administrative costs of complying with the request or decline to act on the request. The controller shall bear the burden of demonstrating the manifestly unfounded, excessive, or repetitive nature of the request; (4) If a controller is unable to authenticate the request using commercially reasonable efforts, the controller shall not be required to comply with a request to initiate an action under subsection (a) and may request that the consumer provide additional information reasonably necessary to authenticate the consumer and the consumer's request; provided that no controller shall be required to authenticate an opt‑out request; provided further that a controller may deny an opt-out request if the controller has a good faith, reasonable, and documented belief that the request is fraudulent; provided further that if a controller denies an opt-out request because the controller believes that the request is fraudulent, the controller shall send a notice to the person who made the request disclosing that the controller believes the request is fraudulent, why the controller believes the request is fraudulent, and that the controller shall not comply with the request; and (5) A controller that has obtained personal data about a consumer from a source other than the consumer shall be deemed in compliance with a consumer's request to delete the data pursuant to subsection (a)(3) by either: (A) Retaining a record of the deletion request and the minimum data necessary for the purpose of ensuring the consumer's personal data remains deleted from the business's records and not using the retained data for any other purpose pursuant to the provisions of this chapter; or (B) Opting the consumer out of the processing of the personal data for any purpose except for those exempted pursuant to the provisions of this chapter. (d) Each controller shall establish a process for a consumer to appeal the controller's refusal to take action on a request within a reasonable period of time after the consumer's receipt of the decision pursuant to subsection (c)(2); provided that the appeal process shall be similar to the process for submitting requests to initiate action pursuant to subsection (a). Within sixty days of receipt of an appeal, a controller shall inform the consumer in writing of its decision, including a written explanation of the reasons for the decision. If the appeal is denied, the controller shall also provide the consumer with an online method, if available, or other method, through which the consumer may contact the department to submit a complaint. § -4 Authorized agent; designation; powers. A consumer may designate another person to serve as the consumer's authorized agent, act on the consumer's behalf, or opt out of the processing of the consumer's personal data for one or more of the purposes specified in section -3(a)(5). The consumer may designate an authorized agent by way of, among other things, a computer technology, including an internet link, browser setting, browser extension, or global device setting, indicating the consumer's intent to opt out of the processing. A controller shall comply with an opt-out request received from an authorized agent if the controller is able to verify, with commercially reasonable effort, the identity of the consumer and the authorized agent's authority to act on the consumer's behalf. § -5 Controller responsibilities; transparency. (a) Each controller shall: (1) Limit the collection of personal data to data that is adequate, relevant, and reasonably necessary in relation to the purposes for which the data is processed, as disclosed to the consumer; (2) Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, not process personal data for purposes that are neither reasonably necessary to, nor compatible with, the disclosed purposes for which the personal data is processed, as disclosed to the consumer, unless the controller obtains the consumer's consent; (3) Establish, implement, and maintain reasonable administrative, technical, and physical data security practices to protect any confidential information contained in, and the integrity and accessibility of, personal data. The data security practices shall be appropriate to the volume and nature of the personal data at issue; (4) Provide an effective mechanism for a consumer to revoke the consumer's consent under this section that is at least as easy to use as the mechanism by which the consumer provided the consumer's consent and, upon revocation of the consumer's consent, cease to process the data as soon as practicable, but no later than fifteen days after the receipt of the request; (5) Not process the personal data of a consumer for purposes of targeted advertising, or sell the consumer's personal data without the consumer's consent, under circumstances in which the controller has actual knowledge, and willfully disregards, that the consumer is at least thirteen years of age but younger than sixteen years of age; provided that no controller shall discriminate against a consumer for exercising any of the consumer rights contained in this chapter, including denying goods or services, charging different prices or rates for goods or services, or providing a different level of quality of goods or services to the consumer; (6) Not process personal data in violation of state and federal laws that prohibit unlawful discrimination against consumers; and (7) Not process sensitive data concerning a consumer without obtaining the consumer's consent, or, in the case of the processing of sensitive data concerning a known child, without processing the data in accordance with the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (15 U.S.C. chapter 91); provided that nothing in this subsection shall be construed to require a controller to provide a product or service that requires the personal data of a consumer that the controller does not collect or maintain, or prohibit a controller from offering a different price, rate, level, quality, or selection of goods or services to a consumer, including offering goods or services for no fee, if the offering is in connection with a consumer's voluntary participation in a bona fide loyalty, rewards, premium features, discounts, or club card program. (b) Any provision of a contract or agreement that purports to waive or limit in any way any consumer rights described in section -3 shall be deemed contrary to public policy and shall be void. (c) Each controller shall provide to each applicable consumer a reasonably accessible, clear, and meaningful privacy notice that includes: (1) The categories of personal data processed by the controller; (2) The purpose for processing personal data; (3) The methods by which the consumer may exercise the consumer's rights pursuant to section -3, including the process for a consumer to appeal the controller's decision with regard to the consumer's request; (4) The categories of personal data that the controller shares with third parties, if any; (5) The categories of third parties, if any, with whom the controller shares personal data; and (6) An active electronic mail address or other online mechanism that the consumer may use to contact the controller. (d) If a controller sells personal data to a third party or processes personal data for targeted advertising, the controller shall clearly and conspicuously disclose to the affected consumer the processing and manner in which the consumer may exercise the right to opt out of the processing. (e) A controller shall establish, and shall describe in a privacy notice, one or more secure and reliable means for each consumer to submit a request to exercise the consumer's rights under this chapter. These means shall take into account the ways in which consumers normally interact with the controller, the need for secure and reliable communication of the requests, and the ability of the controller to authenticate the identity of the consumer making the request. No controller shall require a consumer to create a new account in order to exercise the consumer's rights pursuant to section -3, but may require a consumer to use an existing, active account. (f) No controller shall discriminate against a consumer for exercising any of the consumer rights contained in this chapter, including denying goods or services, charging different prices or rates for goods or services, or providing a different level of quality of goods and services to the consumer; provided that nothing in this chapter shall be construed to require a controller to: (1) Provide a product or service that requires the personal data of a consumer that the controller does not collect or maintain; or (2) Prohibit a controller from offering a different price, rate, level, quality, or selection of goods or services to a consumer, including offering goods or services for no fee, if: (A) The consumer has exercised the consumer's right to opt out pursuant to section -3; or (B) The offer is related to a consumer's voluntary participation in a bona fide loyalty, rewards, premium features, discounts, or club card program. § -6 Responsibility according to role; controller and processor. (a) In meeting its obligations under this chapter, each processor shall adhere to the instructions of a controller and shall assist the controller. The assistance shall include: (1) Consideration of the nature of processing and the information available to the processor, by appropriate technical and organizational measures, insofar as is reasonably practicable, to fulfill the controller's obligation to respond to consumer rights requests pursuant to section -3; (2) Consideration of the nature of processing and the information available to the processor by assisting the controller in meeting the controller's obligations in relation to the security of processing the personal data and in relation to the notice of security breach provided pursuant to section 487N-2; and (3) The provision of necessary information to enable the controller to conduct and document data protection assessments pursuant to section -7. (b) A contract between a controller and a processor shall govern the processor's data processing procedures with respect to processing performed on behalf of the controller. The contract shall be binding and clearly set forth instructions for processing, the nature and purpose of processing, the type of data subject to processing, the duration of processing, and the rights and obligations of both parties. The contract shall also include requirements that the processor shall: (1) Ensure that each person processing personal data is subject to a duty of confidentiality with respect to the data; (2) At the controller's direction, delete or return all personal data to the controller upon request at the end of the provision of services, unless retention of the personal data is required by law; (3) Upon the reasonable request of the controller, make available to the controller all information in the processor's possession necessary to demonstrate the processor's compliance with the processor's obligations enumerated in this chapter; (4) Allow, and cooperate with, any reasonable assessments of the processor's policies and technical and organizational measures in support of the processor's obligations enumerated in this chapter performed by the controller or the controller's designated assessor; alternatively, the processor may arrange for a qualified and independent assessor to conduct the assessment using an appropriate and accepted control standard or framework and assessment procedure for the assessments. The processor shall provide a report of the assessment to the controller upon request; and (5) Engage any subcontractor pursuant to a written contract that requires the subcontractor to meet the obligations of the processor with respect to the personal data. (c) Nothing in this section shall be construed to relieve any controller or processor from the liabilities imposed on the controller or processor by virtue of the controller or processor's role in the processing relationship as determined pursuant to this chapter. (d) A determination of whether a person is acting as a controller or processor with respect to a specific processing of data is a fact-based determination that depends upon the context in which personal data is to be processed. A person who is not limited in the processing of personal data pursuant to a controller's instructions, or who fails to adhere to these instructions, shall be deemed to be a controller and not a processor with respect to the specific processing of data. A processor that continues to adhere to a controller's instructions with respect to a specific processing of personal data shall remain a processor. If a processor begins, alone or jointly with others, determining the purposes and means of the processing of personal data, the processor shall be deemed to be a controller. § -7 Data protection assessments. (a) The data protection assessment requirements of this section shall apply to processing activities created or generated after January 1, 2026. (b) Each controller shall conduct and document a data protection assessment of each of the following processing activities involving personal data: (1) The processing of personal data for purposes of targeted advertising; (2) The sale of personal data; (3) The processing of personal data for purposes of profiling if the profiling presents a reasonably foreseeable risk of: (A) Unfair or deceptive treatment of, or unlawful disparate impact on, consumers; (B) Financial, physical, or reputational injury to consumers; (C) A physical intrusion or other intrusion upon the solitude or seclusion, or the private affairs or concerns, of consumers, that would be offensive to a reasonable person; or (D) Other substantial injury to consumers; (4) The processing of sensitive data; and (5) Any processing activities involving personal data that present a heightened risk of harm to consumers. (c) Data protection assessments conducted pursuant to subsection (b) shall identify and evaluate the benefits, direct or indirect, that a controller, a consumer, other stakeholders, and the public may derive from processing against the potential risks to the rights of consumers associated with the processing, as mitigated by safeguards that may be employed by the controller to reduce these risks. The controller shall factor into this assessment the use of de-identified data, the reasonable expectations of consumers, the context of the processing, and the relationship between the controller and the consumer whose personal data is processed. (d) The department may request, pursuant to a civil investigative demand, that a controller disclose any data protection assessment that is relevant to an investigation conducted by the department, and the controller shall make the data protection assessment available to the department. The department may evaluate the data protection assessment for compliance with the responsibilities set forth in section -5. Data protection assessments shall be confidential and exempt from the public inspection and copying requirements of chapter 92F. The disclosure of a data protection assessment pursuant to a request from the department shall not constitute a waiver of attorney‑client privilege or work product protection with respect to the assessment and any information contained in the assessment. (e) A single data protection assessment may address a comparable set of processing operations that include similar activities. (f) Data protection assessments conducted by a controller for the purpose of compliance with other laws may comply under this section if the assessments have a reasonably comparable scope and effect. § -8 Processing de-identified data; exemptions. (a) A controller in possession of de-identified data shall: (1) Take reasonable measures to ensure that the data cannot be associated with a natural person; (2) Publicly commit to maintaining and using de-identified data without attempting to re-identify the data; and (3) Contractually obligate any recipients of the de‑identified data to comply with this chapter. (b) Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to require a controller or processor to: (1) Re-identify de-identified data or pseudonymous data; or (2) Maintain data in identifiable form, or collect, obtain, retain, or access any data or technological information, to be capable of associating an authenticated consumer request with personal data. (c) Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to require a controller or processor to comply with an authenticated consumer rights request received pursuant to section -3 if: (1) The controller is not reasonably capable of associating the request with the personal data or it would be unreasonably burdensome for the controller to associate the request with the personal data; (2) The controller does not use the personal data to recognize or respond to the specific consumer who is the subject of the personal data, or associate the personal data with other personal data about the same specific consumer; and (3) The controller does not sell the personal data to any third party or otherwise voluntarily disclose the personal data to any third party other than a processor, except as otherwise permitted in this section. (d) The consumer rights specified in sections -3(a)(1) through (4) and section -5 shall not apply to pseudonymous data when the controller is able to demonstrate that any additional information necessary to identify the consumer is kept separately and is subject to effective technical and organizational controls that: (1) Ensure that the personal data is not attributed to an identified or identifiable natural person; and (2) Prevent the controller from accessing the information. (e) A controller that discloses pseudonymous data or de‑identified data shall exercise reasonable oversight to monitor compliance with any contractual commitments to which the pseudonymous data or de-identified data is subject and shall take appropriate steps to address any breaches of those contractual commitments. § -9 Limitations. (a) Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to restrict a controller or processor's ability to: (1) Comply with federal, state, or local laws, rules, or regulations; (2) Comply with a civil, criminal, or regulatory inquiry, investigation, subpoena, or summons by federal, state, county, or other governmental authorities; (3) Cooperate with law enforcement agencies concerning conduct or activity that the controller or processor reasonably and in good faith believes may violate federal, state, or county laws, rules, or regulations; (4) Investigate, establish, exercise, prepare for, or defend legal claims; (5) Provide a product or service specifically requested by a consumer; perform a contract to which the consumer is a party, including fulfilling the terms of a written warranty; or take steps at the request of the consumer before entering into a contract; (6) Take immediate steps to protect an interest that is essential for the life or physical safety of the consumer or of another natural person if the processing cannot be manifestly based on another legal basis; (7) Prevent, detect, protect against, or respond to security incidents, identity theft, fraud, harassment, malicious or deceptive activities, or any illegal activity; preserve the integrity or security of systems; or investigate, report, or prosecute those responsible for any of these actions; (8) Engage in public or peer-reviewed scientific or statistical research in the public interest that adheres to all other applicable ethics and privacy laws and is approved, monitored, and governed by an independent oversight entity that determines whether: (A) The deletion of the information is likely to provide substantial benefits that do not exclusively accrue to the controller; (B) The expected benefits of the research outweigh the privacy risks; and (C) The controller has implemented reasonable safeguards to mitigate privacy risks associated with research, including any risks associated with reidentification; (9) Assist another controller, processor, or third party with any of the obligations under this subsection; or (10) Process personal data for reasons of public interest in the area of public health, community health, or population health, but only to the extent that processing is: (A) Subject to suitable and specific measures to safeguard the rights of the consumer whose personal data is being processed; and (B) Under the responsibility of a professional subject to confidentiality obligations under federal, state, or local law. (b) The obligations imposed on controllers or processors under this chapter shall not restrict a controller or processor's ability to collect, use, or retain data to: (1) Conduct internal research to develop, improve, or repair products, services, or technology; (2) Effectuate a product recall; (3) Identify and repair technical errors that impair existing or intended functionality; or (4) Perform internal operations that are reasonably aligned with the expectations of the consumer, reasonably anticipated based on the consumer's existing relationship with the controller, or are otherwise compatible with processing data in furtherance of the provision of a product or service specifically requested by a consumer or the performance of a contract to which the consumer is a party. (c) The obligations imposed on controllers or processors under this chapter shall not apply if the controller or processor's compliance with this chapter would violate an evidentiary privilege under state law. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prevent a controller or processor from providing personal data concerning a consumer to a person covered by an evidentiary privilege under state law as part of a privileged communication. (d) A controller or processor that discloses personal data to a third-party controller or processor in compliance with the requirements of this chapter shall not be deemed to be in violation of this chapter if the third-party controller or processor that receives and processes the personal data is in violation of this chapter; provided that, at the time of the disclosure of the personal data, the disclosing controller or processor did not have actual knowledge that the recipient intended to commit a violation. A third-party controller or processor that receives personal data from a controller or processor in compliance with the requirements of this chapter shall not be deemed to be in violation of this chapter if the controller or processor from which the third-party controller or processor receives the personal data is in violation of this chapter. (e) Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to: (1) Impose an obligation on controllers and processors that adversely affects the rights or freedoms of any person, including the right of free expression pursuant to the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States; or (2) Apply to the processing of personal data by a person in the course of a purely personal or household activity. (f) Personal data processed by a controller pursuant to this section shall not be processed for any purpose other than those expressly listed in this section unless otherwise allowed by this chapter. Personal data processed by a controller pursuant to this section may be processed to the extent that the processing is: (1) Reasonably necessary and proportionate to the purposes listed in this section; and (2) Adequate, relevant, and limited to the processing necessary in relation to the specific purposes listed in this section; provided that for any personal data collected, used, or retained pursuant to subsection (b), the processor shall consider the nature and purpose or purposes of the collection, use, or retention; provided further that the personal data shall be subject to reasonable administrative, technical, and physical measures to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and accessibility of the personal data and to reduce reasonably foreseeable risks of harm to consumers relating to the collection, use, or retention of personal data. (g) If a controller processes personal data pursuant to an exemption provided in this section, the controller shall bear the burden of demonstrating that the processing qualifies for the exemption and complies with subsection (f). (h) An entity's processing of personal data for the purposes expressly identified in subsection (a) shall not be the sole basis for the department to consider the entity as a controller with respect to the processing. § -10 Investigative authority. The department may investigate alleged violations of this chapter pursuant to section 28-2.5 and any other applicable law. § -11 Enforcement; civil penalty; expenses. (a) The department shall have exclusive authority to enforce this chapter. (b) Before initiating any action under this chapter, the department shall provide a controller or processor a thirty-day written notice that identifies the specific provisions of this chapter that the controller or processor has allegedly violated. If, within the thirty-day period, the controller or processor cures the alleged violation and provides the department with an express written statement that the alleged violation has been cured and that no further violations shall occur, no action shall be initiated against the controller or processor. (c) If a controller or processor continues to violate this chapter following the cure period provided for in subsection (b) or breaches the express written statement provided to the department pursuant to subsection (b), the department may: (1) Initiate an action in the name of the State; (2) Seek an injunction to restrain any violations of this chapter; and (3) Seek to impose civil penalties of up to $7,500 for each violation under this chapter. (d) For any action initiated under this chapter, the department may recover reasonable expenses, including attorneys' fees, that the department incurred in the investigation and preparation of the case. (e) Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to provide the basis for, or be subject to, a private right of action for violations of this chapter or under any other law. § -12 Consumer privacy special fund. (a) There is established in the state treasury the consumer privacy special fund into which shall be deposited: (1) All civil penalties, expenses, and attorney fees collected pursuant to this chapter; (2) Interest earned on moneys in the fund; and (3) Appropriations made by the legislature. (b) The fund shall be administered by the department. Moneys in the fund shall be used by the department to administer this chapter. § -13 Rules. The department shall adopt rules pursuant to chapter 91 necessary for the purposes of this chapter." SECTION 2. There is appropriated out of the general revenues of the State the sum of $ or so much thereof as may be necessary for fiscal year 2025-2026 and the same sum or so much thereof as may be necessary for fiscal year 2026-2027 to be deposited into the consumer privacy special fund. SECTION 3. There is appropriated out of the consumer privacy special fund the sum of $ or so much thereof as may be necessary for fiscal year 2025-2026 and the same sum or so much thereof as may be necessary for fiscal year 2026-2027 for consumer data protection. The sums appropriated shall be expended by the department of the attorney general for the purposes of this Act. SECTION 4. This Act does not affect rights and duties that matured, penalties that were incurred, and proceedings that were begun before its effective date. SECTION 5. This Act shall take effect on July 1, 2025. INTRODUCED BY: _____________________________ |
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| 48 | 48 | | |
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| 49 | 49 | | SECTION 1. The Hawaii Revised Statutes is amended by adding a new chapter to title 26 be appropriately designated and to read as follows: |
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| 50 | 50 | | |
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| 51 | 51 | | "Chapter |
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| 52 | 52 | | |
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| 53 | 53 | | CONSUMER DATA PROTECTION ACT |
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| 54 | 54 | | |
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| 55 | 55 | | § -1 Definitions. As used in this chapter: |
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| 56 | 56 | | |
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| 57 | 57 | | "Affiliate" means a legal entity that controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with another legal entity or shares common branding with another legal entity. As used in this definition, "control" or "controlled" means: |
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| 58 | 58 | | |
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| 59 | 59 | | (1) Ownership of, or the power to vote, more than fifty per cent of the outstanding shares of any class of voting security of a company; |
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| 60 | 60 | | |
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| 61 | 61 | | (2) Control in any manner over the election of a majority of the directors or of individuals exercising similar functions; or |
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| 62 | 62 | | |
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| 63 | 63 | | (3) Power to exercise controlling influence over the management of a company. |
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| 64 | 64 | | |
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| 65 | 65 | | "Authenticate" means to verify through reasonable means that a consumer attempting to exercise the consumer rights specified in section -3 is the actual consumer having the consumer rights with respect to the personal data at issue. |
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| 66 | 66 | | |
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| 67 | 67 | | "Biometric data" means data generated by automatic measurements of an individual's biological characteristics, including fingerprints, voiceprints, eye retinas, irises, or other unique biological patterns or characteristics that are used to identify a specific individual. "Biometric data" does not include a physical or digital photograph; a video or audio recording or data generated therefrom; or information collected, used, or stored for health care treatment, payment, or operations under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. |
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| 68 | 68 | | |
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| 69 | 69 | | "Business associate" has the same meaning as defined in title 45 Code of Federal Regulations section 160.103. |
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| 70 | 70 | | |
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| 71 | 71 | | "Child" means any natural person younger than thirteen years of age. |
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| 72 | 72 | | |
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| 73 | 73 | | "Consent" means a clear affirmative act signifying a consumer's freely given, specific, informed, and unambiguous agreement to allow the processing of personal data relating to the consumer. "Consent" includes a written statement, including a statement written by electronic means, or any other unambiguous affirmative action. "Consent" does not include: |
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| 74 | 74 | | |
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| 75 | 75 | | (1) Acceptance of general or broad terms of use or document containing general or broad descriptions of personal data processing along with other unrelated information; |
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| 76 | 76 | | |
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| 77 | 77 | | (2) Hovering over, muting, pausing, or closing a given piece of content; or |
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| 78 | 78 | | |
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| 79 | 79 | | (3) Agreement obtained through the use of dark patterns. |
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| 80 | 80 | | |
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| 81 | 81 | | "Consumer" means a natural person who is a resident of the State acting only in an individual or household context. "Consumer" does not include a natural person acting in a commercial or employment context. |
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| 82 | 82 | | |
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| 83 | 83 | | "Controller" means the natural or legal person that, alone or jointly with others, determines the purpose and means of processing personal data. |
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| 84 | 84 | | |
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| 85 | 85 | | "Covered entity" has the same meaning as defined in title 45 Code of Federal Regulations section 160.103. |
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| 86 | 86 | | |
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| 87 | 87 | | "Dark patterns" means a user interface designed or manipulated with the substantial effect of subverting or impairing user autonomy, decision-making, or choice. "Dark patterns" includes any practice referred to by the Federal Trade Commission as a "dark pattern". |
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| 88 | 88 | | |
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| 89 | 89 | | "De-identified data" means data that cannot reasonably be linked to an identified or identifiable natural person or a device linked to the person. |
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| 90 | 90 | | |
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| 91 | 91 | | "Department" means the department of the attorney general. |
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| 92 | 92 | | |
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| 93 | 93 | | "Fund" means the consumer privacy special fund established pursuant to section -12. |
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| 94 | 94 | | |
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| 95 | 95 | | "Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act" means the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, Public Law 104-191, as amended. |
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| 96 | 96 | | |
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| 97 | 97 | | "Identified or identifiable natural person" means a natural person who may be readily identified, directly, or indirectly. |
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| 98 | 98 | | |
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| 99 | 99 | | "Institution of higher education" means: |
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| 100 | 100 | | |
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| 101 | 101 | | (1) The university of Hawaii system, or one of its campuses; or |
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| 102 | 102 | | |
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| 103 | 103 | | (2) A private college or university authorized to operate in the State pursuant to chapter 305J. |
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| 104 | 104 | | |
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| 105 | 105 | | "Nonprofit organization" means any: |
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| 106 | 106 | | |
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| 107 | 107 | | (1) Corporation incorporated pursuant to chapter 414D; |
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| 108 | 108 | | |
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| 109 | 109 | | (2) Organization exempt from taxation under section 501(c)(3), (6), or (12) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended; or |
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| 110 | 110 | | |
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| 111 | 111 | | (3) Electric utility cooperative association subject to chapter 421C. |
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| 112 | 112 | | |
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| 113 | 113 | | "Personal data" means any information that is linked or could be reasonably linkable to an identified or identifiable natural person. "Personal data" does not include de‑identified data or publicly available information. |
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| 114 | 114 | | |
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| 115 | 115 | | "Precise geolocation data" means information derived from technology, including global positioning system level latitude and longitude coordinates or other mechanisms, that directly identifies the specific location of a natural person with precision and accuracy within a radius of 1,750 feet. "Precise geolocation data" does not include the content of communications or any data generated by, or connected to, advanced utility metering infrastructure systems or equipment for use by a utility. |
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| 116 | 116 | | |
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| 117 | 117 | | "Process" or "processing" means any operation or set of operations performed, whether by manual or automated means, on personal data or on sets of personal data, including the collection, use, storage, disclosure, analysis, deletion, or modification of personal data. |
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| 118 | 118 | | |
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| 119 | 119 | | "Processor" means a natural or legal person that processes personal data on behalf of a controller. |
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| 120 | 120 | | |
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| 121 | 121 | | "Profiling" means any form of automated processing performed on personal data to evaluate, analyze, or predict personal aspects related to an identified or identifiable natural person's economic situation, health, personal preferences, interests, reliability, behavior, location, or movements. |
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| 122 | 122 | | |
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| 123 | 123 | | "Pseudonymous data" means personal data that cannot be attributed to a specific natural person without the use of additional information that is: |
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| 124 | 124 | | |
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| 125 | 125 | | (1) Stored separately; and |
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| 126 | 126 | | |
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| 127 | 127 | | (2) Subject to appropriate technical and organizational measures to ensure that the personal data is not attributed to an identified or identifiable individual. |
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| 128 | 128 | | |
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| 129 | 129 | | "Publicly available information" means information that is lawfully made available through federal, state, or local government records, or information that a business has a reasonable basis to believe is lawfully made available to the general public through widely distributed media, by the consumer, or by a person to whom the consumer has disclosed the information, unless the consumer has restricted the information to a specific audience. |
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| 130 | 130 | | |
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| 131 | 131 | | "Sale of personal data" means the exchange of personal data for monetary or other valuable consideration by the controller to a third party. "Sale of personal data" does not include: |
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| 132 | 132 | | |
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| 133 | 133 | | (1) The disclosure of personal data to a processor that processes the personal data on behalf of the controller; |
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| 134 | 134 | | |
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| 135 | 135 | | (2) The disclosure of personal data to a third party for purposes of providing a product or service requested by the consumer; |
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| 136 | 136 | | |
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| 137 | 137 | | (3) The disclosure or transfer of personal data to an affiliate of the controller; |
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| 138 | 138 | | |
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| 139 | 139 | | (4) The disclosure of personal data in which the consumer directs the controller to disclose the personal data or intentionally uses the controller to interact with a third party; |
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| 140 | 140 | | |
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| 141 | 141 | | (5) The disclosure of information that the consumer: |
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| 142 | 142 | | |
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| 143 | 143 | | (A) Intentionally made available to the general public via a channel of mass media; and |
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| 144 | 144 | | |
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| 145 | 145 | | (B) Did not restrict to a specific audience; or |
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| 146 | 146 | | |
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| 147 | 147 | | (6) The disclosure or transfer of personal data to a third party as an asset that is part of an actual or proposed merger, acquisition, bankruptcy, or other transaction in which the third party assumes control of all or part of the controller's assets. |
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| 148 | 148 | | |
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| 149 | 149 | | "Sensitive data" refers to a category of personal data. "Sensitive data" includes: |
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| 150 | 150 | | |
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| 151 | 151 | | (1) Personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, religious beliefs, mental or physical health conditions or diagnoses, sexual history, sexual orientation, or citizenship or immigration status; |
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| 152 | 152 | | |
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| 153 | 153 | | (2) The processing of genetic or biometric data for the purpose of uniquely identifying a natural person; |
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| 154 | 154 | | |
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| 155 | 155 | | (3) The personal data collected from a known child; or |
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| 156 | 156 | | |
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| 157 | 157 | | (4) Precise geolocation data. |
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| 158 | 158 | | |
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| 159 | 159 | | "Targeted advertising" means displaying to a consumer advertisements based on personal data obtained or inferred from that consumer's activities over time and across non-affiliated websites or online applications to predict the consumer's preferences or interests. "Targeted advertising" does not include: |
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| 160 | 160 | | |
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| 161 | 161 | | (1) Advertisements based on activities within a controller's own websites or online applications; |
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| 162 | 162 | | |
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| 163 | 163 | | (2) Advertisements based on the context of a consumer's current search query, visit to a website, or online application; |
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| 164 | 164 | | |
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| 165 | 165 | | (3) Advertisements directed to a consumer in response to the consumer's request for information or feedback; or |
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| 166 | 166 | | |
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| 167 | 167 | | (4) Processing personal data solely to measure or report advertising performance, reach, or frequency. |
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| 168 | 168 | | |
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| 169 | 169 | | "Third party" means a natural or legal person, public authority, agency, or body other than the consumer, controller, processor, or an affiliate of the processor or the controller. |
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| 170 | 170 | | |
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| 171 | 171 | | § -2 Scope; exemptions. (a) This chapter applies to persons that conduct business in the State or produce products or services that are targeted to residents of the State and during a calendar year: |
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| 172 | 172 | | |
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| 173 | 173 | | (1) Control or process personal data of at least one hundred thousand consumers; or |
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| 174 | 174 | | |
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| 175 | 175 | | (2) Control or process personal data of at least twenty‑five thousand consumers and derive over twenty‑five per cent of gross revenue from the sale of personal data. |
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| 176 | 176 | | |
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| 177 | 177 | | (b) This chapter shall not apply to: |
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| 178 | 178 | | |
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| 179 | 179 | | (1) Any government entity; |
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| 180 | 180 | | |
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| 181 | 181 | | (2) Any nonprofit organization; |
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| 182 | 182 | | |
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| 183 | 183 | | (3) Any institution of higher education; or |
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| 184 | 184 | | |
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| 185 | 185 | | (4) The National Insurance Crime Bureau. |
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| 186 | 186 | | |
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| 187 | 187 | | (c) The following information and data are exempt from this chapter: |
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| 188 | 188 | | |
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| 189 | 189 | | (1) Protected health information as defined in title 45 Code of Federal Regulations section 160.103; |
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| 190 | 190 | | |
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| 191 | 191 | | (2) Nonpublic personal information, as defined in the Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (15 U.S.C. chapter 94); |
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| 192 | 192 | | |
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| 193 | 193 | | (3) Confidential records as described in title 42 United States Code section 290dd-2; |
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| 194 | 194 | | |
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| 195 | 195 | | (4) Identifiable private information for purposes of the protection of human subjects under title 45 Code of Federal Regulations part 46; identifiable private information that is otherwise collected as part of human subjects research pursuant to the good clinical practice guidelines issued by the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use; identifiable private information collected as part of a clinical investigation under title 21 Code of Federal Regulations parts 50 and 56; personal data used or shared in research conducted in accordance with the requirements described in this chapter; and other research conducted in accordance with applicable law; |
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| 196 | 196 | | |
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| 197 | 197 | | (5) Information and documents created for purposes of the Health Care Quality Improvement Act of 1986 (42 U.S.C. chapter 117); |
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| 198 | 198 | | |
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| 199 | 199 | | (6) Patient safety work product for purposes of the Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act (42 U.S.C. sections 299b-21 to 299b-26); |
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| 200 | 200 | | |
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| 201 | 201 | | (7) Information derived from any of the health care‑related information listed in this subsection that is de-identified in accordance with the requirements for de-identification pursuant to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act; |
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| 202 | 202 | | |
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| 203 | 203 | | (8) Information originating from, and intermingled so as to be indistinguishable with, or information treated in the same manner as information exempt under this subsection that is maintained by a covered entity or business associate as defined in the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act or a program or qualified service organization as defined in title 42 Code of Federal Regulations section 2.11; |
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| 204 | 204 | | |
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| 205 | 205 | | (9) Information used only for public health activities and purposes as authorized by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act; |
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| 206 | 206 | | |
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| 207 | 207 | | (10) The collection, maintenance, disclosure, sale, communication, or use of any personal information bearing on a consumer's credit worthiness, credit standing, credit capacity, character, general reputation, personal characteristics, or mode of living by a consumer reporting agency or furnisher that provides information for use in a consumer report, and by a user of a consumer report, but only to the extent that the activity is regulated by and authorized under the Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. sections 1681 to 1681x); |
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| 208 | 208 | | |
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| 209 | 209 | | (11) Personal data collected, processed, sold, or disclosed in compliance with the Driver's Privacy Protection Act of 1994 (18 U.S.C. chapter 123); |
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| 210 | 210 | | |
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| 211 | 211 | | (12) Personal data regulated by the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (20 U.S.C. section 1232g); |
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| 212 | 212 | | |
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| 213 | 213 | | (13) Personal data collected, processed, sold, or disclosed in compliance with the Farm Credit Act of 1971, Public Law 92-181, as amended; and |
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| 214 | 214 | | |
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| 215 | 215 | | (14) Data processed or maintained: |
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| 216 | 216 | | |
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| 217 | 217 | | (A) In the course of an individual applying to, employed by, or acting as an agent or independent contractor of a controller, processor, or third party, to the extent that the data is collected and used within the context of that role; |
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| 218 | 218 | | |
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| 219 | 219 | | (B) As the emergency contact information of an individual under this chapter used for emergency contact purposes; or |
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| 220 | 220 | | |
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| 221 | 221 | | (C) As necessary to retain to administer benefits for another individual relating to the individual under subparagraph (A) and used for the purposes of administering those benefits. |
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| 222 | 222 | | |
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| 223 | 223 | | (d) Controllers and processors that comply with the verifiable parental consent requirements of the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (15 U.S.C. chapter 91) shall be deemed compliant with any obligation to obtain parental consent under this chapter. |
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| 224 | 224 | | |
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| 225 | 225 | | § -3 Personal data rights; consumers. (a) A consumer may invoke the consumer rights specified in this subsection at any time by submitting a request to a controller specifying the consumer rights that the consumer wishes to invoke. A child's parent or legal guardian may invoke the same consumer rights on behalf of the child regarding processing personal data belonging to the child. A controller shall comply with an authenticated consumer request to exercise the right: |
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| 226 | 226 | | |
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| 227 | 227 | | (1) To confirm whether a controller is processing the consumer's personal data and to access the personal data; |
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| 228 | 228 | | |
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| 229 | 229 | | (2) To correct inaccuracies in the consumer's personal data, taking into account the nature of the personal data and the purposes of the processing of the consumer's personal data; |
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| 230 | 230 | | |
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| 231 | 231 | | (3) To delete personal data provided by the consumer; |
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| 232 | 232 | | |
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| 233 | 233 | | (4) To obtain a copy of the consumer's personal data that the consumer previously provided to the controller in a format that: |
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| 234 | 234 | | |
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| 235 | 235 | | (A) Is portable; |
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| 236 | 236 | | |
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| 237 | 237 | | (B) To the extent technically feasible, is readily usable; and |
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| 238 | 238 | | |
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| 239 | 239 | | (C) If the processing is carried out by automated means, allows the consumer to transmit the data to another controller without hindrance; and |
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| 240 | 240 | | |
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| 241 | 241 | | (5) To opt out of the processing of the personal data for purposes of: |
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| 242 | 242 | | |
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| 243 | 243 | | (A) Targeted advertising; |
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| 244 | 244 | | |
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| 245 | 245 | | (B) The sale of personal data; or |
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| 246 | 246 | | |
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| 247 | 247 | | (C) Profiling in furtherance of decisions made by the controller that results in the provision or denial by the controller of financial and lending services; housing; insurance; education enrollment; criminal justice; employment opportunities; health care services; or access to basic necessities, including food and water. |
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| 248 | 248 | | |
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| 249 | 249 | | (b) A consumer may exercise rights under this section by secure and reliable means established by the controller and described to the consumer in the controller's privacy notice. A consumer may designate an authorized agent in accordance with section -4 to exercise the rights of the consumer to opt out of the processing of the consumer's personal data for purposes of subsection (a)(5) on behalf of the consumer. In the case of processing personal data of a known child, the parent or legal guardian of the child may exercise the child's consumer rights on the child's behalf. In the case of processing personal data concerning a consumer subject to a guardianship, conservatorship, or other protective arrangement, the guardian or conservator of the consumer may exercise the consumer's rights on the consumer's behalf. |
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| 250 | 250 | | |
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| 251 | 251 | | (c) Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, a controller shall comply with a request by a consumer to exercise the consumer rights specified in subsection (a) as follows: |
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| 252 | 252 | | |
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| 253 | 253 | | (1) A controller shall respond to the consumer without undue delay, but in all cases within forty-five days of receipt of the request submitted pursuant to the methods described in subsection (a). The response period may be extended once by forty-five additional days when reasonably necessary, taking into account the complexity and number of the consumer's requests, so long as the controller informs the consumer of the extension within the initial forty-five-day response period, together with the reason for the extension; |
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| 254 | 254 | | |
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| 255 | 255 | | (2) If a controller declines to take action regarding the consumer's request, the controller, without undue delay, but no later than forty-five days of receipt of the request, shall inform the consumer in writing of this decision and the justification for declining to take action and instructions for appealing the decision pursuant to subsection (d); |
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| 256 | 256 | | |
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| 257 | 257 | | (3) Information provided in response to a consumer request shall be provided by a controller free of charge, up to twice annually per consumer. If requests from a consumer are manifestly unfounded, excessive, or repetitive, the controller may charge the consumer a reasonable fee to cover the administrative costs of complying with the request or decline to act on the request. The controller shall bear the burden of demonstrating the manifestly unfounded, excessive, or repetitive nature of the request; |
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| 258 | 258 | | |
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| 259 | 259 | | (4) If a controller is unable to authenticate the request using commercially reasonable efforts, the controller shall not be required to comply with a request to initiate an action under subsection (a) and may request that the consumer provide additional information reasonably necessary to authenticate the consumer and the consumer's request; provided that no controller shall be required to authenticate an opt‑out request; provided further that a controller may deny an opt-out request if the controller has a good faith, reasonable, and documented belief that the request is fraudulent; provided further that if a controller denies an opt-out request because the controller believes that the request is fraudulent, the controller shall send a notice to the person who made the request disclosing that the controller believes the request is fraudulent, why the controller believes the request is fraudulent, and that the controller shall not comply with the request; and |
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| 260 | 260 | | |
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| 261 | 261 | | (5) A controller that has obtained personal data about a consumer from a source other than the consumer shall be deemed in compliance with a consumer's request to delete the data pursuant to subsection (a)(3) by either: |
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| 262 | 262 | | |
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| 263 | 263 | | (A) Retaining a record of the deletion request and the minimum data necessary for the purpose of ensuring the consumer's personal data remains deleted from the business's records and not using the retained data for any other purpose pursuant to the provisions of this chapter; or |
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| 264 | 264 | | |
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| 265 | 265 | | (B) Opting the consumer out of the processing of the personal data for any purpose except for those exempted pursuant to the provisions of this chapter. |
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| 266 | 266 | | |
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| 267 | 267 | | (d) Each controller shall establish a process for a consumer to appeal the controller's refusal to take action on a request within a reasonable period of time after the consumer's receipt of the decision pursuant to subsection (c)(2); provided that the appeal process shall be similar to the process for submitting requests to initiate action pursuant to subsection (a). Within sixty days of receipt of an appeal, a controller shall inform the consumer in writing of its decision, including a written explanation of the reasons for the decision. If the appeal is denied, the controller shall also provide the consumer with an online method, if available, or other method, through which the consumer may contact the department to submit a complaint. |
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| 268 | 268 | | |
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| 269 | 269 | | § -4 Authorized agent; designation; powers. A consumer may designate another person to serve as the consumer's authorized agent, act on the consumer's behalf, or opt out of the processing of the consumer's personal data for one or more of the purposes specified in section -3(a)(5). The consumer may designate an authorized agent by way of, among other things, a computer technology, including an internet link, browser setting, browser extension, or global device setting, indicating the consumer's intent to opt out of the processing. A controller shall comply with an opt-out request received from an authorized agent if the controller is able to verify, with commercially reasonable effort, the identity of the consumer and the authorized agent's authority to act on the consumer's behalf. |
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| 270 | 270 | | |
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| 271 | 271 | | § -5 Controller responsibilities; transparency. (a) Each controller shall: |
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| 272 | 272 | | |
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| 273 | 273 | | (1) Limit the collection of personal data to data that is adequate, relevant, and reasonably necessary in relation to the purposes for which the data is processed, as disclosed to the consumer; |
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| 274 | 274 | | |
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| 275 | 275 | | (2) Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, not process personal data for purposes that are neither reasonably necessary to, nor compatible with, the disclosed purposes for which the personal data is processed, as disclosed to the consumer, unless the controller obtains the consumer's consent; |
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| 276 | 276 | | |
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| 277 | 277 | | (3) Establish, implement, and maintain reasonable administrative, technical, and physical data security practices to protect any confidential information contained in, and the integrity and accessibility of, personal data. The data security practices shall be appropriate to the volume and nature of the personal data at issue; |
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| 278 | 278 | | |
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| 279 | 279 | | (4) Provide an effective mechanism for a consumer to revoke the consumer's consent under this section that is at least as easy to use as the mechanism by which the consumer provided the consumer's consent and, upon revocation of the consumer's consent, cease to process the data as soon as practicable, but no later than fifteen days after the receipt of the request; |
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| 280 | 280 | | |
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| 281 | 281 | | (5) Not process the personal data of a consumer for purposes of targeted advertising, or sell the consumer's personal data without the consumer's consent, under circumstances in which the controller has actual knowledge, and willfully disregards, that the consumer is at least thirteen years of age but younger than sixteen years of age; provided that no controller shall discriminate against a consumer for exercising any of the consumer rights contained in this chapter, including denying goods or services, charging different prices or rates for goods or services, or providing a different level of quality of goods or services to the consumer; |
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| 282 | 282 | | |
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| 283 | 283 | | (6) Not process personal data in violation of state and federal laws that prohibit unlawful discrimination against consumers; and |
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| 284 | 284 | | |
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| 285 | 285 | | (7) Not process sensitive data concerning a consumer without obtaining the consumer's consent, or, in the case of the processing of sensitive data concerning a known child, without processing the data in accordance with the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (15 U.S.C. chapter 91); |
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| 286 | 286 | | |
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| 287 | 287 | | provided that nothing in this subsection shall be construed to require a controller to provide a product or service that requires the personal data of a consumer that the controller does not collect or maintain, or prohibit a controller from offering a different price, rate, level, quality, or selection of goods or services to a consumer, including offering goods or services for no fee, if the offering is in connection with a consumer's voluntary participation in a bona fide loyalty, rewards, premium features, discounts, or club card program. |
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| 288 | 288 | | |
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| 289 | 289 | | (b) Any provision of a contract or agreement that purports to waive or limit in any way any consumer rights described in section -3 shall be deemed contrary to public policy and shall be void. |
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| 290 | 290 | | |
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| 291 | 291 | | (c) Each controller shall provide to each applicable consumer a reasonably accessible, clear, and meaningful privacy notice that includes: |
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| 292 | 292 | | |
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| 293 | 293 | | (1) The categories of personal data processed by the controller; |
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| 294 | 294 | | |
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| 295 | 295 | | (2) The purpose for processing personal data; |
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| 296 | 296 | | |
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| 297 | 297 | | (3) The methods by which the consumer may exercise the consumer's rights pursuant to section -3, including the process for a consumer to appeal the controller's decision with regard to the consumer's request; |
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| 298 | 298 | | |
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| 299 | 299 | | (4) The categories of personal data that the controller shares with third parties, if any; |
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| 300 | 300 | | |
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| 301 | 301 | | (5) The categories of third parties, if any, with whom the controller shares personal data; and |
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| 302 | 302 | | |
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| 303 | 303 | | (6) An active electronic mail address or other online mechanism that the consumer may use to contact the controller. |
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| 304 | 304 | | |
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| 305 | 305 | | (d) If a controller sells personal data to a third party or processes personal data for targeted advertising, the controller shall clearly and conspicuously disclose to the affected consumer the processing and manner in which the consumer may exercise the right to opt out of the processing. |
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| 306 | 306 | | |
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| 307 | 307 | | (e) A controller shall establish, and shall describe in a privacy notice, one or more secure and reliable means for each consumer to submit a request to exercise the consumer's rights under this chapter. These means shall take into account the ways in which consumers normally interact with the controller, the need for secure and reliable communication of the requests, and the ability of the controller to authenticate the identity of the consumer making the request. No controller shall require a consumer to create a new account in order to exercise the consumer's rights pursuant to section -3, but may require a consumer to use an existing, active account. |
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| 308 | 308 | | |
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| 309 | 309 | | (f) No controller shall discriminate against a consumer for exercising any of the consumer rights contained in this chapter, including denying goods or services, charging different prices or rates for goods or services, or providing a different level of quality of goods and services to the consumer; provided that nothing in this chapter shall be construed to require a controller to: |
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| 310 | 310 | | |
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| 311 | 311 | | (1) Provide a product or service that requires the personal data of a consumer that the controller does not collect or maintain; or |
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| 312 | 312 | | |
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| 313 | 313 | | (2) Prohibit a controller from offering a different price, rate, level, quality, or selection of goods or services to a consumer, including offering goods or services for no fee, if: |
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| 314 | 314 | | |
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| 315 | 315 | | (A) The consumer has exercised the consumer's right to opt out pursuant to section -3; or |
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| 316 | 316 | | |
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| 317 | 317 | | (B) The offer is related to a consumer's voluntary participation in a bona fide loyalty, rewards, premium features, discounts, or club card program. |
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| 318 | 318 | | |
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| 319 | 319 | | § -6 Responsibility according to role; controller and processor. (a) In meeting its obligations under this chapter, each processor shall adhere to the instructions of a controller and shall assist the controller. The assistance shall include: |
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| 320 | 320 | | |
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| 321 | 321 | | (1) Consideration of the nature of processing and the information available to the processor, by appropriate technical and organizational measures, insofar as is reasonably practicable, to fulfill the controller's obligation to respond to consumer rights requests pursuant to section -3; |
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| 322 | 322 | | |
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| 323 | 323 | | (2) Consideration of the nature of processing and the information available to the processor by assisting the controller in meeting the controller's obligations in relation to the security of processing the personal data and in relation to the notice of security breach provided pursuant to section 487N-2; and |
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| 324 | 324 | | |
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| 325 | 325 | | (3) The provision of necessary information to enable the controller to conduct and document data protection assessments pursuant to section -7. |
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| 326 | 326 | | |
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| 327 | 327 | | (b) A contract between a controller and a processor shall govern the processor's data processing procedures with respect to processing performed on behalf of the controller. The contract shall be binding and clearly set forth instructions for processing, the nature and purpose of processing, the type of data subject to processing, the duration of processing, and the rights and obligations of both parties. The contract shall also include requirements that the processor shall: |
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| 328 | 328 | | |
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| 329 | 329 | | (1) Ensure that each person processing personal data is subject to a duty of confidentiality with respect to the data; |
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| 330 | 330 | | |
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| 331 | 331 | | (2) At the controller's direction, delete or return all personal data to the controller upon request at the end of the provision of services, unless retention of the personal data is required by law; |
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| 332 | 332 | | |
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| 333 | 333 | | (3) Upon the reasonable request of the controller, make available to the controller all information in the processor's possession necessary to demonstrate the processor's compliance with the processor's obligations enumerated in this chapter; |
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| 334 | 334 | | |
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| 335 | 335 | | (4) Allow, and cooperate with, any reasonable assessments of the processor's policies and technical and organizational measures in support of the processor's obligations enumerated in this chapter performed by the controller or the controller's designated assessor; alternatively, the processor may arrange for a qualified and independent assessor to conduct the assessment using an appropriate and accepted control standard or framework and assessment procedure for the assessments. The processor shall provide a report of the assessment to the controller upon request; and |
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| 336 | 336 | | |
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| 337 | 337 | | (5) Engage any subcontractor pursuant to a written contract that requires the subcontractor to meet the obligations of the processor with respect to the personal data. |
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| 338 | 338 | | |
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| 339 | 339 | | (c) Nothing in this section shall be construed to relieve any controller or processor from the liabilities imposed on the controller or processor by virtue of the controller or processor's role in the processing relationship as determined pursuant to this chapter. |
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| 340 | 340 | | |
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| 341 | 341 | | (d) A determination of whether a person is acting as a controller or processor with respect to a specific processing of data is a fact-based determination that depends upon the context in which personal data is to be processed. A person who is not limited in the processing of personal data pursuant to a controller's instructions, or who fails to adhere to these instructions, shall be deemed to be a controller and not a processor with respect to the specific processing of data. A processor that continues to adhere to a controller's instructions with respect to a specific processing of personal data shall remain a processor. If a processor begins, alone or jointly with others, determining the purposes and means of the processing of personal data, the processor shall be deemed to be a controller. |
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| 342 | 342 | | |
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| 343 | 343 | | § -7 Data protection assessments. (a) The data protection assessment requirements of this section shall apply to processing activities created or generated after January 1, 2026. |
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| 344 | 344 | | |
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| 345 | 345 | | (b) Each controller shall conduct and document a data protection assessment of each of the following processing activities involving personal data: |
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| 346 | 346 | | |
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| 347 | 347 | | (1) The processing of personal data for purposes of targeted advertising; |
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| 348 | 348 | | |
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| 349 | 349 | | (2) The sale of personal data; |
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| 350 | 350 | | |
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| 351 | 351 | | (3) The processing of personal data for purposes of profiling if the profiling presents a reasonably foreseeable risk of: |
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| 352 | 352 | | |
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| 353 | 353 | | (A) Unfair or deceptive treatment of, or unlawful disparate impact on, consumers; |
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| 354 | 354 | | |
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| 355 | 355 | | (B) Financial, physical, or reputational injury to consumers; |
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| 356 | 356 | | |
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| 357 | 357 | | (C) A physical intrusion or other intrusion upon the solitude or seclusion, or the private affairs or concerns, of consumers, that would be offensive to a reasonable person; or |
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| 358 | 358 | | |
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| 359 | 359 | | (D) Other substantial injury to consumers; |
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| 360 | 360 | | |
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| 361 | 361 | | (4) The processing of sensitive data; and |
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| 362 | 362 | | |
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| 363 | 363 | | (5) Any processing activities involving personal data that present a heightened risk of harm to consumers. |
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| 364 | 364 | | |
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| 365 | 365 | | (c) Data protection assessments conducted pursuant to subsection (b) shall identify and evaluate the benefits, direct or indirect, that a controller, a consumer, other stakeholders, and the public may derive from processing against the potential risks to the rights of consumers associated with the processing, as mitigated by safeguards that may be employed by the controller to reduce these risks. The controller shall factor into this assessment the use of de-identified data, the reasonable expectations of consumers, the context of the processing, and the relationship between the controller and the consumer whose personal data is processed. |
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| 366 | 366 | | |
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| 367 | 367 | | (d) The department may request, pursuant to a civil investigative demand, that a controller disclose any data protection assessment that is relevant to an investigation conducted by the department, and the controller shall make the data protection assessment available to the department. The department may evaluate the data protection assessment for compliance with the responsibilities set forth in section -5. Data protection assessments shall be confidential and exempt from the public inspection and copying requirements of chapter 92F. The disclosure of a data protection assessment pursuant to a request from the department shall not constitute a waiver of attorney‑client privilege or work product protection with respect to the assessment and any information contained in the assessment. |
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| 368 | 368 | | |
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| 369 | 369 | | (e) A single data protection assessment may address a comparable set of processing operations that include similar activities. |
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| 370 | 370 | | |
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| 371 | 371 | | (f) Data protection assessments conducted by a controller for the purpose of compliance with other laws may comply under this section if the assessments have a reasonably comparable scope and effect. |
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| 372 | 372 | | |
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| 373 | 373 | | § -8 Processing de-identified data; exemptions. (a) A controller in possession of de-identified data shall: |
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| 374 | 374 | | |
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| 375 | 375 | | (1) Take reasonable measures to ensure that the data cannot be associated with a natural person; |
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| 376 | 376 | | |
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| 377 | 377 | | (2) Publicly commit to maintaining and using de-identified data without attempting to re-identify the data; and |
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| 378 | 378 | | |
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| 379 | 379 | | (3) Contractually obligate any recipients of the de‑identified data to comply with this chapter. |
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| 380 | 380 | | |
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| 381 | 381 | | (b) Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to require a controller or processor to: |
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| 382 | 382 | | |
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| 383 | 383 | | (1) Re-identify de-identified data or pseudonymous data; or |
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| 384 | 384 | | |
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| 385 | 385 | | (2) Maintain data in identifiable form, or collect, obtain, retain, or access any data or technological information, to be capable of associating an authenticated consumer request with personal data. |
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| 386 | 386 | | |
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| 387 | 387 | | (c) Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to require a controller or processor to comply with an authenticated consumer rights request received pursuant to section -3 if: |
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| 388 | 388 | | |
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| 389 | 389 | | (1) The controller is not reasonably capable of associating the request with the personal data or it would be unreasonably burdensome for the controller to associate the request with the personal data; |
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| 390 | 390 | | |
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| 391 | 391 | | (2) The controller does not use the personal data to recognize or respond to the specific consumer who is the subject of the personal data, or associate the personal data with other personal data about the same specific consumer; and |
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| 392 | 392 | | |
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| 393 | 393 | | (3) The controller does not sell the personal data to any third party or otherwise voluntarily disclose the personal data to any third party other than a processor, except as otherwise permitted in this section. |
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| 394 | 394 | | |
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| 395 | 395 | | (d) The consumer rights specified in sections -3(a)(1) through (4) and section -5 shall not apply to pseudonymous data when the controller is able to demonstrate that any additional information necessary to identify the consumer is kept separately and is subject to effective technical and organizational controls that: |
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| 396 | 396 | | |
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| 397 | 397 | | (1) Ensure that the personal data is not attributed to an identified or identifiable natural person; and |
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| 398 | 398 | | |
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| 399 | 399 | | (2) Prevent the controller from accessing the information. |
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| 400 | 400 | | |
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| 401 | 401 | | (e) A controller that discloses pseudonymous data or de‑identified data shall exercise reasonable oversight to monitor compliance with any contractual commitments to which the pseudonymous data or de-identified data is subject and shall take appropriate steps to address any breaches of those contractual commitments. |
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| 402 | 402 | | |
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| 403 | 403 | | § -9 Limitations. (a) Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to restrict a controller or processor's ability to: |
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| 404 | 404 | | |
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| 405 | 405 | | (1) Comply with federal, state, or local laws, rules, or regulations; |
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| 406 | 406 | | |
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| 407 | 407 | | (2) Comply with a civil, criminal, or regulatory inquiry, investigation, subpoena, or summons by federal, state, county, or other governmental authorities; |
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| 408 | 408 | | |
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| 409 | 409 | | (3) Cooperate with law enforcement agencies concerning conduct or activity that the controller or processor reasonably and in good faith believes may violate federal, state, or county laws, rules, or regulations; |
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| 410 | 410 | | |
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| 411 | 411 | | (4) Investigate, establish, exercise, prepare for, or defend legal claims; |
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| 412 | 412 | | |
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| 413 | 413 | | (5) Provide a product or service specifically requested by a consumer; perform a contract to which the consumer is a party, including fulfilling the terms of a written warranty; or take steps at the request of the consumer before entering into a contract; |
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| 414 | 414 | | |
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| 415 | 415 | | (6) Take immediate steps to protect an interest that is essential for the life or physical safety of the consumer or of another natural person if the processing cannot be manifestly based on another legal basis; |
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| 416 | 416 | | |
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| 417 | 417 | | (7) Prevent, detect, protect against, or respond to security incidents, identity theft, fraud, harassment, malicious or deceptive activities, or any illegal activity; preserve the integrity or security of systems; or investigate, report, or prosecute those responsible for any of these actions; |
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| 418 | 418 | | |
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| 419 | 419 | | (8) Engage in public or peer-reviewed scientific or statistical research in the public interest that adheres to all other applicable ethics and privacy laws and is approved, monitored, and governed by an independent oversight entity that determines whether: |
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| 420 | 420 | | |
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| 421 | 421 | | (A) The deletion of the information is likely to provide substantial benefits that do not exclusively accrue to the controller; |
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| 422 | 422 | | |
|---|
| 423 | 423 | | (B) The expected benefits of the research outweigh the privacy risks; and |
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| 424 | 424 | | |
|---|
| 425 | 425 | | (C) The controller has implemented reasonable safeguards to mitigate privacy risks associated with research, including any risks associated with reidentification; |
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| 426 | 426 | | |
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| 427 | 427 | | (9) Assist another controller, processor, or third party with any of the obligations under this subsection; or |
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| 428 | 428 | | |
|---|
| 429 | 429 | | (10) Process personal data for reasons of public interest in the area of public health, community health, or population health, but only to the extent that processing is: |
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| 430 | 430 | | |
|---|
| 431 | 431 | | (A) Subject to suitable and specific measures to safeguard the rights of the consumer whose personal data is being processed; and |
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| 432 | 432 | | |
|---|
| 433 | 433 | | (B) Under the responsibility of a professional subject to confidentiality obligations under federal, state, or local law. |
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| 434 | 434 | | |
|---|
| 435 | 435 | | (b) The obligations imposed on controllers or processors under this chapter shall not restrict a controller or processor's ability to collect, use, or retain data to: |
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| 436 | 436 | | |
|---|
| 437 | 437 | | (1) Conduct internal research to develop, improve, or repair products, services, or technology; |
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| 438 | 438 | | |
|---|
| 439 | 439 | | (2) Effectuate a product recall; |
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| 440 | 440 | | |
|---|
| 441 | 441 | | (3) Identify and repair technical errors that impair existing or intended functionality; or |
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| 442 | 442 | | |
|---|
| 443 | 443 | | (4) Perform internal operations that are reasonably aligned with the expectations of the consumer, reasonably anticipated based on the consumer's existing relationship with the controller, or are otherwise compatible with processing data in furtherance of the provision of a product or service specifically requested by a consumer or the performance of a contract to which the consumer is a party. |
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| 444 | 444 | | |
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| 445 | 445 | | (c) The obligations imposed on controllers or processors under this chapter shall not apply if the controller or processor's compliance with this chapter would violate an evidentiary privilege under state law. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prevent a controller or processor from providing personal data concerning a consumer to a person covered by an evidentiary privilege under state law as part of a privileged communication. |
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| 446 | 446 | | |
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| 447 | 447 | | (d) A controller or processor that discloses personal data to a third-party controller or processor in compliance with the requirements of this chapter shall not be deemed to be in violation of this chapter if the third-party controller or processor that receives and processes the personal data is in violation of this chapter; provided that, at the time of the disclosure of the personal data, the disclosing controller or processor did not have actual knowledge that the recipient intended to commit a violation. A third-party controller or processor that receives personal data from a controller or processor in compliance with the requirements of this chapter shall not be deemed to be in violation of this chapter if the controller or processor from which the third-party controller or processor receives the personal data is in violation of this chapter. |
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| 448 | 448 | | |
|---|
| 449 | 449 | | (e) Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to: |
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| 450 | 450 | | |
|---|
| 451 | 451 | | (1) Impose an obligation on controllers and processors that adversely affects the rights or freedoms of any person, including the right of free expression pursuant to the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States; or |
|---|
| 452 | 452 | | |
|---|
| 453 | 453 | | (2) Apply to the processing of personal data by a person in the course of a purely personal or household activity. |
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| 454 | 454 | | |
|---|
| 455 | 455 | | (f) Personal data processed by a controller pursuant to this section shall not be processed for any purpose other than those expressly listed in this section unless otherwise allowed by this chapter. Personal data processed by a controller pursuant to this section may be processed to the extent that the processing is: |
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| 456 | 456 | | |
|---|
| 457 | 457 | | (1) Reasonably necessary and proportionate to the purposes listed in this section; and |
|---|
| 458 | 458 | | |
|---|
| 459 | 459 | | (2) Adequate, relevant, and limited to the processing necessary in relation to the specific purposes listed in this section; provided that for any personal data collected, used, or retained pursuant to subsection (b), the processor shall consider the nature and purpose or purposes of the collection, use, or retention; provided further that the personal data shall be subject to reasonable administrative, technical, and physical measures to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and accessibility of the personal data and to reduce reasonably foreseeable risks of harm to consumers relating to the collection, use, or retention of personal data. |
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| 460 | 460 | | |
|---|
| 461 | 461 | | (g) If a controller processes personal data pursuant to an exemption provided in this section, the controller shall bear the burden of demonstrating that the processing qualifies for the exemption and complies with subsection (f). |
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| 462 | 462 | | |
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| 463 | 463 | | (h) An entity's processing of personal data for the purposes expressly identified in subsection (a) shall not be the sole basis for the department to consider the entity as a controller with respect to the processing. |
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| 464 | 464 | | |
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| 465 | 465 | | § -10 Investigative authority. The department may investigate alleged violations of this chapter pursuant to section 28-2.5 and any other applicable law. |
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| 466 | 466 | | |
|---|
| 467 | 467 | | § -11 Enforcement; civil penalty; expenses. (a) The department shall have exclusive authority to enforce this chapter. |
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| 468 | 468 | | |
|---|
| 469 | 469 | | (b) Before initiating any action under this chapter, the department shall provide a controller or processor a thirty-day written notice that identifies the specific provisions of this chapter that the controller or processor has allegedly violated. If, within the thirty-day period, the controller or processor cures the alleged violation and provides the department with an express written statement that the alleged violation has been cured and that no further violations shall occur, no action shall be initiated against the controller or processor. |
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| 470 | 470 | | |
|---|
| 471 | 471 | | (c) If a controller or processor continues to violate this chapter following the cure period provided for in subsection (b) or breaches the express written statement provided to the department pursuant to subsection (b), the department may: |
|---|
| 472 | 472 | | |
|---|
| 473 | 473 | | (1) Initiate an action in the name of the State; |
|---|
| 474 | 474 | | |
|---|
| 475 | 475 | | (2) Seek an injunction to restrain any violations of this chapter; and |
|---|
| 476 | 476 | | |
|---|
| 477 | 477 | | (3) Seek to impose civil penalties of up to $7,500 for each violation under this chapter. |
|---|
| 478 | 478 | | |
|---|
| 479 | 479 | | (d) For any action initiated under this chapter, the department may recover reasonable expenses, including attorneys' fees, that the department incurred in the investigation and preparation of the case. |
|---|
| 480 | 480 | | |
|---|
| 481 | 481 | | (e) Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to provide the basis for, or be subject to, a private right of action for violations of this chapter or under any other law. |
|---|
| 482 | 482 | | |
|---|
| 483 | 483 | | § -12 Consumer privacy special fund. (a) There is established in the state treasury the consumer privacy special fund into which shall be deposited: |
|---|
| 484 | 484 | | |
|---|
| 485 | 485 | | (1) All civil penalties, expenses, and attorney fees collected pursuant to this chapter; |
|---|
| 486 | 486 | | |
|---|
| 487 | 487 | | (2) Interest earned on moneys in the fund; and |
|---|
| 488 | 488 | | |
|---|
| 489 | 489 | | (3) Appropriations made by the legislature. |
|---|
| 490 | 490 | | |
|---|
| 491 | 491 | | (b) The fund shall be administered by the department. Moneys in the fund shall be used by the department to administer this chapter. |
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| 492 | 492 | | |
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| 493 | 493 | | § -13 Rules. The department shall adopt rules pursuant to chapter 91 necessary for the purposes of this chapter." |
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| 494 | 494 | | |
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| 495 | 495 | | SECTION 2. There is appropriated out of the general revenues of the State the sum of $ or so much thereof as may be necessary for fiscal year 2025-2026 and the same sum or so much thereof as may be necessary for fiscal year 2026-2027 to be deposited into the consumer privacy special fund. |
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| 496 | 496 | | |
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| 497 | 497 | | SECTION 3. There is appropriated out of the consumer privacy special fund the sum of $ or so much thereof as may be necessary for fiscal year 2025-2026 and the same sum or so much thereof as may be necessary for fiscal year 2026-2027 for consumer data protection. |
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| 498 | 498 | | |
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| 499 | 499 | | The sums appropriated shall be expended by the department of the attorney general for the purposes of this Act. |
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| 500 | 500 | | |
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| 501 | 501 | | SECTION 4. This Act does not affect rights and duties that matured, penalties that were incurred, and proceedings that were begun before its effective date. |
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| 502 | 502 | | |
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| 503 | 503 | | SECTION 5. This Act shall take effect on July 1, 2025. |
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| 504 | 504 | | |
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| 505 | 505 | | |
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| 506 | 506 | | |
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| 507 | 507 | | INTRODUCED BY: _____________________________ |
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| 508 | 508 | | |
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| 509 | 509 | | INTRODUCED BY: |
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| 510 | 510 | | |
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| 511 | 511 | | _____________________________ |
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| 512 | 512 | | |
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| 513 | 513 | | |
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| 514 | 514 | | |
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| 515 | 515 | | |
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| 516 | 516 | | |
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| 517 | 517 | | Report Title: AG; Consumer Data Protection; Privacy Rights; Consumer Privacy Special Fund; Appropriations Description: Establishes a framework to regulate controllers and processors with access to personal consumer data. Establishes penalties. Establishes the Consumer Privacy Special Fund to be administered by the Department of the Attorney General. Appropriates funds. The summary description of legislation appearing on this page is for informational purposes only and is not legislation or evidence of legislative intent. |
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| 518 | 518 | | |
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| 519 | 519 | | |
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| 520 | 520 | | |
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| 521 | 521 | | |
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| 522 | 522 | | |
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| 523 | 523 | | |
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| 524 | 524 | | |
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| 525 | 525 | | Report Title: |
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| 526 | 526 | | |
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| 527 | 527 | | AG; Consumer Data Protection; Privacy Rights; Consumer Privacy Special Fund; Appropriations |
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| 528 | 528 | | |
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| 529 | 529 | | |
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| 530 | 530 | | |
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| 531 | 531 | | Description: |
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| 532 | 532 | | |
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| 533 | 533 | | Establishes a framework to regulate controllers and processors with access to personal consumer data. Establishes penalties. Establishes the Consumer Privacy Special Fund to be administered by the Department of the Attorney General. Appropriates funds. |
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| 534 | 534 | | |
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| 535 | 535 | | |
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| 536 | 536 | | |
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| 537 | 537 | | |
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| 538 | 538 | | |
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| 539 | 539 | | |
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| 540 | 540 | | |
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| 541 | 541 | | The summary description of legislation appearing on this page is for informational purposes only and is not legislation or evidence of legislative intent. |
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