Illinois 2023-2024 Regular Session

Illinois House Bill HB2413 Compare Versions

Only one version of the bill is available at this time.
OldNewDifferences
11 103RD GENERAL ASSEMBLY State of Illinois 2023 and 2024 HB2413 Introduced , by Rep. John M. Cabello SYNOPSIS AS INTRODUCED: New Act5 ILCS 140/7.5 Creates the Public Official Body Camera Act. Provides that the State Board of Elections shall develop rules for the use of body cameras by public officials of the State. Specifies requirements concerning the use of body cameras. Provides that recordings made with the use of a body camera worn by a public official are not subject to disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act. Provides that the recordings may be used as evidence in any administrative, judicial, legislative, or disciplinary proceeding. Provides that if a court or other finder of fact finds by a preponderance of the evidence that a recording was intentionally not captured, destroyed, altered, or intermittently captured in violation of the Act, then the court or other finder of fact shall consider or be instructed to consider that violation in weighing the evidence, unless the State provides a reasonable justification. Makes conforming changes to the Freedom of Information Act. LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b A BILL FOR 103RD GENERAL ASSEMBLY State of Illinois 2023 and 2024 HB2413 Introduced , by Rep. John M. Cabello SYNOPSIS AS INTRODUCED: New Act5 ILCS 140/7.5 New Act 5 ILCS 140/7.5 Creates the Public Official Body Camera Act. Provides that the State Board of Elections shall develop rules for the use of body cameras by public officials of the State. Specifies requirements concerning the use of body cameras. Provides that recordings made with the use of a body camera worn by a public official are not subject to disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act. Provides that the recordings may be used as evidence in any administrative, judicial, legislative, or disciplinary proceeding. Provides that if a court or other finder of fact finds by a preponderance of the evidence that a recording was intentionally not captured, destroyed, altered, or intermittently captured in violation of the Act, then the court or other finder of fact shall consider or be instructed to consider that violation in weighing the evidence, unless the State provides a reasonable justification. Makes conforming changes to the Freedom of Information Act. LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b A BILL FOR
22 103RD GENERAL ASSEMBLY State of Illinois 2023 and 2024 HB2413 Introduced , by Rep. John M. Cabello SYNOPSIS AS INTRODUCED:
33 New Act5 ILCS 140/7.5 New Act 5 ILCS 140/7.5
44 New Act
55 5 ILCS 140/7.5
66 Creates the Public Official Body Camera Act. Provides that the State Board of Elections shall develop rules for the use of body cameras by public officials of the State. Specifies requirements concerning the use of body cameras. Provides that recordings made with the use of a body camera worn by a public official are not subject to disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act. Provides that the recordings may be used as evidence in any administrative, judicial, legislative, or disciplinary proceeding. Provides that if a court or other finder of fact finds by a preponderance of the evidence that a recording was intentionally not captured, destroyed, altered, or intermittently captured in violation of the Act, then the court or other finder of fact shall consider or be instructed to consider that violation in weighing the evidence, unless the State provides a reasonable justification. Makes conforming changes to the Freedom of Information Act.
77 LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
88 LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
99 A BILL FOR
1010 HB2413LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b HB2413 LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
1111 HB2413 LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
1212 1 AN ACT concerning State government.
1313 2 Be it enacted by the People of the State of Illinois,
1414 3 represented in the General Assembly:
1515 4 Section 1. Short title. This Act may be cited as the Public
1616 5 Official Body Camera Act.
1717 6 Section 5. Definitions. In this Act:
1818 7 "Body camera" means an electronic camera system for
1919 8 creating, generating, sending, receiving, storing, displaying,
2020 9 and processing audiovisual recordings that may be worn about
2121 10 the person wearing the device.
2222 11 "Official duties" means the duties and responsibilities of
2323 12 the public official that may vary depending on the role of the
2424 13 public official.
2525 14 "Public official" means any person who is elected or
2626 15 appointed to public office.
2727 16 Section 10. Requirements; body cameras.
2828 17 (a) The State Board of Elections shall develop rules for
2929 18 the use of body cameras by public officials of this State. The
3030 19 policy adopted must include, at a minimum, all of the
3131 20 following:
3232 21 (1) Cameras must be equipped with pre-event recording,
3333 22 capable of recording at least the 30 seconds prior to
3434
3535
3636
3737 103RD GENERAL ASSEMBLY State of Illinois 2023 and 2024 HB2413 Introduced , by Rep. John M. Cabello SYNOPSIS AS INTRODUCED:
3838 New Act5 ILCS 140/7.5 New Act 5 ILCS 140/7.5
3939 New Act
4040 5 ILCS 140/7.5
4141 Creates the Public Official Body Camera Act. Provides that the State Board of Elections shall develop rules for the use of body cameras by public officials of the State. Specifies requirements concerning the use of body cameras. Provides that recordings made with the use of a body camera worn by a public official are not subject to disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act. Provides that the recordings may be used as evidence in any administrative, judicial, legislative, or disciplinary proceeding. Provides that if a court or other finder of fact finds by a preponderance of the evidence that a recording was intentionally not captured, destroyed, altered, or intermittently captured in violation of the Act, then the court or other finder of fact shall consider or be instructed to consider that violation in weighing the evidence, unless the State provides a reasonable justification. Makes conforming changes to the Freedom of Information Act.
4242 LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
4343 LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
4444 A BILL FOR
4545
4646
4747
4848
4949
5050 New Act
5151 5 ILCS 140/7.5
5252
5353
5454
5555 LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
5656
5757
5858
5959
6060
6161
6262
6363
6464
6565 HB2413 LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
6666
6767
6868 HB2413- 2 -LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b HB2413 - 2 - LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
6969 HB2413 - 2 - LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
7070 1 camera activation.
7171 2 (2) Cameras must be capable of recording for a period
7272 3 of 10 hours or more.
7373 4 (3) Cameras must be turned on at all times when the
7474 5 public official is engaged in his or her official duties.
7575 6 The State Board of Elections shall prescribe when a public
7676 7 official needs to wear a body camera to be in compliance
7777 8 with this Act.
7878 9 (4) The public official must provide notice of
7979 10 recording to any person if the person has a reasonable
8080 11 expectation of privacy and proof of notice must be evident
8181 12 in the recording.
8282 13 (5) Recordings made on a body camera worn by a public
8383 14 official must be retained on a recording medium for a
8484 15 period of 90 days. Under no circumstances shall any
8585 16 recording made with an body camera worn by a public
8686 17 official be altered, erased, or destroyed prior to the
8787 18 expiration of the 90-day storage period.
8888 19 (6) For the purposes of redaction, labeling, or
8989 20 duplicating recordings, access to camera recordings shall
9090 21 be restricted to only those personnel responsible for
9191 22 those purposes.
9292 23 (b) Recordings made with the use of a body camera worn by a
9393 24 public official are not subject to disclosure under the
9494 25 Freedom of Information Act. Only recordings or portions of
9595 26 recordings responsive to the request shall be available for
9696
9797
9898
9999
100100
101101 HB2413 - 2 - LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
102102
103103
104104 HB2413- 3 -LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b HB2413 - 3 - LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
105105 HB2413 - 3 - LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
106106 1 inspection or reproduction. Nothing in this subsection (b)
107107 2 shall require the disclosure of any recording or portion of
108108 3 any recording which would be exempt from disclosure under the
109109 4 Freedom of Information Act. Nothing in this Section shall
110110 5 limit access to a camera recording for the purposes of
111111 6 complying with Supreme Court rules or the rules of evidence.
112112 7 Section 15. Evidence. The recordings may be used as
113113 8 evidence in any administrative, judicial, legislative, or
114114 9 disciplinary proceeding. If a court or other finder of fact
115115 10 finds by a preponderance of the evidence that a recording was
116116 11 intentionally not captured, destroyed, altered, or
117117 12 intermittently captured in violation of this Act, then the
118118 13 court or other finder of fact shall consider or be instructed
119119 14 to consider that violation in weighing the evidence, unless
120120 15 the State provides a reasonable justification.
121121 16 Section 105. The Freedom of Information Act is amended by
122122 17 changing Section 7.5 as follows:
123123 18 (5 ILCS 140/7.5)
124124 19 Sec. 7.5. Statutory exemptions. To the extent provided for
125125 20 by the statutes referenced below, the following shall be
126126 21 exempt from inspection and copying:
127127 22 (a) All information determined to be confidential
128128 23 under Section 4002 of the Technology Advancement and
129129
130130
131131
132132
133133
134134 HB2413 - 3 - LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
135135
136136
137137 HB2413- 4 -LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b HB2413 - 4 - LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
138138 HB2413 - 4 - LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
139139 1 Development Act.
140140 2 (b) Library circulation and order records identifying
141141 3 library users with specific materials under the Library
142142 4 Records Confidentiality Act.
143143 5 (c) Applications, related documents, and medical
144144 6 records received by the Experimental Organ Transplantation
145145 7 Procedures Board and any and all documents or other
146146 8 records prepared by the Experimental Organ Transplantation
147147 9 Procedures Board or its staff relating to applications it
148148 10 has received.
149149 11 (d) Information and records held by the Department of
150150 12 Public Health and its authorized representatives relating
151151 13 to known or suspected cases of sexually transmissible
152152 14 disease or any information the disclosure of which is
153153 15 restricted under the Illinois Sexually Transmissible
154154 16 Disease Control Act.
155155 17 (e) Information the disclosure of which is exempted
156156 18 under Section 30 of the Radon Industry Licensing Act.
157157 19 (f) Firm performance evaluations under Section 55 of
158158 20 the Architectural, Engineering, and Land Surveying
159159 21 Qualifications Based Selection Act.
160160 22 (g) Information the disclosure of which is restricted
161161 23 and exempted under Section 50 of the Illinois Prepaid
162162 24 Tuition Act.
163163 25 (h) Information the disclosure of which is exempted
164164 26 under the State Officials and Employees Ethics Act, and
165165
166166
167167
168168
169169
170170 HB2413 - 4 - LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
171171
172172
173173 HB2413- 5 -LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b HB2413 - 5 - LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
174174 HB2413 - 5 - LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
175175 1 records of any lawfully created State or local inspector
176176 2 general's office that would be exempt if created or
177177 3 obtained by an Executive Inspector General's office under
178178 4 that Act.
179179 5 (i) Information contained in a local emergency energy
180180 6 plan submitted to a municipality in accordance with a
181181 7 local emergency energy plan ordinance that is adopted
182182 8 under Section 11-21.5-5 of the Illinois Municipal Code.
183183 9 (j) Information and data concerning the distribution
184184 10 of surcharge moneys collected and remitted by carriers
185185 11 under the Emergency Telephone System Act.
186186 12 (k) Law enforcement officer identification information
187187 13 or driver identification information compiled by a law
188188 14 enforcement agency or the Department of Transportation
189189 15 under Section 11-212 of the Illinois Vehicle Code.
190190 16 (l) Records and information provided to a residential
191191 17 health care facility resident sexual assault and death
192192 18 review team or the Executive Council under the Abuse
193193 19 Prevention Review Team Act.
194194 20 (m) Information provided to the predatory lending
195195 21 database created pursuant to Article 3 of the Residential
196196 22 Real Property Disclosure Act, except to the extent
197197 23 authorized under that Article.
198198 24 (n) Defense budgets and petitions for certification of
199199 25 compensation and expenses for court appointed trial
200200 26 counsel as provided under Sections 10 and 15 of the
201201
202202
203203
204204
205205
206206 HB2413 - 5 - LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
207207
208208
209209 HB2413- 6 -LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b HB2413 - 6 - LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
210210 HB2413 - 6 - LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
211211 1 Capital Crimes Litigation Act. This subsection (n) shall
212212 2 apply until the conclusion of the trial of the case, even
213213 3 if the prosecution chooses not to pursue the death penalty
214214 4 prior to trial or sentencing.
215215 5 (o) Information that is prohibited from being
216216 6 disclosed under Section 4 of the Illinois Health and
217217 7 Hazardous Substances Registry Act.
218218 8 (p) Security portions of system safety program plans,
219219 9 investigation reports, surveys, schedules, lists, data, or
220220 10 information compiled, collected, or prepared by or for the
221221 11 Department of Transportation under Sections 2705-300 and
222222 12 2705-616 of the Department of Transportation Law of the
223223 13 Civil Administrative Code of Illinois, the Regional
224224 14 Transportation Authority under Section 2.11 of the
225225 15 Regional Transportation Authority Act, or the St. Clair
226226 16 County Transit District under the Bi-State Transit Safety
227227 17 Act.
228228 18 (q) Information prohibited from being disclosed by the
229229 19 Personnel Record Review Act.
230230 20 (r) Information prohibited from being disclosed by the
231231 21 Illinois School Student Records Act.
232232 22 (s) Information the disclosure of which is restricted
233233 23 under Section 5-108 of the Public Utilities Act.
234234 24 (t) All identified or deidentified health information
235235 25 in the form of health data or medical records contained
236236 26 in, stored in, submitted to, transferred by, or released
237237
238238
239239
240240
241241
242242 HB2413 - 6 - LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
243243
244244
245245 HB2413- 7 -LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b HB2413 - 7 - LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
246246 HB2413 - 7 - LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
247247 1 from the Illinois Health Information Exchange, and
248248 2 identified or deidentified health information in the form
249249 3 of health data and medical records of the Illinois Health
250250 4 Information Exchange in the possession of the Illinois
251251 5 Health Information Exchange Office due to its
252252 6 administration of the Illinois Health Information
253253 7 Exchange. The terms "identified" and "deidentified" shall
254254 8 be given the same meaning as in the Health Insurance
255255 9 Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, Public Law
256256 10 104-191, or any subsequent amendments thereto, and any
257257 11 regulations promulgated thereunder.
258258 12 (u) Records and information provided to an independent
259259 13 team of experts under the Developmental Disability and
260260 14 Mental Health Safety Act (also known as Brian's Law).
261261 15 (v) Names and information of people who have applied
262262 16 for or received Firearm Owner's Identification Cards under
263263 17 the Firearm Owners Identification Card Act or applied for
264264 18 or received a concealed carry license under the Firearm
265265 19 Concealed Carry Act, unless otherwise authorized by the
266266 20 Firearm Concealed Carry Act; and databases under the
267267 21 Firearm Concealed Carry Act, records of the Concealed
268268 22 Carry Licensing Review Board under the Firearm Concealed
269269 23 Carry Act, and law enforcement agency objections under the
270270 24 Firearm Concealed Carry Act.
271271 25 (v-5) Records of the Firearm Owner's Identification
272272 26 Card Review Board that are exempted from disclosure under
273273
274274
275275
276276
277277
278278 HB2413 - 7 - LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
279279
280280
281281 HB2413- 8 -LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b HB2413 - 8 - LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
282282 HB2413 - 8 - LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
283283 1 Section 10 of the Firearm Owners Identification Card Act.
284284 2 (w) Personally identifiable information which is
285285 3 exempted from disclosure under subsection (g) of Section
286286 4 19.1 of the Toll Highway Act.
287287 5 (x) Information which is exempted from disclosure
288288 6 under Section 5-1014.3 of the Counties Code or Section
289289 7 8-11-21 of the Illinois Municipal Code.
290290 8 (y) Confidential information under the Adult
291291 9 Protective Services Act and its predecessor enabling
292292 10 statute, the Elder Abuse and Neglect Act, including
293293 11 information about the identity and administrative finding
294294 12 against any caregiver of a verified and substantiated
295295 13 decision of abuse, neglect, or financial exploitation of
296296 14 an eligible adult maintained in the Registry established
297297 15 under Section 7.5 of the Adult Protective Services Act.
298298 16 (z) Records and information provided to a fatality
299299 17 review team or the Illinois Fatality Review Team Advisory
300300 18 Council under Section 15 of the Adult Protective Services
301301 19 Act.
302302 20 (aa) Information which is exempted from disclosure
303303 21 under Section 2.37 of the Wildlife Code.
304304 22 (bb) Information which is or was prohibited from
305305 23 disclosure by the Juvenile Court Act of 1987.
306306 24 (cc) Recordings made under the Law Enforcement
307307 25 Officer-Worn Body Camera Act, except to the extent
308308 26 authorized under that Act.
309309
310310
311311
312312
313313
314314 HB2413 - 8 - LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
315315
316316
317317 HB2413- 9 -LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b HB2413 - 9 - LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
318318 HB2413 - 9 - LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
319319 1 (dd) Information that is prohibited from being
320320 2 disclosed under Section 45 of the Condominium and Common
321321 3 Interest Community Ombudsperson Act.
322322 4 (ee) Information that is exempted from disclosure
323323 5 under Section 30.1 of the Pharmacy Practice Act.
324324 6 (ff) Information that is exempted from disclosure
325325 7 under the Revised Uniform Unclaimed Property Act.
326326 8 (gg) Information that is prohibited from being
327327 9 disclosed under Section 7-603.5 of the Illinois Vehicle
328328 10 Code.
329329 11 (hh) Records that are exempt from disclosure under
330330 12 Section 1A-16.7 of the Election Code.
331331 13 (ii) Information which is exempted from disclosure
332332 14 under Section 2505-800 of the Department of Revenue Law of
333333 15 the Civil Administrative Code of Illinois.
334334 16 (jj) Information and reports that are required to be
335335 17 submitted to the Department of Labor by registering day
336336 18 and temporary labor service agencies but are exempt from
337337 19 disclosure under subsection (a-1) of Section 45 of the Day
338338 20 and Temporary Labor Services Act.
339339 21 (kk) Information prohibited from disclosure under the
340340 22 Seizure and Forfeiture Reporting Act.
341341 23 (ll) Information the disclosure of which is restricted
342342 24 and exempted under Section 5-30.8 of the Illinois Public
343343 25 Aid Code.
344344 26 (mm) Records that are exempt from disclosure under
345345
346346
347347
348348
349349
350350 HB2413 - 9 - LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
351351
352352
353353 HB2413- 10 -LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b HB2413 - 10 - LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
354354 HB2413 - 10 - LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
355355 1 Section 4.2 of the Crime Victims Compensation Act.
356356 2 (nn) Information that is exempt from disclosure under
357357 3 Section 70 of the Higher Education Student Assistance Act.
358358 4 (oo) Communications, notes, records, and reports
359359 5 arising out of a peer support counseling session
360360 6 prohibited from disclosure under the First Responders
361361 7 Suicide Prevention Act.
362362 8 (pp) Names and all identifying information relating to
363363 9 an employee of an emergency services provider or law
364364 10 enforcement agency under the First Responders Suicide
365365 11 Prevention Act.
366366 12 (qq) Information and records held by the Department of
367367 13 Public Health and its authorized representatives collected
368368 14 under the Reproductive Health Act.
369369 15 (rr) Information that is exempt from disclosure under
370370 16 the Cannabis Regulation and Tax Act.
371371 17 (ss) Data reported by an employer to the Department of
372372 18 Human Rights pursuant to Section 2-108 of the Illinois
373373 19 Human Rights Act.
374374 20 (tt) Recordings made under the Children's Advocacy
375375 21 Center Act, except to the extent authorized under that
376376 22 Act.
377377 23 (uu) Information that is exempt from disclosure under
378378 24 Section 50 of the Sexual Assault Evidence Submission Act.
379379 25 (vv) Information that is exempt from disclosure under
380380 26 subsections (f) and (j) of Section 5-36 of the Illinois
381381
382382
383383
384384
385385
386386 HB2413 - 10 - LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
387387
388388
389389 HB2413- 11 -LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b HB2413 - 11 - LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
390390 HB2413 - 11 - LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
391391 1 Public Aid Code.
392392 2 (ww) Information that is exempt from disclosure under
393393 3 Section 16.8 of the State Treasurer Act.
394394 4 (xx) Information that is exempt from disclosure or
395395 5 information that shall not be made public under the
396396 6 Illinois Insurance Code.
397397 7 (yy) Information prohibited from being disclosed under
398398 8 the Illinois Educational Labor Relations Act.
399399 9 (zz) Information prohibited from being disclosed under
400400 10 the Illinois Public Labor Relations Act.
401401 11 (aaa) Information prohibited from being disclosed
402402 12 under Section 1-167 of the Illinois Pension Code.
403403 13 (bbb) Information that is prohibited from disclosure
404404 14 by the Illinois Police Training Act and the Illinois State
405405 15 Police Act.
406406 16 (ccc) Records exempt from disclosure under Section
407407 17 2605-304 of the Illinois State Police Law of the Civil
408408 18 Administrative Code of Illinois.
409409 19 (ddd) Information prohibited from being disclosed
410410 20 under Section 35 of the Address Confidentiality for
411411 21 Victims of Domestic Violence, Sexual Assault, Human
412412 22 Trafficking, or Stalking Act.
413413 23 (eee) Information prohibited from being disclosed
414414 24 under subsection (b) of Section 75 of the Domestic
415415 25 Violence Fatality Review Act.
416416 26 (fff) Images from cameras under the Expressway Camera
417417
418418
419419
420420
421421
422422 HB2413 - 11 - LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
423423
424424
425425 HB2413- 12 -LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b HB2413 - 12 - LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
426426 HB2413 - 12 - LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b
427427 1 Act. This subsection (fff) is inoperative on and after
428428 2 July 1, 2023.
429429 3 (ggg) Information prohibited from disclosure under
430430 4 paragraph (3) of subsection (a) of Section 14 of the Nurse
431431 5 Agency Licensing Act.
432432 6 (hhh) Information submitted to the Department of State
433433 7 Police in an affidavit or application for an assault
434434 8 weapon endorsement, assault weapon attachment endorsement,
435435 9 .50 caliber rifle endorsement, or .50 caliber cartridge
436436 10 endorsement under the Firearm Owners Identification Card
437437 11 Act.
438438 12 (iii) Recordings made under the Public Official Body
439439 13 Camera Act, except to the extent authorized under that
440440 14 Act.
441441 15 (Source: P.A. 101-13, eff. 6-12-19; 101-27, eff. 6-25-19;
442442 16 101-81, eff. 7-12-19; 101-221, eff. 1-1-20; 101-236, eff.
443443 17 1-1-20; 101-375, eff. 8-16-19; 101-377, eff. 8-16-19; 101-452,
444444 18 eff. 1-1-20; 101-466, eff. 1-1-20; 101-600, eff. 12-6-19;
445445 19 101-620, eff 12-20-19; 101-649, eff. 7-7-20; 101-652, eff.
446446 20 1-1-22; 101-656, eff. 3-23-21; 102-36, eff. 6-25-21; 102-237,
447447 21 eff. 1-1-22; 102-292, eff. 1-1-22; 102-520, eff. 8-20-21;
448448 22 102-559, eff. 8-20-21; 102-813, eff. 5-13-22; 102-946, eff.
449449 23 7-1-22; 102-1042, eff. 6-3-22; 102-1116, eff. 1-10-23.)
450450
451451
452452
453453
454454
455455 HB2413 - 12 - LRB103 28249 BMS 54628 b