MD
Maryland House Bill HB505

Maryland 2024 Regular Session

Maryland House Bill HB505 Compare Versions

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33 EXPLANATION: CAPITALS INDICATE MAT TER ADDED TO EXISTIN G LAW.
44 [Brackets] indicate matter deleted from existing law.
5- Underlining indicates amendments to bill.
6- Strike out indicates matter stricken from the bill by amendment or deleted from the law by
7-amendment.
85 *hb0505*
96
107 HOUSE BILL 505
118 C5 4lr0543
12- CF SB 682
9+ CF 4lr0602
1310 By: Delegate Charkoudian
1411 Introduced and read first time: January 24, 2024
1512 Assigned to: Economic Matters
16-Committee Report: Favorable with amendments
17-House action: Adopted
18-Read second time: March 8, 2024
1913
20-CHAPTER ______
14+A BILL ENTITLED
2115
2216 AN ACT concerning 1
2317
2418 Limitations on Cost Recovery by Public Service Companies and Reports on 2
2519 Votes Cast at Meetings of Regional Transmission Organizations 3
26-Electric Companies – Regional Transmission Organizations – Membership and 4
27-Report 5
28-(Utility Transparency and Accountability Act) 6
20+(Utility Transparency and Accountability Act) 4
2921
30-FOR the purpose of prohibiting public service companies from recovering through rates 7
31-certain costs; requiring certain public service companies to submit an annual report 8
32-to the Public Service Commission regarding costs related to certain activities; 9
33-requiring each a certain electric company to be a member of a regional transmission 10
34-organization; requiring each a certain electric company to submit an annual report 11
35-to the Public Service Commission regarding certain votes cast by the electric 12
36-company and any affiliate of the electric company at a meeting of the regional 13
37-transmission organization; and generally relating to cost recovery by public service 14
38-companies and reports by electric companies and regional transmission 15
39-organizations. 16
22+FOR the purpose of prohibiting public service companies from recovering through rates 5
23+certain costs; requiring certain public service companies to submit an annual report 6
24+to the Public Service Commission regarding costs related to certain activities; 7
25+requiring each electric company to be a member of a regional transmission 8
26+organization; requiring each electric company to submit an annual report to the 9
27+Commission regarding certain votes cast by the electric company and any affiliate of 10
28+the electric company at a meeting of the regional transmission organization; and 11
29+generally relating to cost recovery by public service companies and reports by electric 12
30+companies. 13
4031
41-BY repealing and reenacting, without amendments, 17
42- Article – Public Utilities 18
43-Section 1–101(a) and (z) 19
44- Annotated Code of Maryland 20
45- (2020 Replacement Volume and 2023 Supplement) 21
32+BY repealing and reenacting, without amendments, 14
33+ Article – Public Utilities 15
34+Section 1–101(a) and (z) 16
35+ Annotated Code of Maryland 17
36+ (2020 Replacement Volume and 2023 Supplement) 18
4637
47-BY repealing and reenacting, with amendments, 22
48- Article – Public Utilities 23 2 HOUSE BILL 505
38+BY repealing and reenacting, with amendments, 19
39+ Article – Public Utilities 20
40+Section 4–103 21
41+ Annotated Code of Maryland 22
42+ (2020 Replacement Volume and 2023 Supplement) 23
43+
44+BY adding to 24
45+ Article – Public Utilities 25
46+Section 4–504, 4–505, and 7–108 26
47+ Annotated Code of Maryland 27
48+ (2020 Replacement Volume and 2023 Supplement) 28 2 HOUSE BILL 505
4949
5050
51-Section 4–103 1
52- Annotated Code of Maryland 2
53- (2020 Replacement Volume and 2023 Supplement) 3
5451
55-BY adding to 4
56- Article – Public Utilities 5
57-Section 4–504, 4–505, and 7–108 6
58- Annotated Code of Maryland 7
59- (2020 Replacement Volume and 2023 Supplement) 8
52+ SECTION 1. BE IT ENACTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF MARYLAND, 1
53+That the Laws of Maryland read as follows: 2
6054
61- SECTION 1. BE IT ENACTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF MARYLAND, 9
62-That the Laws of Maryland read as follows: 10
55+Article – Public Utilities 3
6356
64-Article – Public Utilities 11
57+1–101. 4
6558
66-1–101. 12
59+ (a) In this division the following words have the meanings indicated. 5
6760
68- (a) In this division the following words have the meanings indicated. 13
61+ (z) (1) “Public service company” means a common carrier company, electric 6
62+company, gas company, sewage disposal company, telegraph company, telephone company, 7
63+water company, or any combination of public service companies. 8
6964
70- (z) (1) “Public service company” means a common carrier company, electric 14
71-company, gas company, sewage disposal company, telegraph company, telephone company, 15
72-water company, or any combination of public service companies. 16
65+ (2) “Public service company” does not include: 9
7366
74- (2) “Public service company” does not include: 17
67+ (i) a campground that provides water, electric, gas, sewage, or 10
68+telephone service to campers incident to the campground’s primary business of operating 11
69+and maintaining the campground; or 12
7570
76- (i) a campground that provides water, electric, gas, sewage, or 18
77-telephone service to campers incident to the campground’s primary business of operating 19
78-and maintaining the campground; or 20
71+ (ii) a person that owns or operates equipment used for charging 13
72+electric vehicles, including a person that owns or operates: 14
7973
80- (ii) a person that owns or operates equipment used for charging 21
81-electric vehicles, including a person that owns or operates: 22
74+ 1. an electric vehicle charging station; 15
8275
83- 1. an electric vehicle charging station; 23
76+ 2. electric vehicle supply equipment; or 16
8477
85- 2. electric vehicle supply equipment; or 24
78+ 3. an electric vehicle charging station service company or 17
79+provider. 18
8680
87- 3. an electric vehicle charging station service company or 25
88-provider. 26
81+4–103. 19
8982
90-4–103. 27
83+ [(a)] In setting just and reasonable rates under this title, the Commission may not 20
84+discourage the use of employee stock ownership plans by public service companies by 21
85+denying to the public service companies the full benefits of investment tax credits provided 22
86+in connection with these plans by the Internal Revenue Code. 23
9187
92- [(a)] In setting just and reasonable rates under this title, the Commission may not 28
93-discourage the use of employee stock ownership plans by public service companies by 29
94-denying to the public service companies the full benefits of investment tax credits provided 30
95-in connection with these plans by the Internal Revenue Code. 31
88+ [(b) A public service company may not charge off lobbying expenses against its 24
89+ratepayers.] 25
90+
91+4–504. 26
92+
93+ (A) IN THIS SECTION, “LOBBYING OR POLITICA L ACTIVITIES” MEANS ANY 27
94+ACTION TAKEN AT THE STATE, COUNTY, OR MUNICIPAL LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT IN 28
95+CONNECTION WITH : 29
9696 HOUSE BILL 505 3
9797
9898
99- [(b) A public service company may not charge off lobbying expenses against its 1
100-ratepayers.] 2
99+ (1) INFLUENCING LEGISLAT ION; 1
101100
102-4–504. 3
101+ (2) PARTICIPATION OR INT ERVENTION IN ANY POL ITICAL CAMPAIGN 2
102+ON BEHALF OF OR IN OPPOSITION TO ANY CANDIDATE FOR PU BLIC OFFICE; OR 3
103103
104- (A) IN THIS SECTION, “LOBBYING OR POLITICA L ACTIVITIES” MEANS ANY 4
105-ACTION TAKEN AT THE STATE, COUNTY, OR MUNICIPAL LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT IN 5
106-CONNECTION WITH : 6
104+ (3) ANY ATTEMPT TO INFLU ENCE ANY SEGMENT OF THE GENERAL 4
105+PUBLIC WITH RESPECT TO AN E LECTION, A LEGISLATIVE MATTER , AN EXECUTIVE 5
106+AGENCY DECISION , OR A REFERENDUM . 6
107107
108- (1) INFLUENCING LEGISLAT ION; 7
108+ (B) A PUBLIC SERVICE COMPA NY MAY NOT RECOVER T HROUGH RATES ANY 7
109+COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH : 8
109110
110- (2) PARTICIPATION OR INT ERVENTION IN ANY POL ITICAL CAMPAIGN 8
111-ON BEHALF OF OR IN OPPOSITION TO ANY CA NDIDATE FOR PUBLIC O FFICE; OR 9
111+ (1) MEMBERSHIP , DUES, SPONSORSHIPS , OR CONTRIBUTIONS TO A 9
112+BUSINESS OR INDUSTRY TRADE ASSOCIATION , GROUP, OR RELATED ENTITY EXEMPT 10
113+FROM TAXATION UNDER § 501 OF THE INTERNAL REVENUE CODE; 11
112114
113- (3) ANY ATTEMPT TO INFLU ENCE ANY SEGMENT OF THE GENERAL 10
114-PUBLIC WITH RESPECT TO AN ELECTION , A LEGISLATIVE MATTER , AN EXECUTIVE 11
115-AGENCY DECISION , OR A REFERENDUM . 12
115+ (2) LOBBYING OR POLITICAL ACTIVITIES , INCLUDING SUPPORTING 12
116+ACTIVITIES SUCH AS P OLICY RESEARCH , ANALYSIS, PREPARATION , AND PLANNING ; 13
116117
117- (B) A PUBLIC SERVICE COMPA NY MAY NOT REC OVER THROUGH RATES A NY 13
118-COSTS ASSOCIATED WIT H: 14
118+ (3) UNLESS APPROVED OR O RDERED BY THE COMMISSION, 14
119+ADVERTISING, MARKETING, COMMUNICATIONS , OR OTHER RELATED COS TS 15
120+IDENTIFIED BY THE COMMISSION THAT SEEK TO INFLUEN CE PUBLIC OPINION OR 16
121+CREATE GOODWILL TOWA RD THE PUBLIC SERVIC E COMPANY; 17
119122
120- (1) MEMBERSHIP , DUES, SPONSORSHIPS , OR CONTRIBUTIONS TO A 15
121-BUSINESS OR INDUSTRY TRADE ASSOCIATION , GROUP, OR RELATED ENTITY EX EMPT 16
122-FROM TAXATION UNDER § 501 OF THE INTERNAL REVENUE CODE; 17
123+ (4) TRAVEL, LODGING, OR FOOD AND BEVERAGE EXPENSES FOR THE 18
124+PUBLIC SERVICE COMPA NY’S BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS OR THE BOARD 19
125+OF DIRECTORS AND OFF ICERS OF THE PUBLIC SERVICE COMPANY ’S PARENT 20
126+COMPANY; 21
123127
124- (2) LOBBYING OR POLITICAL ACTIVITIES , INCLUDING SUPPORTING 18
125-ACTIVITIES SUCH AS P OLICY RESEARCH , ANALYSIS, PREPARATION , AND PLANNING ; 19
128+ (5) ENTERTAINMENT OR GIF TS; 22
126129
127- (3) UNLESS APPROVED OR O RDERED BY THE COMMISSION, 20
128-ADVERTISING, MARKETING, COMMUNICATIONS , OR OTHER RELATED COS TS 21
129-IDENTIFIED BY THE COMMISSION THAT SEEK TO INFLUENCE PUBLIC OPINION OR 22
130-CREATE GOODWILL TOWA RD THE PUBLIC SERVIC E COMPANY; 23
130+ (6) ANY OWNED, LEASED, OR CHARTERED AIRCRAF T FOR THE PUBLIC 23
131+SERVICE COMPANY ’S BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS OR THE BOARD OF 24
132+DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS OF THE PUBLIC SERVIC E COMPANY’S PARENT COMPANY ; 25
133+OR 26
131134
132- (4) TRAVEL, LODGING, OR FOOD AND BEVERAGE EXPENSES FOR THE 24
133-PUBLIC SERVICE COMPA NY’S BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS OR THE BOARD 25
134-OF DIRECTORS AND OFF ICERS OF THE PUBLIC S ERVICE COMPANY ’S PARENT 26
135-COMPANY; 27
135+ (7) INVESTOR RELATIONS . 27
136136
137- (5) ENTERTAINMENT OR GIF TS; 28
137+4–505. 28
138138
139- (6) ANY OWNED, LEASED, OR CHARTERED AIRCRAF T FOR THE PUBLIC 29
140-SERVICE COMPANY ’S BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS OR THE BOARD OF 30
141-DIRECTORS AND OFFICE RS OF THE PUBLIC SER VICE COMPANY’S PARENT COMPANY ; 31
142-OR 32 4 HOUSE BILL 505
139+ (A) THIS SECTION APPLIES ONLY TO A PUBLIC SERVICE COMPA NY WITH 29
140+MORE THAN 75,000 CUSTOMERS IN THE STATE. 30
141+ 4 HOUSE BILL 505
143142
144143
144+ (B) (1) ON OR BEFORE JANUARY 1 EACH YEAR, EACH PUBLIC SERVICE 1
145+COMPANY SHALL SUBMIT TO THE COMMISSION A REPORT ITEMIZING ALL COSTS 2
146+ASSOCIATED WITH THE ACTIVITIES DESCRIBED IN § 4–504 OF THIS SUBTITLE. 3
145147
146- (7) INVESTOR RELATIONS . 1
148+ (2) THE REPORT SHALL INCLUDE : 4
147149
148-4–505. 2
150+ (I) COSTS SPENT BY THE P ARENT COMPANY OR AFF ILIATES OF 5
151+THE PUBLIC SERVICE C OMPANY THAT ARE DIRECTLY BILLED OR A LLOCATED TO THE 6
152+PUBLIC SERVICE COMPA NY; 7
149153
150- (A) THIS SECTION APPLIES ONLY TO A PUBLIC SER VICE COMPANY WITH 3
151-MORE THAN 75,000 CUSTOMERS IN THE STATE. 4
154+ (II) A LIST OF THE TITLE , JOB DESCRIPTION , AND SALARY OF 8
155+ANY PUBLIC SERVICE COMPA NY EMPLOYEE WHO PERFORM ED WORK ASSOCIATED 9
156+WITH THE ACTIVITIES DESCRIBED IN § 4–504 OF THIS SUBTITLE , INCLUDING THE 10
157+HOURS ATTRIBUTED TO THE WORK; 11
152158
153- (B) (1) ON OR BEFORE JANUARY 1 EACH YEAR, EACH PUBLIC SERVICE 5
154-COMPANY SHALL SUBMIT TO THE COMMISSION A REPORT I TEMIZING ALL COSTS 6
155-ASSOCIATED WITH THE ACTIVITIES DESCRIBED IN § 4–504 OF THIS SUBTITLE. 7
159+ (III) A LIST OF THE TITLE , JOB DESCRIPTION , AND SALARY OF 12
160+ANY EMPLOYEE OF THE PARENT COMPANY OR AF FILIATE OF THE PUBLIC SERVIC E 13
161+COMPANY WHO PERFORMED W ORK ASSOCIATED WITH THE ACTIVITIES DESCR IBED 14
162+§ 4–504 OF THIS SUBTITLE, INCLUDING THE HOURS ATTRIBUTED TO THE WORK THAT 15
163+WERE DIRECTLY BILLED OR ALLOCATED TO THE PUBLIC SERVICE COMPA NY; 16
156164
157- (2) THE REPORT SHALL INCL UDE: 8
165+ (IV) A LIST OF PAYMENTS THAT THE PUBLIC SERV ICE COMPANY 17
166+MADE TO ALL THIRD –PARTY VENDORS FOR AN Y EXPENSES ASSOCIATE D WITH THE 18
167+ACTIVITIES DESCRIBED IN § 4–504 OF THIS SUBTITLE , INCLUDING UNREDACTED 19
168+BILLING AMOUNTS , BILLING DATES , PAYEES, AND AN EXPLANATION OF EACH 20
169+EXPENDITURE IN D ETAIL SUFFICIENT TO DESCRIBE THE PURPOSE OF THE COST; 21
170+AND 22
158171
159- (I) COSTS SPENT BY THE P ARENT COMPANY OR AFF ILIATES OF 9
160-THE PUBLIC SERVICE C OMPANY THAT ARE DIRE CTLY BILLED OR ALLOCATED T O THE 10
161-PUBLIC SERVICE COMPA NY; 11
172+ (V) ANY OTHER INFORMATIO N THE COMMISSION CONSIDERS 23
173+RELEVANT. 24
162174
163- (II) A LIST OF THE TITLE , JOB DESCRIPTION , AND SALARY OF 12
164-ANY PUBLIC SERVICE C OMPANY EMPLOYEE WHO PERFORMED WORK ASSOC IATED 13
165-WITH THE ACTIVITIES DESCRIBED IN § 4–504 OF THIS SUBTITLE , INCLUDING THE 14
166-HOURS ATTRIBUTED TO THE WO RK; 15
175+7–108. 25
167176
168- (III) A LIST OF THE TITLE , JOB DESCRIPTION , AND SALARY OF 16
169-ANY EMPLOYEE OF THE PARENT COMPANY OR AF FILIATE OF THE PUBLI C SERVICE 17
170-COMPANY WHO PERFORME D WORK ASSOCIATED WI TH THE ACTIVITIES DE SCRIBED 18
171-§ 4–504 OF THIS SUBTITLE, INCLUDING THE HOURS ATTRIBUTED TO THE WO RK THAT 19
172-WERE DIRECTLY BILLED OR ALLOCATED TO THE PUBLIC SERVICE COMPA NY; 20
177+ (A) (1) IN THIS SECTION THE FOLLOWING WORDS HAVE THE MEANINGS 26
178+INDICATED. 27
173179
174- (IV) A LIST OF PAYMENTS T HAT THE PUBLIC SERVI CE COMPANY 21
175-MADE TO ALL THIRD –PARTY VENDORS FOR AN Y EXPENSES ASSOCIATE D WITH THE 22
176-ACTIVITIES DES CRIBED IN § 4–504 OF THIS SUBTITLE , INCLUDING UNREDACTED 23
177-BILLING AMOUNTS , BILLING DATES , PAYEES, AND AN EXPLANATION O F EACH 24
178-EXPENDITURE IN DETAI L SUFFICIENT TO DESC RIBE THE PURPOSE OF THE COST; 25
179-AND 26
180+ (2) “AFFILIATE” HAS THE MEANING STAT ED IN § 7–501 OF THIS 28
181+TITLE. 29
180182
181- (V) ANY OTHER INFORMATIO N THE COMMISSION CONSIDERS 27
182-RELEVANT. 28
183-
184-7–108. 29
185-
186- (A) (1) IN THIS SECTION THE F OLLOWING WORDS HAVE THE MEANINGS 30
187-INDICATED. 31
183+ (3) “MEETING” MEANS ANY COMMITTEE , USER GROUP, TASK FORCE, 30
184+OR OTHER PART OF THE REGIONAL TRANSMISSIO N ORGANIZATION IN WH ICH VOTES 31
185+ARE TAKEN. 32
188186 HOUSE BILL 505 5
189187
190188
191- (2) “AFFILIATE” HAS THE MEANING STAT ED IN § 7–501 OF THIS 1
192-TITLE. 2
189+ (4) “RECORDED VOTE ” MEANS A VOTE THAT IS TABULATED, EITHER 1
190+INDIVIDUALLY OR AS P ART OF A SECTOR , FOR ANY PURPOSE AT A MEETING, 2
191+REGARDLESS OF : 3
193192
194- (3) “MEETING” MEANS ANY COMMITTEE , USER GROUP, TASK FORCE, 3
195-OR OTHER PART OF THE REGIONAL TRA NSMISSION ORGANIZATI ON IN WHICH VOTES 4
196-ARE TAKEN. 5
193+ (I) WHETHER THE VOTE REPRESENTS A FINAL POSITION OF 4
194+ANY PERSON CASTING T HE VOTE; OR 5
197195
198- (4) “RECORDED VOTE ” MEANS A VOTE THAT IS TABULATED, EITHER 6
199-INDIVIDUALLY OR AS P ART OF A SECTOR , FOR ANY PURPOSE AT A MEETING, 7
200-REGARDLESS OF : 8
196+ (II) THE DECISION–MAKING AUTHORITY OF THOSE VOTING . 6
201197
202- (I) WHETHER THE VOTE REP RESENTS A FINAL POSI TION OF 9
203-ANY PERSON CASTING THE VOTE ; OR 10
198+ (5) “REGIONAL TR ANSMISSION ORGANIZAT ION” MEANS AN ENTITY 7
199+THAT QUALIFIES AS A REGIONAL TRANSMISSIO N ORGANIZATION UNDER 18 C.F.R. § 8
200+35.34. 9
204201
205- (II) THE DECISION–MAKING AUTHORITY OF THOSE VOTING . 11
202+ (B) EACH ELECTRIC COMPANY SHALL BE A MEMBER OF A REGIONAL 10
203+TRANSMISSION ORGANIZ ATION. 11
206204
207- (5) “REGIONAL TRANSMISSION ORGANIZATION ” MEANS AN ENTITY 12
208-THAT QUALIFIES AS A REGIONAL TRANSMISSIO N ORGANIZATION UNDER 18 C.F.R. § 13
209-35.34. 14
205+ (C) (1) ON OR BEFORE FEBRUARY 1 EACH YEAR , EACH ELECTRIC 12
206+COMPANY SHALL SUBMIT TO THE COMMISSION A REPORT O F ANY RECORDED VOTE 13
207+CAST BY THE ELECTRIC COMPANY OR, SUBJECT T O PARAGRAPH (2) OF THIS 14
208+SUBSECTION, AN AFFILIATE OF THE ELECTRIC COMPANY AT A MEETING OF A 15
209+REGIONAL TRANSMISSION ORG ANIZATION DURING THE IMMEDIATELY PRECEDIN G 16
210+CALENDAR YEAR . 17
210211
211- (B) THIS SECTION DOES NOT APPLY TO A MUNICIPAL ELECT RIC UTILITY. 15
212+ (2) THE REPORT SHALL INCL UDE: 18
212213
213- (C) EACH ELECTRIC COMPANY SHALL BE A MEMBER OF A REGIONAL 16
214-TRANSMISSION ORGANIZ ATION. 17
214+ (I) ALL RECORDED VOTES CAST BY THE ELECTRIC COMPANY, 19
215+REGARDLESS OF WHETHE R THE VOTE IS OTHERWISE DISCLOSED; 20
215216
216- (C) (D) (1) ON OR BEFORE FEBRUARY 1 EACH YEAR, EACH ELECTRIC 18
217-COMPANY SHALL SUBMIT TO THE COMMISSION A REPORT O F ANY RECORDED VOTE 19
218-CAST BY THE ELECTRIC COMP ANY OR, SUBJECT TO PARAGRAPH (2) OF THIS 20
219-SUBSECTION, AN AFFILIATE OF THE ELECTRIC COMPANY AT A MEETING OF A 21
220-REGIONAL TRANSMISSIO N ORGANIZATION DURIN G THE IMMEDIATELY PR ECEDING 22
221-CALENDAR YEAR . 23
217+ (II) ALL VOTES CAST BY AN AFFILIATE OF THE ELECTRIC 21
218+COMPANY IF THE ELECTRIC COMPANY ITSELF DOES NOT VOTE ON THE MATTER ; AND 22
222219
223- (2) THE REPORT SHALL INCL UDE: 24
220+ (III) A BRIEF DESCRIPTION EXPLAINING HOW EACH VOTE CAST 23
221+BY THE ELECTRIC COMPANY OR ITS AFFILIATE IS IN THE INTEREST O F THE PUBLIC. 24
224222
225- (I) ALL RECORDED VOTES CAST BY THE ELECTRIC COMP ANY, 25
226-REGARDLESS OF WHETHE R THE VOTE IS OTHERW ISE DISCLOSED; 26
227-
228- (II) ALL VOTES CAST BY AN AFFILIATE OF THE ELE CTRIC 27
229-COMPANY IF THE ELECT RIC COMPANY ITSELF D OES NOT VOTE ON THE MATTER; AND 28
230-
231- (III) A BRIEF DESCRIPTION EXPLAINI NG HOW EACH VOTE CAS T 29
232-BY THE ELECTRIC COMP ANY OR ITS AFFILIATE IS IN THE INTEREST O F THE PUBLIC. 30
233- 6 HOUSE BILL 505
234-
235-
236- SECTION 2. AND BE IT FURTHER ENACTED, That this Act shall take effect 1
237-October 1, 2024. 2
238-
239-
240-
241-
242-Approved:
243-________________________________________________________________________________
244- Governor.
245-________________________________________________________________________________
246- Speaker of the House of Delegates.
247-________________________________________________________________________________
248- President of the Senate.
223+ SECTION 2. AND BE IT FURTHER ENACTED, That this Act shall take effect 25
224+October 1, 2024. 26