GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF NORTH CAROLINA
SESSION 2025
H 1
HOUSE BILL 345
Short Title: Rights of Nature/Certain River Basins. (Public)
Sponsors: Representatives Harrison, Morey, Cervania, and K. Brown (Primary Sponsors).
For a complete list of sponsors, refer to the North Carolina General Assembly web site.
Referred to: Rules, Calendar, and Operations of the House
March 11, 2025
*H345 -v-1*
A BILL TO BE ENTITLED 1
AN ACT TO RECOGNIZE AND PROTECT THE RIGHTS OF THE DAN AND HAW RIVER 2
ECOSYSTEMS AND TO RE COGNIZE AND PROTECT THE RIGHT OF THE PEOPLE 3
OF NORTH CAROLINA TO A HEALTHY ECOSYSTEM FOR THOSE RIVERS. 4
Whereas, from time immemorial, rivers and streams of North Carolina, including the 5
Haw and Dan Rivers, have supported abundant life. American Indians have inhabited these lands, 6
living in harmony with Nature, for over a thousand years; and 7
Whereas, by 1710, the impacts of colonization forced the Saura tribe to abandon its 8
last known settlement along the Dan River, but other tribes along the Haw and Dan Rivers, such 9
as the Saponi, remained and continue to live in the region; and 10
Whereas, today, American Indians of the Piedmont region are reconnecting with their 11
ancestral homeland and culture; and guiding growing efforts to better conserve and protect the 12
rivers and river lands and the life they support; and 13
Whereas, such efforts must be intensified, because the health, safety, and welfare of 14
North Carolinians is, and always has been, inseparable from the health of the rivers and river 15
lands, because many of the State's cities, towns, and industries owe their very existence to the 16
rivers, which served as the historic providers of the power to run mills and the blue highways for 17
transporting people and goods. In modern times, the rivers and the nature around them continue 18
to serve as support systems for human endeavors by supplying drinking water, enabling the 19
region's farmers to grow food, providing opportunities for recreation and rejuvenation to 20
residents and visitors alike, and continuing to play their vital role in supporting commerce and 21
the State's economy; and 22
Whereas, today, the rivers, the river lands, and the plant and animal life they support 23
are in peril, with declining populations of wildlife and native plants as well as the threat of 24
extinction for some species. The Haw River has been identified as one of America's most 25
endangered rivers because of unsafe pollution levels, including sewage leaking from aging pipes 26
and toxic runoff from roadways and parking lots. The State has issued warnings and severe 27
restrictions on eating fish from the Haw and the Dan Rivers. Both have been determined to 28
contain toxic chemicals dangerous to humans, including the "forever chemicals," such as PFAS, 29
which never decompose, increase cancer and other health risks to humans, and are widely used 30
in household goods; and 31
Whereas, these problems are not unique to our State. They exist across the United 32
States and around the world and have been described as a period of global environmental collapse 33
and the sixth major extinction of life forms in the 3.8-billion-year-long history of life on Earth; 34
and 35 General Assembly Of North Carolina Session 2025
Page 2 House Bill 345-First Edition
Whereas, in response, governments have responded with significant efforts to protect 1
the environment over the last 60 years. Environmental protection laws have helped protect the 2
natural environment we depend on; however, they have proven to be insufficient. Earth's climate 3
is heating; droughts, wildfires and floods are increasing in intensity and frequency; and sea level 4
is rising as population growth, land development, and economic expansion continuously increase 5
demands that humans make upon the environment; and 6
Whereas, as the environmental crisis has mounted, communities, states, and nations 7
around the globe have begun realigning laws and policies with the growing understandings, long 8
held by Indigenous societies, that we are part of the natural world and we must respect and care 9
for Nature to care for ourselves and protect our future through an understanding that nature – the 10
community of life on Earth – has rights, including the right to exist; and 11
Whereas, the Rights of Nature movement began in the United States in 2003, when 12
the Navajo Tribal Council amended its nation's written code to incorporate its indigenous 13
understanding that all life has the right to exist with these words: "all creation, from Mother Earth 14
and Father Sky to the animal … and plant life have their own laws, and rights and freedom to 15
exist." Three years later, small towns in Pennsylvania began adopting local rights of Nature laws 16
to protect their water supplies from the ill effects of fracking and, in 2008, Ecuador became the 17
first country in the world to recognize the rights of Nature in its constitution. Since then, more 18
than 100 legal enactments and court decisions have been adopted by legislative bodies, tribal 19
governments, and voters in the United States and, by 2024, a total of 500 rights of Nature laws 20
had been adopted in 40 countries around the world, with a high percentage of these laws 21
specifically protecting rivers and other waters; and 22
Whereas, many citizens of North Carolina love and wish to protect the State's 23
waterways, river lands, and all of North Carolina's natural environment, but motivations vary. 24
Many understand all life to be a Divine creation, which must be protected as sacred. Based on 25
scientific evidence, others believe the current environmental crisis necessitates stronger 26
ecological protection laws. Others want to preserve our wildlands and wildlife to maintain 27
outdoor recreational opportunities, including hunting, fishing, hiking, biking, paddling, and 28
camping. As environmental disasters worsen, many want to protect their children's and 29
grandchildren's health and future welfare; and 30
Whereas, the people of the State are best served by recognizing their right to a clean 31
and healthy environment and also recognizing the rights of the pollution-burdened Haw and Dan 32
Rivers and river land communities to enhanced protection against future contamination and 33
restoration to protect the health of the rivers and the health, safety, and welfare of our people as 34
well as the entire community of life in our State; Now, therefore, 35
The General Assembly of North Carolina enacts: 36
SECTION 1. Chapter 77 of the General Statutes is amended by adding a new Article 37
to read: 38
"Article 11. 39
"Rights of Certain Human-Impacted River Ecosystems. 40
"§ 77-145. Short title. 41
This act shall be known and may be cited as the Rights of the Rivers Act. 42
"§ 77-146. Purpose. 43
This act recognizes and protects the rights of certain human-impacted river ecosystems and 44
the right of the people of North Carolina to a healthy, thriving ecosystem for those rivers. 45
"§ 77-147. Definitions. 46
The following definitions apply in this Article: 47
(1) Dan River ecosystem. – The watershed of the Dan River, including both its 48
mainstem and tributaries, all species and ecosystems found in the watershed, 49
and species and ecosystems that depend on the watershed. 50 General Assembly Of North Carolina Session 2025
House Bill 345-First Edition Page 3
(2) Haw River ecosystem. – The watershed of the Haw River, including both its 1
mainstem and tributaries, all species and ecosystems found in the watershed, 2
and species and ecosystems that depend on the watershed. 3
(3) Natural resource management agencies. – The Department of Natural and 4
Cultural Resources, the Department of Environmental Quality, and the 5
Wildlife Resources Commission. 6
(4) River ecosystems protected in this Article. – All of the following: 7
a. The Dan River ecosystem. 8
b. The Haw River ecosystem. 9
"§ 77-148. Rights of human-impacted river ecosystems. 10
(a) Rights of Human-Impacted River Ecosystems. – The river ecosystems protected in 11
this Article possess rights, including, but not limited to, all of the following: 12
(1) The right to naturally exist, flourish, regenerate, and evolve. 13
(2) The right to full restoration, recovery, and preservation. 14
(3) The right to abundant, pure, clean, unpolluted water, including the right to 15
natural surface water flow and recharge and groundwater recharge. 16
(4) The right to a healthy natural environment and natural biodiversity. 17
(5) The right to carry on all natural ecosystem functions. 18
(6) The right to be free of activities, practices, and any other man-made 19
obstructions that interfere with or infringe upon the rights set forth in this 20
section. 21
(b) No Conferral of Obligations. – The rights of river ecosystems protected in this Article 22
shall not be interpreted to confer liabilities, duties, obligations, or responsibilities on any 23
particular river ecosystem except as expressly set forth herein. 24
"§ 77-149. Rights of the people of the State. 25
All residents of the State possess the right to healthy, flourishing river ecosystems. 26
"§ 77-150. Rights of indigenous people. 27
Nothing in this Article shall abrogate the collective or individual rights of indigenous people 28
residing in the State, including, but not limited to, members of the tribes and bands identified in 29
Chapter 71A of the General Statutes. 30
"§ 77-151. Implementation. 31
The State shall protect the rights secured in this act by providing that natural resource 32
management agencies of the State take action to ensure these rights are guaranteed and upheld 33
as specified in this section. This includes all of the following: 34
(1) Natural resource management agencies shall not conduct, authorize, license, 35
permit, or fund any public or private activities, practices, or operations that 36
are inconsistent with, or which will or may violate or infringe upon, the rights 37
or provisions of this act. 38
(2) No later than June 30, 2026, natural resource management agencies shall: 39
a. Review their existing and proposed activities, practices, or operations, 40
as well as all agency laws, policies, rules, or regulations, to identify 41
any potential or ongoing violations of the rights or provisions of this 42
Article. 43
b. Jointly conduct a complete baseline environmental assessment of the 44
human-impacted river ecosystems, which shall include identification 45
of areas within the ecosystems in need of restoration, and prioritization 46
of those areas. 47
(3) No later than June 30, 2027, natural resource management agencies shall: 48
a. Remedy any potential or ongoing violation identified in subdivision 49
(2) of this section to ensure all existing or proposed policies, rules, or 50
regulations, or ongoing or proposed activities, practices, or operations, 51 General Assembly Of North Carolina Session 2025
Page 4 House Bill 345-First Edition
are made consistent with and protective of the rights and provisions of 1
this Article. 2
b. Develop recommendations for remedying any potential or ongoing 3
violation of law identified in subdivision (2) of this section and submit 4
a report of those recommendations to the General Assembly. 5
(4) No later than June 30, 2030, complete full restoration of all areas of river 6
ecosystems protected in this Article located within the State and identified 7
through the assessment required by sub-subdivision (2)b. of this section. 8
"§ 77-152. Civil enforcement. 9
(a) Enforcement by the State. – The Attorney General is authorized to enforce and defend 10
these rights by the filing of an action in the courts of this State to enjoin infringements of the 11
rights set out in this Article and collect damages for impacts to natural resources within river 12
ecosystems protected in this Article as described in subsection (h) of this section. 13
(b) Enforcement by the Human-Impacted River Ecosystems. – The river ecosystems 14
protected in this Article may enforce or defend the rights secured in this act through a legal action 15
brought in the courts of this State, brought in the name of the human-impacted river ecosystem 16
as the real party in interest. Remedies shall include injunctive relief to enjoin the activity or 17
project which violates the rights set forth in this Article. 18
(c) Right of Intervention. – The river ecosystems protected in this Article may also 19
intervene in any litigation authorized by this section. 20
(d) Standing. – Any resident of the State shall have standing to both file an action in the 21
name of the ecosystem under subsection (b) of this section and to intervene in any litigation in 22
the name of the ecosystem under subsection (c) of this section. 23
(e) Enforcement by Individuals. – Any North Carolina resident may enforce or defend 24
the rights secured in this act through a legal action brought in any appropriate court. Any resident 25
may also intervene in any litigation concerning this act in order to enforce or defend it. Remedies 26
shall include injunctive relief to enjoin the activity or project which violates this act. 27
(f) Enforcement Actions and Burden of Proof. – Where probable violations of the rights 28
protected in this act are shown to exist, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a 29
reason for denying or postponing enforcement or defense of these rights. The burden of proving 30
the absence of a violation of rights shall lie with the persons responsible for the infringement of 31
rights or impacts to natural resources alleged and not with the party or parties enforcing or 32
defending the rights protected in this Article. 33
(g) Civil Penalties. – Any business or government entity that violates any provision of 34
this Article shall be subject to a civil penalty of up to ten thousand dollars ($10,000) for a single 35
occurrence, or up to five hundred dollars ($500.00) per day of a continuing occurrence, with each 36
day constituting a separate offense under this Article. These penalties shall be trebled in cases 37
where the violation is found to be willful. 38
(h) Damages. – Any business or government entity that violates any provision of this act 39
shall be liable for any natural resource damages caused to the river ecosystems protected in this 40
Article as a result of the violation. The measure of damages shall be the cost of fully restoring 41
the human-impacted river ecosystem to its state prior to the violation and shall be paid to the 42
State to be used exclusively for the restoration of the ecosystem. 43
(i) Business and Governmental Entities. – Any business entity which is shown to have 44
violated any provision of this Article shall be strictly liable and deemed not to possess any of the 45
rights, privileges, powers, or protections which would interfere with the defense or enforcement 46
of rights protected in this Article. Any defense of sovereign immunity is expressly waived with 47
respect to any governmental entity shown to have violated any provision of this Article." 48
SECTION 2. If any provision of this act or its application to any person or 49
circumstance is held invalid, the invalidity does not affect other provisions or applications of this 50 General Assembly Of North Carolina Session 2025
House Bill 345-First Edition Page 5
act that can be given effect without the invalid provision or application and, to this end, the 1
provisions of this act are severable. 2
SECTION 3. This act is effective when it becomes law. 3