New Mexico 2023 Regular Session

New Mexico House Bill HB158 Compare Versions

Only one version of the bill is available at this time.
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2828 HOUSE BILL 158
2929 56
3030 TH LEGISLATURE
3131 -
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3333 STATE
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3535 OF
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3737 NEW
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3939 MEXICO
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4242 FIRST SESSION
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4444
4545 2023
4646 INTRODUCED BY
4747 Andrea Reeb and William "Bill" R. Rehm
4848 AN ACT
4949 RELATING TO DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF INTOXICATING LIQUOR
5050 OR DRUGS; AMENDING THE REQUIREMENTS FOR TESTING THE BLOOD OF A
5151 PERSON SUSPECTED OF OPERATING A MOTOR VEHICLE WHILE UNDER THE
5252 INFLUENCE OF INTOXICATING LIQUOR OR DRUGS; PROVIDING THAT
5353 CERTAIN MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS ARE AUTHORIZED TO WITHDRAW BLOOD
5454 IN THE PERFORMANCE OF A CHEMICAL BLOOD TEST FOR DRIVING A MOTOR
5555 VEHICLE OR OPERATING A MOTORBOAT UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF
5656 INTOXICATING LIQUOR OR DRUGS; CLARIFYING THAT THE CHEMICAL
5757 BLOOD TEST MAY BE FOR DRUGS OR ALCOHOL.
5858 BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO:
5959 SECTION 1. Section 66-8-102 NMSA 1978 (being Laws 1953,
6060 Chapter 139, Section 54, as amended) is amended to read:
6161 "66-8-102. DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF INTOXICATING
6262 LIQUOR OR DRUGS--AGGRAVATED DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF
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9090 INTOXICATING LIQUOR OR DRUGS--PENALTIES.--
9191 A. It is unlawful for a person who is under the
9292 influence of intoxicating liquor to drive a vehicle within this
9393 state.
9494 B. It is unlawful for a person who is under the
9595 influence of any drug to a degree that renders the person
9696 incapable of safely driving a vehicle to drive a vehicle within
9797 this state.
9898 C. It is unlawful for:
9999 (1) a person to drive a vehicle in this state
100100 if the person has an alcohol concentration of eight one
101101 hundredths or more in the person's blood or breath within three
102102 hours of driving the vehicle and the alcohol concentration
103103 results from alcohol consumed before or while driving the
104104 vehicle; or
105105 (2) a person to drive a commercial motor
106106 vehicle in this state if the person has an alcohol
107107 concentration of four one hundredths or more in the person's
108108 blood or breath within three hours of driving the commercial
109109 motor vehicle and the alcohol concentration results from
110110 alcohol consumed before or while driving the vehicle.
111111 D. Aggravated driving under the influence of
112112 intoxicating liquor or drugs consists of:
113113 (1) driving a vehicle in this state with an
114114 alcohol concentration of sixteen one hundredths or more in the
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143143 driver's blood or breath within three hours of driving the
144144 vehicle and the alcohol concentration results from alcohol
145145 consumed before or while driving the vehicle;
146146 (2) causing bodily injury to a human being as
147147 a result of the unlawful operation of a motor vehicle while
148148 driving under the influence of intoxicating liquor or drugs; or
149149 (3) refusing to submit to chemical breath
150150 testing, as provided for in the Implied Consent Act, and in the
151151 judgment of the court, based upon evidence of intoxication
152152 presented to the court, the driver was under the influence of
153153 intoxicating liquor or drugs.
154154 E. A first conviction pursuant to this section
155155 shall be punished, notwithstanding the provisions of Section
156156 31-18-13 NMSA 1978, by imprisonment for not more than ninety
157157 days or by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars ($500),
158158 or both; provided that if the sentence is suspended in whole or
159159 in part or deferred, the period of probation may extend beyond
160160 ninety days but shall not exceed one year. Upon a first
161161 conviction pursuant to this section, an offender shall be
162162 sentenced to not less than twenty-four hours of community
163163 service. In addition, the offender may be required to pay a
164164 fine of three hundred dollars ($300). The offender shall be
165165 ordered by the court to participate in and complete a screening
166166 program described in Subsection L of this section and to attend
167167 a driver rehabilitation program for alcohol or drugs, also
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196196 known as a "DWI school", approved by the bureau and also may be
197197 required to participate in other rehabilitative services as the
198198 court shall determine to be necessary. In addition to those
199199 penalties, when an offender commits aggravated driving under
200200 the influence of intoxicating liquor or drugs, the offender
201201 shall be sentenced to not less than forty-eight consecutive
202202 hours in jail. If an offender fails to complete, within a time
203203 specified by the court, any community service, screening
204204 program, treatment program or DWI school ordered by the court
205205 or fails to comply with any other condition of probation, the
206206 offender shall be sentenced to not less than an additional
207207 forty-eight consecutive hours in jail. Any jail sentence
208208 imposed pursuant to this subsection for failure to complete,
209209 within a time specified by the court, any community service,
210210 screening program, treatment program or DWI school ordered by
211211 the court or for aggravated driving under the influence of
212212 intoxicating liquor or drugs shall not be suspended, deferred
213213 or taken under advisement. On a first conviction pursuant to
214214 this section, any time spent in jail for the offense prior to
215215 the conviction for that offense shall be credited to any term
216216 of imprisonment fixed by the court. A deferred sentence
217217 pursuant to this subsection shall be considered a first
218218 conviction for the purpose of determining subsequent
219219 convictions.
220220 F. A second or third conviction pursuant to this
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249249 section shall be punished, notwithstanding the provisions of
250250 Section 31-18-13 NMSA 1978, by imprisonment for not more than
251251 three hundred sixty-four days or by a fine of not more than one
252252 thousand dollars ($1,000), or both; provided that if the
253253 sentence is suspended in whole or in part, the period of
254254 probation may extend beyond one year but shall not exceed five
255255 years. Notwithstanding any provision of law to the contrary
256256 for suspension or deferment of execution of a sentence:
257257 (1) upon a second conviction, an offender
258258 shall be sentenced to a jail term of not less than ninety-six
259259 consecutive hours, not less than forty-eight hours of community
260260 service and a fine of five hundred dollars ($500). In addition
261261 to those penalties, when an offender commits aggravated driving
262262 under the influence of intoxicating liquor or drugs, the
263263 offender shall be sentenced to a jail term of not less than
264264 ninety-six consecutive hours. If an offender fails to
265265 complete, within a time specified by the court, any community
266266 service, screening program or treatment program ordered by the
267267 court, the offender shall be sentenced to not less than an
268268 additional seven consecutive days in jail. A penalty imposed
269269 pursuant to this paragraph shall not be suspended or deferred
270270 or taken under advisement; and
271271 (2) upon a third conviction, an offender shall
272272 be sentenced to a jail term of not less than thirty consecutive
273273 days, not less than ninety-six hours of community service and a
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302302 fine of seven hundred fifty dollars ($750). In addition to
303303 those penalties, when an offender commits aggravated driving
304304 under the influence of intoxicating liquor or drugs, the
305305 offender shall be sentenced to a jail term of not less than
306306 sixty consecutive days. If an offender fails to complete,
307307 within a time specified by the court, any community service,
308308 screening program or treatment program ordered by the court,
309309 the offender shall be sentenced to not less than an additional
310310 sixty consecutive days in jail. A penalty imposed pursuant to
311311 this paragraph shall not be suspended or deferred or taken
312312 under advisement.
313313 G. Upon a fourth conviction pursuant to this
314314 section, an offender is guilty of a fourth degree felony and,
315315 notwithstanding the provisions of Section 31-18-15 NMSA 1978,
316316 shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of eighteen
317317 months, six months of which shall not be suspended, deferred or
318318 taken under advisement.
319319 H. Upon a fifth conviction pursuant to this
320320 section, an offender is guilty of a fourth degree felony and,
321321 notwithstanding the provisions of Section 31-18-15 NMSA 1978,
322322 shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of two years, one
323323 year of which shall not be suspended, deferred or taken under
324324 advisement.
325325 I. Upon a sixth conviction pursuant to this
326326 section, an offender is guilty of a third degree felony and,
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355355 notwithstanding the provisions of Section 31-18-15 NMSA 1978,
356356 shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of thirty months,
357357 eighteen months of which shall not be suspended, deferred or
358358 taken under advisement.
359359 J. Upon a seventh conviction pursuant to this
360360 section, an offender is guilty of a third degree felony and,
361361 notwithstanding the provisions of Section 31-18-15 NMSA 1978,
362362 shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of three years,
363363 two years of which shall not be suspended, deferred or taken
364364 under advisement.
365365 K. Upon an eighth or subsequent conviction pursuant
366366 to this section, an offender is guilty of a second degree
367367 felony and, notwithstanding the provisions of Section 31-18-15
368368 NMSA 1978, shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of
369369 twelve years, ten years of which shall not be suspended,
370370 deferred or taken under advisement.
371371 L. Upon any conviction pursuant to this section, an
372372 offender shall be required to participate in and complete,
373373 within a time specified by the court, an alcohol or drug abuse
374374 screening program approved by the department of finance and
375375 administration and, if necessary, a treatment program approved
376376 by the court. The requirement imposed pursuant to this
377377 subsection shall not be suspended, deferred or taken under
378378 advisement.
379379 M. Upon a second or third conviction pursuant to
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408408 this section, an offender shall be required to participate in
409409 and complete, within a time specified by the court:
410410 (1) not less than a twenty-eight-day
411411 inpatient, residential or in-custody substance abuse treatment
412412 program approved by the court;
413413 (2) not less than a ninety-day outpatient
414414 treatment program approved by the court;
415415 (3) a drug court program approved by the
416416 court; or
417417 (4) any other substance abuse treatment
418418 program approved by the court.
419419 The requirement imposed pursuant to this subsection shall
420420 not be suspended, deferred or taken under advisement.
421421 N. Upon a felony conviction pursuant to this
422422 section, the corrections department shall provide substance
423423 abuse counseling and treatment to the offender in its custody.
424424 While the offender is on probation or parole under its
425425 supervision, the corrections department shall also provide
426426 substance abuse counseling and treatment to the offender or
427427 shall require the offender to obtain substance abuse counseling
428428 and treatment.
429429 O. Upon a conviction pursuant to this section, an
430430 offender shall be required to obtain an ignition interlock
431431 license and have an ignition interlock device installed and
432432 operating on all motor vehicles driven by the offender,
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461461 pursuant to rules adopted by the bureau. Unless determined by
462462 the bureau to be indigent, the offender shall pay all costs
463463 associated with having an ignition interlock device installed
464464 on the appropriate motor vehicles. The offender shall operate
465465 only those vehicles equipped with ignition interlock devices
466466 for:
467467 (1) a period of one year, for a first
468468 offender;
469469 (2) a period of two years, for a second
470470 conviction pursuant to this section;
471471 (3) a period of three years, for a third
472472 conviction pursuant to this section; or
473473 (4) the remainder of the offender's life, for
474474 a fourth or subsequent conviction pursuant to this section.
475475 P. Five years from the date of conviction and every
476476 five years thereafter, a fourth or subsequent offender may
477477 apply to a district court for removal of the ignition interlock
478478 device requirement provided in this section and for restoration
479479 of a driver's license. A district court may, for good cause
480480 shown, remove the ignition interlock device requirement and
481481 order restoration of the license; provided that the offender
482482 has not been subsequently convicted of driving a motor vehicle
483483 under the influence of intoxicating liquor or drugs. Good
484484 cause may include an alcohol screening and proof from the
485485 interlock vendor that the person has not had violations of the
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514514 interlock device.
515515 Q. An offender who obtains an ignition interlock
516516 license and installs an ignition interlock device prior to
517517 conviction shall be given credit at sentencing for the time
518518 period the ignition interlock device has been in use.
519519 R. In the case of a first, second or third offense
520520 under this section, the magistrate court has concurrent
521521 jurisdiction with district courts to try the offender.
522522 S. A conviction pursuant to a municipal or county
523523 ordinance in New Mexico or a law of any other jurisdiction,
524524 territory or possession of the United States or of a tribe,
525525 when that ordinance or law is equivalent to New Mexico law for
526526 driving under the influence of intoxicating liquor or drugs,
527527 and prescribes penalties for driving under the influence of
528528 intoxicating liquor or drugs, shall be deemed to be a
529529 conviction pursuant to this section for purposes of determining
530530 whether a conviction is a second or subsequent conviction.
531531 T. In addition to any other fine or fee that may be
532532 imposed pursuant to the conviction or other disposition of the
533533 offense under this section, the court may order the offender to
534534 pay the costs of any court-ordered screening and treatment
535535 programs.
536536 U. With respect to this section and notwithstanding
537537 any provision of law to the contrary, if an offender's sentence
538538 was suspended or deferred in whole or in part and the offender
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567567 violates any condition of probation, the court may impose any
568568 sentence that the court could have originally imposed and
569569 credit shall not be given for time served by the offender on
570570 probation.
571571 V. As used in this section:
572572 (1) "bodily injury" means an injury to a
573573 person that is not likely to cause death or great bodily harm
574574 to the person, but does cause painful temporary disfigurement
575575 or temporary loss or impairment of the functions of any member
576576 or organ of the person's body; and
577577 (2) "commercial motor vehicle" means a motor
578578 vehicle or combination of motor vehicles used in commerce to
579579 transport passengers or property if the motor vehicle:
580580 (a) has a gross combination weight
581581 rating of more than twenty-six thousand pounds inclusive of a
582582 towed unit with a gross vehicle weight rating of more than ten
583583 thousand pounds;
584584 (b) has a gross vehicle weight rating of
585585 more than twenty-six thousand pounds;
586586 (c) is designed to transport sixteen or
587587 more passengers, including the driver; or
588588 (d) is of any size and is used in the
589589 transportation of hazardous materials, which requires the motor
590590 vehicle to be placarded under applicable law."
591591 SECTION 2. Section 66-8-103 NMSA 1978 (being Laws 1967,
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620620 Chapter 160, Section 1) is amended to read:
621621 "66-8-103. CHEMICAL BLOOD TESTS--PERSONS QUALIFIED TO
622622 TEST--RELIEF FROM LIABILITY .--Only a physician, licensed
623623 professional or practical nurse, [or laboratory technician ]
624624 emergency medical technician or certified phlebotomist or a
625625 technologist employed by a hospital or physician shall withdraw
626626 blood from [any] a person in the performance of a [blood-
627627 alcohol] chemical blood test. No such physician, nurse,
628628 technician, phlebotomist or technologist who withdraws blood
629629 from any person in the performance of a [blood-alcohol ]
630630 chemical blood test that has been directed by [any ] a police
631631 officer or by [any] a judicial or probation officer shall be
632632 held liable in any civil or criminal action for assault,
633633 battery, false imprisonment or any conduct of [any ] a police
634634 officer except for negligence, nor shall [any ] a person
635635 assisting in the performance of [such a ] the test or [any] a
636636 hospital wherein blood is withdrawn in the performance of [such
637637 a] the test be subject to civil or criminal liability for
638638 assault, battery, false imprisonment or any conduct of [any ] a
639639 police officer except for negligence."
640640 SECTION 3. Section 66-8-104 NMSA 1978 (being Laws 1978,
641641 Chapter 35, Section 512) is amended to read:
642642 "66-8-104. [BLOOD-ALCOHOL ] CHEMICAL BLOOD TESTS--[POLICE,
643643 JUDICIAL OR PROBATION ] OFFICER UNAUTHORIZED TO MAKE ARREST OR
644644 DIRECT TEST EXCEPT IN PERFORMANCE OF OFFICIAL DUTIES
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673673 [AUTHORIZED BY LAW].--Nothing in [Sections 64-8-103 or 64-8-104
674674 NMSA 1953] Section 66-8-103 or 66-8-104 NMSA 1978 is intended
675675 to authorize [any] a police officer or [any ] a judicial or
676676 probation officer to make [any ] an arrest or to direct the
677677 performance of a [blood-alcohol ] chemical blood test except in
678678 the performance of [his ] that person's official duties and as
679679 otherwise authorized by law."
680680 SECTION 4. Section 66-8-111 NMSA 1978 (being Laws 1978,
681681 Chapter 35, Section 519, as amended) is amended to read:
682682 "66-8-111. REFUSAL TO SUBMIT TO CHEMICAL TESTS--TESTING--
683683 GROUNDS FOR REVOCATION OF LICENSE OR PRIVILEGE TO DRIVE.--
684684 A. If a person under arrest for violation of an
685685 offense enumerated in the Motor Vehicle Code refuses upon
686686 request of a law enforcement officer to submit to chemical
687687 tests designated by the law enforcement agency as provided in
688688 Section 66-8-107 NMSA 1978, none shall be administered except
689689 when a municipal judge, magistrate or district judge issues a
690690 search warrant authorizing chemical tests as provided in
691691 Section 66-8-107 NMSA 1978 upon finding in a law enforcement
692692 officer's written affidavit that there is probable cause to
693693 believe that the person has driven a motor vehicle while under
694694 the influence of alcohol or a controlled substance [thereby
695695 causing the death or great bodily injury of another person, or
696696 there is probable cause to believe that the person has
697697 committed a felony while under the influence of alcohol or a
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726726 controlled substance and that chemical tests as provided in
727727 Section 66-8-107 NMSA 1978 will produce material evidence in a
728728 felony prosecution].
729729 B. The department, upon receipt of a statement
730730 signed under penalty of perjury from a law enforcement officer
731731 stating the officer's reasonable grounds to believe the
732732 arrested person had been driving a motor vehicle within this
733733 state while under the influence of intoxicating liquor or drugs
734734 and that, upon request, the person refused to submit to a
735735 chemical test after being advised that failure to submit could
736736 result in revocation of the person's privilege to drive, shall
737737 revoke the person's New Mexico driver's license or any
738738 nonresident operating privilege for a period of one year or
739739 until all conditions for license reinstatement are met,
740740 whichever is later.
741741 C. The department, upon receipt of a statement
742742 signed under penalty of perjury from a law enforcement officer
743743 stating the officer's reasonable grounds to believe the
744744 arrested person had been driving a motor vehicle within this
745745 state while under the influence of intoxicating liquor and that
746746 the person submitted to chemical testing pursuant to Section
747747 66-8-107 NMSA 1978 and the test results indicated an alcohol
748748 concentration in the person's blood or breath of eight one
749749 hundredths or more if the person is twenty-one years of age or
750750 older, four one hundredths or more if the person is driving a
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779779 commercial motor vehicle or two one hundredths or more if the
780780 person is less than twenty-one years of age, shall revoke the
781781 person's license or permit to drive or [his ] the person's
782782 nonresident operating privilege for a period of:
783783 (1) six months or until all conditions for
784784 license reinstatement are met, whichever is later, if the
785785 person is twenty-one years of age or older;
786786 (2) one year or until all conditions for
787787 license reinstatement are met, whichever is later, if the
788788 person was less than twenty-one years of age at the time of the
789789 arrest, notwithstanding any provision of the Children's Code;
790790 or
791791 (3) one year or until all conditions for
792792 license reinstatement are met, whichever is later, if the
793793 [person has previously had his ] person's license has been
794794 revoked previously pursuant to the provisions of this section,
795795 notwithstanding the provisions of Paragraph (1) of this
796796 subsection.
797797 D. The determination of alcohol concentration shall
798798 be based on the grams of alcohol in one hundred milliliters of
799799 blood or the grams of alcohol in two hundred ten liters of
800800 breath.
801801 E. If the person subject to the revocation
802802 provisions of this section is a resident or will become a
803803 resident within one year and is without a license to operate a
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832832 motor vehicle in this state, the department shall deny the
833833 issuance of a license to [him ] the person for the appropriate
834834 period of time as provided in Subsections B and C of this
835835 section.
836836 F. A statement signed by a law enforcement officer,
837837 pursuant to the provisions of Subsection B or C of this
838838 section, shall be sworn to by the officer or shall contain a
839839 declaration substantially to the effect: "I hereby declare
840840 under penalty of perjury that the information given in this
841841 statement is true and correct to the best of my knowledge.".
842842 The statement may be signed and submitted electronically in a
843843 manner and form approved by the department A law enforcement
844844 officer who signs a statement knowing that the statement is
845845 untrue in any material issue or matter is guilty of perjury as
846846 provided in Section 66-5-38 NMSA 1978."
847847 SECTION 5. Section 66-8-111.1 NMSA 1978 (being Laws 1984,
848848 Chapter 72, Section 7, as amended) is amended to read:
849849 "66-8-111.1. LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER AGENT FOR
850850 DEPARTMENT--WRITTEN NOTICE OF REVOCATION AND RIGHT TO
851851 HEARING.--
852852 A. On behalf of the department, a law enforcement
853853 officer requesting a chemical test or directing the
854854 administration of a chemical test pursuant to [Section ]
855855 Sections 66-8-107 and 66-8-111 NMSA 1978 shall serve immediate
856856 written notice of revocation and of right to a hearing before
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885885 the administrative hearings office pursuant to the Implied
886886 Consent Act on a person who:
887887 (1) refuses to permit chemical testing; or
888888 (2) submits to a chemical test the results of
889889 which indicate an alcohol concentration in the person's blood
890890 or breath of:
891891 (a) eight one hundredths or more if the
892892 person is twenty-one years of age or older;
893893 (b) four one hundredths or more if the
894894 person is driving a commercial motor vehicle; or
895895 (c) two one hundredths or more if the
896896 person is less than twenty-one years of age.
897897 B. The written notice of revocation and of a right
898898 to a hearing served on the driver shall be a temporary license
899899 valid for twenty days or, if the driver requests a hearing
900900 pursuant to Section 66-8-112 NMSA 1978, valid until the date
901901 the administrative hearings office issues the order following
902902 that hearing; provided that a written notice of revocation and
903903 right to a hearing shall not be a temporary license for a
904904 driver without any otherwise valid driving privileges in this
905905 state.
906906 C. The law enforcement officer shall send to the
907907 department the signed statement required pursuant to Section
908908 66-8-111 NMSA 1978."
909909 SECTION 6. Section 66-13-1 NMSA 1978 (being Laws 2003,
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938938 Chapter 241, Section 1) is amended to read:
939939 "66-13-1. SHORT TITLE.--[Sections 1 through 13 of this
940940 act] Chapter 66, Article 13 NMSA 1978 may be cited as the
941941 "Boating While Intoxicated Act"."
942942 SECTION 7. Section 66-13-6 NMSA 1978 (being Laws 2003,
943943 Chapter 241, Section 6) is amended to read:
944944 "66-13-6. [BLOOD-ALCOHOL ] CHEMICAL BLOOD TESTS--PERSONS
945945 QUALIFIED TO PERFORM TESTS--RELIEF FROM CIVIL AND CRIMINAL
946946 LIABILITY.--Only a physician, licensed professional or
947947 practical nurse, [or laboratory technician ] emergency medical
948948 technician or certified phlebotomist or a technologist employed
949949 by a hospital or physician shall withdraw blood from a person
950950 in the performance of a [blood-alcohol or drug ] chemical blood
951951 test. A physician, nurse, technician, phlebotomist or
952952 technologist who withdraws blood from a person in the
953953 performance of a [blood-alcohol or drug ] chemical blood test
954954 that has been directed by a law enforcement officer, or by a
955955 judicial or probation officer, shall not be held liable in a
956956 civil or criminal action for assault, battery, false
957957 imprisonment or any conduct of a law enforcement officer,
958958 except for negligence, nor shall a person assisting in the
959959 performance of the test, or a hospital wherein blood is
960960 withdrawn in the performance of the test, be subject to civil
961961 or criminal liability for assault, battery, false imprisonment
962962 or any conduct of a law enforcement officer, except for
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991991 negligence."
992992 SECTION 8. Section 66-13-7 NMSA 1978 (being Laws 2003,
993993 Chapter 241, Section 7) is amended to read:
994994 "66-13-7. [BLOOD-ALCOHOL ] CHEMICAL BLOOD TEST--[LAW
995995 ENFORCEMENT, JUDICIAL OR PROBATION ] OFFICER UNAUTHORIZED TO
996996 MAKE ARREST OR DIRECT TEST EXCEPT IN PERFORMANCE OF OFFICIAL
997997 DUTIES [AUTHORIZED BY LAW ].--Nothing in the Boating While
998998 Intoxicated Act is intended to authorize a law enforcement
999999 officer, or a judicial or probation officer, to make an
10001000 arrest or direct the performance of a [blood-alcohol or drug ]
10011001 chemical blood test, except in the performance of [his ] that
10021002 officer's official duties or as otherwise authorized by law."
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