STATE OF NEW YORK ________________________________________________________________________ 4901--A 2025-2026 Regular Sessions IN ASSEMBLY February 10, 2025 ___________ Introduced by M. of A. CUNNINGHAM, LEVENBERG, P. CARROLL, COOK, EACHUS, JENSEN, McDONOUGH, LUPARDO -- read once and referred to the Committee on Transportation -- committee discharged, bill amended, ordered reprinted as amended and recommitted to said committee AN ACT to amend the vehicle and traffic law, in relation to autonomous vehicle driving The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assem- bly, do enact as follows: 1 Section 1. The vehicle and traffic law is amended by adding a new 2 article 34-E to read as follows: 3 ARTICLE 34-E 4 AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE DRIVING 5 Section 1290. Definitions. 6 1291. Operation of fully autonomous vehicles without a human 7 driver. 8 1292. Licensing. 9 1293. Insurance. 10 1294. Duties following crashes involving fully autonomous vehi- 11 cles. 12 1295. On-demand autonomous vehicle network. 13 1296. Registration and title. 14 1297. Controlling authority. 15 1298. Operation of a motor vehicle with an automated driving 16 system by a human driver. 17 § 1290. Definitions. For purposes of this article the following terms 18 shall have the following meanings: 19 1. "Automated driving system" shall mean the hardware and software 20 that are collectively capable of performing the entire dynamic driving 21 task on a sustained basis, regardless of whether it is limited to a 22 specific operational design domain; EXPLANATION--Matter in italics (underscored) is new; matter in brackets [ ] is old law to be omitted. LBD00929-03-5
A. 4901--A 2 1 2. "Dynamic driving task or DDT" shall mean all of the real-time oper- 2 ational and tactical functions required to operate a vehicle in on-road 3 traffic, excluding the strategic functions such as trip scheduling and 4 selection of destinations and waypoints, and including without limita- 5 tion: lateral vehicle motion control via steering, longitudinal motion 6 control via acceleration and deceleration, monitoring the driving envi- 7 ronment via object and event detection, recognition, classification, and 8 response preparation, object and event response execution, maneuver 9 planning; and enhancing conspicuity via lighting, signaling, and gestur- 10 ing; 11 3. "DDT Fallback" shall mean the response by the person or human driv- 12 er to either perform the DDT or achieve a minimal risk condition after 13 occurrence of a DDT performance-relevant system failure or failures or 14 upon operational design domain exit, or the response by an automated 15 driving system to achieve minimal risk condition, given the same circum- 16 stances; 17 4. "Fully autonomous vehicle" shall mean a motor vehicle equipped with 18 an automated driving system designed to function without a human driver 19 as a level 4 or 5 system under SAE J3016; 20 5. "Human driver" shall mean a natural person in the vehicle with a 21 valid license to operate a motor vehicle who controls all or part of the 22 dynamic driving task; 23 6. "Minimal risk condition" shall mean a condition to which a person, 24 human driver, or an ADS may bring a vehicle after performing the DDT 25 Fallback in order to reduce the risk of a crash when a given trip cannot 26 or should not be completed; 27 7. "On-demand autonomous vehicle network" shall mean a transportation 28 service network that uses a software application or other digital means 29 to dispatch or otherwise enable the pre-arrangement of transportation 30 with fully autonomous vehicles for purposes of transporting passengers 31 or goods, including for-hire transportation and transportation of 32 passengers or goods for compensation; 33 8. "Operational design domain or ODD" shall mean operating conditions 34 under which a given automated driving system is specifically designed to 35 function, including, but not limited to, environmental, geographical, 36 and time-of-day restrictions, and/or the requisite presence or absence 37 of certain traffic or roadway characteristics; 38 9. "Person" shall mean a natural person, corporation, business trust, 39 estate, trust, partnership, limited liability company, association, 40 joint venture, governmental agency, public corporation, or any other 41 legal or commercial entity; 42 10. "Request to intervene" shall mean notification by an automated 43 driving system to a human driver, that the human driver should promptly 44 begin or resume performance of part or all of the dynamic driving task; 45 and 46 11. "SAE J3016" shall mean the Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms 47 Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles 48 published by SAE International in April 2021. 49 § 1291. Operation of fully autonomous vehicles without a human driver. 50 1. A person may operate a fully autonomous vehicle on the public roads 51 of this state without a human driver provided that the automated driving 52 system is engaged and the vehicle meets the following conditions: 53 (a) If a failure of the automated driving system occurs that renders 54 that system unable to perform the entire dynamic driving task relevant 55 to its intended operational design domain, the fully autonomous vehicle 56 shall achieve a minimal risk condition;
A. 4901--A 3 1 (b) The fully autonomous vehicle is capable of operating in compliance 2 with the applicable traffic and motor vehicle safety laws and regu- 3 lations of this state when reasonable to do so, unless an exemption has 4 been granted by the department; and 5 (c) When required by federal law, the vehicle bears the required 6 manufacturer's certification label indicating that at the time of its 7 manufacture it has been certified to be in compliance with all applica- 8 ble Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, including reference to any 9 exemption granted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 10 2. Prior to operating a fully autonomous vehicle on the public roads 11 of this state without a human driver, a person shall submit a law 12 enforcement interaction plan to the department which shall describe: 13 (a) The means of communicating with a fleet support specialist who is 14 available during the times the vehicle is in operation; 15 (b) The means of safely removing the fully autonomous vehicle from the 16 roadway and steps to safely tow the vehicle; 17 (c) The means to recognize whether or not the fully autonomous vehicle 18 is in autonomous mode; and 19 (d) Any additional information the manufacturer or owner deems neces- 20 sary regarding the hazardous conditions or public safety risks associ- 21 ated with the operation of the fully autonomous vehicle. 22 § 1292. Licensing. Notwithstanding the provisions of article nineteen 23 of this chapter, when an automated driving system installed on a motor 24 vehicle is engaged: 25 1. The automated driving system is considered the driver or operator, 26 for the purpose of assessing compliance with applicable traffic or motor 27 vehicle laws and shall be deemed to satisfy electronically all physical 28 acts required by a driver or operator of the vehicle; and 29 2. The automated driving system is considered to be licensed to oper- 30 ate the vehicle. 31 § 1293. Insurance. Before operating a fully autonomous vehicle on 32 public roads in this state, a person shall submit proof of financial 33 responsibility satisfactory to the department that the fully autonomous 34 vehicle is covered by insurance or proof of self-insurance that satis- 35 fies the requirements of article six of this chapter. 36 § 1294. Duties following crashes involving fully autonomous vehicles. 37 In the event of a crash: 38 1. The fully autonomous vehicle shall remain on the scene of the crash 39 when required by article twenty-two of this chapter; and 40 2. The owner of the fully autonomous vehicle, or a person on behalf of 41 the vehicle owner, shall promptly report any crashes or collisions 42 consistent with article twenty-two of this chapter. 43 § 1295. On-demand autonomous vehicle network. An on-demand autonomous 44 vehicle network shall be permitted to operate pursuant to state laws 45 governing the operation of transportation network companies, taxis, or 46 any other ground transportation for-hire of passengers, with the excep- 47 tion that any provision of article forty-four-B of this chapter that 48 reasonably applies only to a human driver does not apply to the opera- 49 tion of fully autonomous vehicles with the automated driving system 50 engaged on an on-demand autonomous vehicle network. 51 § 1296. Registration and title. 1. A fully autonomous vehicle shall be 52 properly registered in accordance with title four of this chapter and 53 the vehicle shall be identified on the registration as a fully auton- 54 omous vehicle.
A. 4901--A 4 1 2. A fully autonomous vehicle shall be properly titled in accordance 2 with article forty-six of this chapter and the vehicle shall be identi- 3 fied on the title as a fully autonomous vehicle. 4 § 1297. Controlling authority. Notwithstanding any law, rule or regu- 5 lation to the contrary: 6 1. Unless otherwise provided in this chapter and notwithstanding any 7 other provision of law, fully autonomous vehicles and automated driving 8 systems are governed exclusively by this article. The department is the 9 sole and exclusive state agency that may implement the provisions of 10 this article; 11 2. Fully autonomous vehicles and automated driving systems operating 12 pursuant to this article shall not be subject to section twelve hundred 13 twenty-six of this chapter; and 14 3. No state agency, political subdivision, municipality, or local 15 entity may prohibit the operation of fully autonomous vehicles, auto- 16 mated driving systems, or on-demand autonomous vehicle networks, or 17 otherwise enact or keep in force rules or ordinances that would impose 18 taxes, fees, or other requirements including performance standards, 19 specific to the operation of fully autonomous vehicles, automated driv- 20 ing systems, or on-demand autonomous vehicle networks in addition to the 21 requirements of this article. 22 4. Notwithstanding subdivision one, two, or three of this section, any 23 city with a population of five million or more may establish local rules 24 and regulations governing the operation of fully autonomous vehicles and 25 automated driving systems within such city. 26 § 1298. Operation of a motor vehicle with an automated driving system 27 by a human driver. 1. A person may operate a motor vehicle equipped 28 with an automated driving system capable of performing the entire dynam- 29 ic driving task if: 30 (a) such automated driving system will issue a request to intervene 31 whenever the automated driving system is not capable of performing the 32 entire dynamic driving task with the expectation that the person will 33 respond appropriately to such a request; and 34 (b) the automated driving system is capable of being operated in 35 compliance with title seven of this chapter when reasonable to do so 36 unless an exemption has been granted by the department. 37 2. Nothing in this article prohibits or restricts a human driver from 38 operating a fully autonomous vehicle equipped with controls that allow 39 for the human driver to control all or part of the dynamic driving task. 40 § 2. The vehicle and traffic law is amended by adding a new section 41 383-a to read as follows: 42 § 383-a. Equipment required for certain automated motor vehicles. 1. 43 For purposes of this section, the terms "fully autonomous vehicle," 44 "automated driving system," and "human driver" shall have the same mean- 45 ings as defined in section twelve hundred ninety of this chapter. 46 2. A fully autonomous vehicle that is designed to be operated exclu- 47 sively by the automated driving system for all trips is not subject to 48 motor vehicle equipment laws or regulations of this state which (a) 49 relate to or support motor vehicle operation by a human driver; and (b) 50 are not relevant for an automated driving system. 51 § 3. The vehicle and traffic law is amended by adding a new section 52 301-c to read as follows: 53 § 301-c. Inspection criteria for fully autonomous vehicles. Section 54 three hundred one of this article and any regulations promulgated by the 55 commissioner therewith shall only apply to a fully autonomous vehicle in
A. 4901--A 5 1 a manner consistent with the provisions of section three hundred eight- 2 y-three-a of this title. 3 § 4. This act shall take effect on the ninetieth day after it shall 4 have become a law. Effective immediately, the addition, amendment and/or 5 repeal of any rule or regulation necessary for the implementation of 6 this act on its effective date are authorized to be made and completed 7 on or before such effective date.