Oklahoma 2023 Regular Session

Oklahoma Senate Bill SB138 Compare Versions

Only one version of the bill is available at this time.
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5353 STATE OF OKLAHOMA
5454
5555 1st Session of the 59th Legislature (2023)
5656
5757 SENATE BILL 138 By: Dahm
5858
5959
6060
6161
6262
6363 AS INTRODUCED
6464
6565 An Act relating to schools; amending 70 O.S. 2021,
6666 Section 11-103.6, as last amended by Section 51,
6767 Chapter 228, O.S.L. 2022 (70 O.S. Supp. 2022, Section
6868 11-103.6), which relates to subject matter standards;
6969 directing social studies standards to include certain
7070 time period of instruction on certain topic on or
7171 around certain date; updating statutory language;
7272 providing an effective date; and declaring an
7373 emergency.
7474
7575
7676
7777 BE IT ENACTED BY THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF OKLAHOMA:
7878 SECTION 1. AMENDATORY 70 O.S. 2021, Section 11 -103.6, as
7979 last amended by Section 51, Chapt er 228, O.S.L. 2022 (70 O.S. Supp.
8080 2022, Section 11-103.6), is amended to read as follows:
8181 Section 11-103.6. A. 1. The State Board of Education shall
8282 adopt subject matter standards for instruction o f students in the
8383 public schools of this state that are necessary to ensure there is
8484 attainment of desired levels of competencies in a variety of areas
8585 to include language, mathematics, science, social studies ,
8686 communication, and health and physical education.
8787 2. School districts shall develop and implement c urriculum,
8888 courses, and instruction in order to ensure that students meet the
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140140 skills and competencies as set forth in this section and in the
141141 subject matter standards adopted by the State Board of Educa tion.
142142 3. All students shall gai n literacy at the elem entary and
143143 secondary levels. Students shall develop skills in reading,
144144 writing, speaking, computing, and critical thinking. For purposes
145145 of this section, critical thinking means a manner of analytical
146146 thinking which is logical and us es linear factual ana lysis to reach
147147 a conclusion. They shall learn about cultures and environments -
148148 their own and those of others with whom they share the earth. All
149149 students shall receive the inst ruction needed to lead h ealthy and
150150 physically active lifestyles. Students, therefore, shall study
151151 social studies, literature, languages, the arts, health,
152152 mathematics, and science. Such curricula shall provide for the
153153 teaching of a hands-on career exploration program in cooperat ion
154154 with technology center schools.
155155 4. The subject matter standards shall be designed to teach the
156156 competencies for which students shall be tested as provided in
157157 Section 1210.508 of this title, and shall be designed to prepare all
158158 students for active citi zenship, employment, and/or successful
159159 completion of postsecondary education without the n eed for remedial
160160 coursework at the postsecondary level.
161161 5. The subject matter standards shall be designed with rigor as
162162 defined in paragraph 3 of subsection G of this section.
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214214 6. The subject matter standards for Engl ish Language Arts shall
215215 give Classic Literature and nonfiction literature equal
216216 consideration to other literature. In addition, emphasis shall be
217217 given to the study of complete works of literature.
218218 7. At a minimum, the subject matter standards for mathem atics
219219 shall require mastery of the sta ndard algorithms in mathematics,
220220 which is the most logical, efficient way of solving a problem that
221221 consistently works, and for students to attain fluency in Euclidian
222222 geometry.
223223 8. The subject matter standards for his tory, social studies,
224224 and United States Government shall include study of important
225225 historical documents, including the United States Constitution,
226226 Declaration of Independence, Emancipation Proclamation, Fe deralist
227227 Papers and other documents with significa nt history and heritage of
228228 the United States, and the content of the United States
229229 naturalization test, with an emphasis on the specific content of the
230230 test and the ideas and concepts it references. Beginn ing with the
231231 2022-2023 school year, the United Sta tes naturalization test shall
232232 be administered in accordance with subsection F of this section.
233233 The subject matter standards for social studies shall include a t
234234 least forty-five (45) minutes of instruction on “Victims of
235235 Communism Day”, on or around Novemb er 7th of each year, on topics
236236 such as Mao Zedong in China, Joseph Stalin and the Soviet System,
237237 Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution, Vladimir Lenin and the
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289289 Russian Revolution, Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam, and Nicolas Maduro in
290290 Venezuela and how the victims s uffered under these regimes through
291291 suppression of speech, poverty, starvation, migration, and system ic
292292 lethal violence against civilians.
293293 9. The subject matter standards for United States Government
294294 shall include an emphasis on civics, the structur e and relationship
295295 between the national, sta te, county, and local governments, and
296296 simulations of the democratic process. For the purposes of this
297297 section, “civics” means the study of the rights and duties of
298298 Oklahoma and United States citizens and of how t hose governments
299299 work.
300300 10. The subject matter standards for health and physical
301301 education shall include but not be limited to the domains of
302302 physical, emotional, social, and intellectual health. Health
303303 literacy shall includ e the ability to obtain, process, and
304304 understand basic health information and services needed to make
305305 appropriate health decisions. Health shall also include the
306306 importance of proper nutrition and exercise, mental health and
307307 wellness, substance abuse, copi ng skills for understanding and
308308 managing trauma, establishing and maintaining positive
309309 relationships, and responsible decision making. Physical literacy
310310 shall include the ability to move with competence and confidence in
311311 a wide variety of physical activiti es in multiple environments that
312312 benefit the healthy developm ent of the whole person.
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364364 B. Subject to the provisions of subsection C of this section,
365365 in order to graduate from a public high school accredited by the
366366 State Board of Education with a standard diploma, students shall
367367 complete the following college preparatory/work ready curriculum
368368 units or sets of competencies at the seconda ry level:
369369 1. Four units or sets of competencies of English to include
370370 Grammar, Composition, Literature, or any English course approved for
371371 college admission requirements;
372372 2. Three units or sets of competencies of mathematics, limited
373373 to Algebra I, Algebr a II, Geometry, Trigonometry, Math Analysis,
374374 Calculus, Advanced Placement Statistics, or any mathematics course
375375 with content and/or rigor above Algebra I an d approved for college
376376 admission requirements;
377377 3. Three units or sets of competencies of laboratory science
378378 approved for college admission requirements including one unit or
379379 set of competencies of life science meeting the standards for
380380 Biology I; one unit or set of competencies of physical sci ence,
381381 meeting the standards for Physical Science, Chemistry , or Physics;
382382 and one unit or set of competencies from the domains of physical
383383 science, life science , or earth and space science such that the
384384 content and rigor is above Biology I or Physical Scien ce;
385385 4. Three units or sets of competencies of history and
386386 citizenship skills, including one unit of American History, one-half
387387 unit of Oklahoma History, one -half unit of United States Government ,
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439439 and one unit from the subjects of History, Government, Geog raphy,
440440 Economics, Civics, or non-Western culture and approved for college
441441 admission requirements;
442442 5. Two units or sets of competencies of the same world or non-
443443 English language or two units of computer technology appr oved for
444444 college admission requirement s, whether taught at a high school or a
445445 technology center school, including computer programming, hardware,
446446 and business computer applications, such as word processing,
447447 databases, spreadsheets, and graphics, excluding keyboarding or
448448 typing courses;
449449 6. One additional unit or set of competencies selected from
450450 paragraphs 1 through 5 of this subsection or career and technology
451451 education courses, concurrently enrolled courses, Advanced Placement
452452 courses, or International Baccalaureate courses approved for colle ge
453453 admission requirements; and
454454 7. One unit or set of c ompetencies of fine arts, such as music,
455455 art, or drama, or one unit or se t of competencies of speech.
456456 C. In lieu of the requirements of subsection B of this secti on
457457 which requires a college preparator y/work ready curriculum, a
458458 student may enroll in the core curriculum as provided in subsection
459459 D of this section upon written approval of the parent or legal
460460 guardian of the student. For students under the age of eighteen
461461 (18), school districts shall require a parent or legal guardian of
462462 the student to meet with a designee of the school prior to
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514514 enrollment in the core curriculum. The State Department of
515515 Education shall develop and distribute to s chool districts a form
516516 suitable for this purpose, which shall include information on the
517517 benefits to students of completing the college preparatory/work
518518 ready curriculum as provided for in subsection B of this section.
519519 D. For those students subject to the requirements of subsection
520520 C of this section, in order to graduate from a public high school
521521 accredited by the State Board of Education with a standard diploma,
522522 students shall complete the following core curriculum units or sets
523523 of competencies at the sec ondary level:
524524 1. Language Arts – Four units or sets of competencies, to
525525 consist of one unit o r set of competencies of grammar and
526526 composition, and three units or sets of competencies which may
527527 include, but are not limited to, the following courses:
528528 a. American Literature,
529529 b. English Literature,
530530 c. World Literature,
531531 d. Advanced English Courses, or
532532 e. other English courses with content and/or rigor equal
533533 to or above grammar and composition;
534534 2. Mathematics – Three units or sets of competencies to consist
535535 of one unit or set of competencies of Alg ebra I or Algebra I taught
536536 in a contextual methodology, and two units or sets of competencies
537537 which may include, but are not lim ited to, the following courses:
538538
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589589 a. Algebra II,
590590 b. Geometry or Geometry taught in a context ual
591591 methodology,
592592 c. Trigonometry,
593593 d. Math Analysis or Precalculus,
594594 e. Calculus,
595595 f. Statistics and/or Probability,
596596 g. Computer Science or acceptance and successful
597597 completion of one (1) year of a full -time, three-hour
598598 career and technology program leading t o an industry
599599 credential/certificate o r college credit. The State
600600 Board of Career and Techno logy Education shall
601601 promulgate rules to define the provisions of this
602602 section related to the accepted industry -valued
603603 credentials which are industry -endorsed or industry-
604604 aligned. The list of accepted industry-valued
605605 credentials shall be reviewed annu ally and updated at
606606 least every three (3) years by the Board,
607607 h. (1) contextual mathematics courses which enhance
608608 technology preparation, or
609609 (2) a science, technology, engineering, and math
610610 (STEM) block course meeting the requirements for
611611 course competencies listed in paragraph 2 of
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663663 subsection B of this section, whether taught at
664664 a:
665665 (a) comprehensive high school, or
666666 (b) technology center school when taken in the
667667 tenth, eleventh, or twelfth grade, taught by
668668 a certified teacher, and approved by the
669669 State Board of Education and the independen t
670670 district board of education,
671671 i. mathematics courses taught at a technology center
672672 school by a teacher certified in the secondary sub ject
673673 area when taken in the tenth, ele venth, or twelfth
674674 grade upon approval of the State Boa rd of Education
675675 and the independent district board of education, or
676676 j. any other mathematics course with content and/or rigor
677677 equal to or above Algebra I;
678678 3. Science – Three units or sets of competenci es to consist of
679679 one unit or set of competencies of Biology I or Biology I taught in
680680 a contextual methodology, and two units or sets o f competencies in
681681 the areas of life, physical, or earth science or technology which
682682 may include, but are not limited to, t he following courses:
683683 a. Chemistry I,
684684 b. Physics,
685685 c. Biology II,
686686 d. Chemistry II,
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738738 e. Physical Science,
739739 f. Earth Science,
740740 g. Botany,
741741 h. Zoology,
742742 i. Physiology,
743743 j. Astronomy,
744744 k. Applied Biology/Chemistry,
745745 l. Applied Physics,
746746 m. Principles of Technology,
747747 n. qualified agricultural education course s,
748748 o. (1) contextual science courses which enh ance
749749 technology preparation, or
750750 (2) a science, technology, engineering , and math
751751 (STEM) block course meeting the requirements for
752752 course competencies listed in paragraph 3 of
753753 subsection B of this section, whet her taught at
754754 a:
755755 (a) comprehensive high school, or
756756 (b) technology center school when taken in the
757757 tenth, eleventh, or twelfth grade, taught by
758758 a certified teacher, and approved by t he
759759 State Board of Education and the in dependent
760760 district board of educatio n,
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812812 p. science courses taught at a technology cente r school
813813 by a teacher certified in the secondary s ubject area
814814 when taken in the tenth, eleventh , or twelfth grade
815815 upon approval of the State Board of Education and the
816816 independent district board of educatio n, or
817817 q. other science courses with content and/or rigor equal
818818 to or above Biology I;
819819 4. Social Studies – Three units or sets of competencies, to
820820 consist of one unit or set of compe tencies of United States History,
821821 one-half to one unit or set of competencies of United States
822822 Government, one-half unit or set of competencies of Oklahoma
823823 History, and one-half to one unit or set of competencies which may
824824 include, but are not limited to, the following courses:
825825 a. World History,
826826 b. Geography,
827827 c. Economics,
828828 d. Anthropology, or
829829 e. other social studies courses with content and/or rigor
830830 equal to or above United Sta tes History, United States
831831 Government, and Oklahoma History;
832832 5. Arts – One unit or set of competencies which may inclu de,
833833 but is not limited to, courses in Visual Arts and Ge neral Music; and
834834 6. Computer Education or World Language - One unit or set of
835835 competencies of computer technology, whether taught at a high school
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887887 or a technology center school, including computer pr ogramming,
888888 hardware and business computer applications, such as word
889889 processing, databases, spreadsheets, and graphics, excluding
890890 keyboarding or typing courses, or one unit or set of competencies of
891891 world or non-English language.
892892 E. 1. In addition to the curriculum requirements of either
893893 subsection B or D of this section, in order t o graduate from a
894894 public high school accredited by the S tate Board of Education
895895 students shall complete the requirements for a personal fi nancial
896896 literacy passport as set forth in the Passport to Financial Literacy
897897 Act and any additional course requirement s or recommended elective
898898 courses as may be established by the State Board of Education and
899899 the district school board. School districts s hall strongly
900900 encourage students to co mplete two units or sets of competencies of
901901 world languages and two unit s or sets of competencies of physical
902902 and health education.
903903 2. No student shall receive credit for high school graduation
904904 more than once for comp letion of the same unit or set of
905905 competencies to satisfy the curriculum requirements of this section.
906906 3. A school district shall not be required to offer every
907907 course listed in subsections B and D of this section but shall offer
908908 sufficient courses to all ow a student to meet the graduatio n
909909 requirements during the secondary grade years of the student.
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961961 F. 1. In addition to the curriculum requirements of either
962962 subsection B or D of this section, beginning with ninth graders in
963963 the 2021-22 school year, in or der to graduate from a public high
964964 school accredited by the State Board of Education, students shall
965965 pass the United States naturalization test pursuant to the
966966 provisions of this subsection.
967967 2. School districts shall offer the United States
968968 naturalization test to students at least once pe r school year,
969969 beginning as early as eighth grade at the discretion of the school
970970 district; provided, any student may retake the exam upo n request,
971971 and as often as desired, until earning a passing score. For
972972 purposes of this subsection, a passing score sh all be 60 out of 100
973973 questions.
974974 3. School districts shall exempt students with disabilities
975975 whose individualized education program (IEP) , consistent with state
976976 law, indicates that the student is to be assessed with altern ate
977977 achievement standards through the Oklahoma Alternate Assessment
978978 Program (OAAP).
979979 G. For purposes of this section:
980980 1. “Contextual methodology” means academic content a nd skills
981981 taught by utilizing real -world problems and projects in a way that
982982 helps students understand the application of that knowledge;
983983 2. “Qualified agricultural education courses” means courses
984984 that have been determined by the State Board of Education to offer
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10361036 the sets of competencies for one or more science content areas and
10371037 which correspond to academic science cours es. Qualified
10381038 agricultural education courses shall include, but are not li mited
10391039 to, Horticulture, Plant and Soil Science, Natural Resour ces and
10401040 Environmental Science, and Animal Science. The courses shall be
10411041 taught by teachers certified in agricultural e ducation and comply
10421042 with all rules of the Oklahoma Department of Career and Technology
10431043 Education;
10441044 3. “Rigor” means a level of difficulty that is thorough,
10451045 exhaustive, and accurate and is appropriate for the grade level;
10461046 4. “Sets of competencies” means instruction in those skills and
10471047 competencies that are specified in the subject matter standards
10481048 adopted by the State Board of Education and other skills and
10491049 competencies adopted by the Board, without regard to specified
10501050 instructional time; and
10511051 5. “Unit” means a Carnegie Unit as defined by the North Ce ntral
10521052 Association’s Commission on Schools.
10531053 H. 1. The State Board of Education shall adopt a plan to
10541054 ensure that rigor is maintained in the content, teaching
10551055 methodology, level of expectations for student achiev ement, and
10561056 application of learning in all th e courses taught to meet the
10571057 graduation requirements as specified in this section.
10581058 2. The State Board of Education shall allow as much flexibility
10591059 at the district level as is p ossible without diminishing the rig or
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11111111 or undermining the intent of providing th ese courses. To accomplish
11121112 this purpose, the State Department of Education shall work with
11131113 school districts in reviewing and approving courses taught by
11141114 districts that are not specifically listed in subsections B and D of
11151115 this section. Options may includ e, but shall not be limited to,
11161116 courses taken by concurrent enrollment, advanced placement, o r
11171117 correspondence, or courses bearing different titles.
11181118 3. The State Board of Educat ion shall approve an advanced
11191119 placement computer science course to meet the req uirements of course
11201120 competencies listed in paragraph 2 of subsection B of this section
11211121 if the course is taken in a student ’s senior year and the student is
11221122 concurrently enrolled in or has successfully completed A lgebra II.
11231123 4. Technology center school dist ricts may offer programs
11241124 designed in cooperation with institutions of higher education which
11251125 have an emphasis on a focused field of career study upon approval of
11261126 the State Board of Education and the independent district board of
11271127 education. Students in the tenth grade may be allowed to attend
11281128 these programs for up to one-half (1/2) of a school day and credit
11291129 for the units or sets of competencies required in paragraphs 2, 3 ,
11301130 and 6 of subsection B or D of this secti on shall be given if the
11311131 courses are taught b y a teacher certified in the se condary subject
11321132 area; provided, credit for units or sets of co mpetencies pursuant to
11331133 subsection B of this section shall be approved for college a dmission
11341134 requirements.
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11861186 5. If a student enrolls in a concurrent course, the scho ol
11871187 district shall not be respon sible for any costs incurred for that
11881188 course, unless the schoo l district does not offer enough course
11891189 selection during the student ’s secondary grade years to allow the
11901190 student to receive the courses needed to meet the graduat ion
11911191 requirements of this sectio n. If the school district does not offer
11921192 the necessary course selection during the student ’s secondary grade
11931193 years, it shall be responsible for the cost of resident tuition at
11941194 an institution in The Oklahoma State System of H igher Education,
11951195 fees, and books for the concurrent enrollment course, and providing
11961196 for transportation to and from the institution to the school site.
11971197 It is the intent of the Legislature that for students enr olled
11981198 in a concurrent enrollment course which i s paid for by the school
11991199 district pursuant to this paragraph, the institution charge only the
12001200 supplementary and special service fees that are directly related to
12011201 the concurrent enrollment course and enrollment procedures for that
12021202 student. It is further th e intent of the Legislature tha t fees for
12031203 student activities and student service facilities, including the
12041204 student health care and cultural and recreational service fees, not
12051205 be charged to such students.
12061206 6. Credit for the units or sets of competencies req uired in
12071207 subsection B or D of t his section shall be given when such units or
12081208 sets of competencies are taken prior to ninth grade if the teachers
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12601260 are certified or authorized to teach the subjects for high school
12611261 credit and the required rigor is maintained.
12621262 7. The three units or sets of competencies in mathematics
12631263 required in subsection B or D of t his section shall be completed in
12641264 the ninth through twelfth grades. If a student c ompletes any
12651265 required courses or sets of competencies in mathematics prior to
12661266 ninth grade, the student may take any other mathematics courses or
12671267 sets of competencies to fulf ill the requirement to complete three
12681268 units or sets of competencies in grades nine through twelve after
12691269 the student has satisfied the requirements of subsection B or D of
12701270 this section.
12711271 8. All units or sets of competencies required for graduation
12721272 may be taken in any sequence recommended by the school district.
12731273 I. As a condition of recei ving accreditation from the State
12741274 Board of Education, all students in grades nin e through twelve shall
12751275 enroll in a minimum of six periods, or the equivalent in block
12761276 scheduling or other scheduling structure that allows for instruction
12771277 in sets of competenci es, of rigorous academic and/or rigorous
12781278 vocational courses each day, which may include arts, vocal, and
12791279 instrumental music, speech classes, and physical education classes.
12801280 J. 1. Academic and vocational -technical courses designed to
12811281 offer sets of compete ncies integrated or embedded within the courses
12821282 that provide for the teaching and learning of the appropriate sk ills
12831283 and knowledge in the subject matter standards, as adopted by the
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13351335 State Board of Education, may, upon approval of the Board, in
13361336 consultation with the Oklahoma Department of Career and Technology
13371337 Education if the courses a re offered at a technology cent er school
13381338 district, be counted for academic credit and toward meeting the
13391339 graduation requirements of this section.
13401340 2. Internet-based courses offered by a technology center school
13411341 that are taught by a certified teacher and pr ovide for the teaching
13421342 and learning of the appropriate skills and knowledge in the subject
13431343 matter standards may, upon approval of the State Board of Education
13441344 and the independent district board of education, be counted for
13451345 academic credit and toward meetin g the graduation requirements o f
13461346 this section.
13471347 3. Internet-based courses or vocational -technical courses
13481348 utilizing integrated or embedded skills for which no subject matter
13491349 standards have been adopted by the State Board of Education may be
13501350 approved by the Board, in consultation with th e Oklahoma Department
13511351 of Career and Technology Education if th e courses are offered at a
13521352 technology center school district, if such courses inco rporate
13531353 standards of nationally recognized professional organizations and
13541354 are taught by certified teachers.
13551355 4. Courses offered by a supplemental education organization
13561356 that is accredited by a national accrediting body and that are
13571357 taught by a certified te acher and provide for the teaching and
13581358 learning of the appropriate skills and kno wledge in the subject
13591359
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14101410 matter standards may, upon approval of the State Board of Education
14111411 and the school district board of education, be counted for academic
14121412 credit and toward meeting the graduation requirements of this
14131413 section.
14141414 K. The State Board of Educ ation shall provide an option f or
14151415 high school graduation based upon attainment of the desired levels
14161416 of competencies as required in tests pursuant to the provisions of
14171417 Section 1210.508 of this title. Such option shall be in lieu of the
14181418 amount of course credits earned.
14191419 L. The State Board of Education shall prescribe, adopt, and
14201420 approve a promotion system based on the attainment by students of
14211421 specified levels of competencies i n each area of the core
14221422 curriculum.
14231423 M. Children who have individualized education programs pursuant
14241424 to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) , and who
14251425 satisfy the graduation requirements through the individualized
14261426 education program for tha t student shall be awarded a standard
14271427 diploma.
14281428 N. Students who enter the ninth gr ade in or prior to the 2007 -
14291429 08 school year who are enrolled in an alternative education progr am
14301430 and meet the requirements of their plans leading to high school
14311431 graduation developed pursuant to Section 1210.568 of this title
14321432 shall be awarded a standard dipl oma.
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14841484 O. Any student who comple tes the curriculum requirements of the
14851485 International Baccalaur eate Diploma Program Programme shall be
14861486 awarded a standard diploma.
14871487 P. Any student who successfully completes an advanced
14881488 mathematics or science course offered pursuant to Section 1210.404
14891489 of this title shall be granted academic credit toward meeting the
14901490 graduation requirements pursuant to paragraph 2 or 3, as
14911491 appropriate, of subsecti on B or D of this section.
14921492 Q. For purposes of this section, the courses approved for
14931493 college admission requirements shall be courses which are approved
14941494 by the Oklahoma State Regents fo r Higher Education for admission to
14951495 an institution within The Oklahoma State System of Higher Education.
14961496 R. Students who have been denied a standard diploma by th e
14971497 school district in which the student is or was enrolled for failing
14981498 to meet the requirement s of this section may re -enroll in the school
14991499 district that denied the student a standard diploma following the
15001500 denial of a standard diploma. The student shall be provided
15011501 remediation or interv ention and the opportunity to complete the
15021502 curriculum units or sets of competencies required by this section to
15031503 obtain a standard dip loma. Students who re-enroll in the school
15041504 district to meet the graduation requirements of this section shall
15051505 be exempt from the hourly instructional requirements of Section 1 -
15061506 111 of this title and the six -period enrollment requirements of this
15071507 section.
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15591559 S. The State Department of Education shall collect and report
15601560 data by school site and distri ct on the number of students wh o
15611561 enroll in the core curriculum as provided in subsection D of this
15621562 section.
15631563 SECTION 2. This act shall become effect ive July 1, 2023.
15641564 SECTION 3. It being immediately necessary for the preservation
15651565 of the public peace, health , or safety, an emergency is hereby
15661566 declared to exist, by reason whereof thi s act shall take effect and
15671567 be in full force from and a fter its passage and approval.
15681568
15691569 59-1-429 EB 1/4/2023 3:15:50 PM