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53	53	STATE OF OKLAHOMA
54	54
55	55	2nd Session of the 59th Legislature (2024)
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57	57	HOUSE BILL 3146 By: Humphrey
58	58
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63	63	AS INTRODUCED
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65	65	An Act relating to criminal procedure; creating the
66	66	Freedom from Unwarranted Surveillance Act; defining
67	67	terms; prohibiting certain agencies and persons from
68	68	using drones to gather evidence or record images;
69	69	providing presumption of privacy on privately owned
70	70	property; listing exceptions to certain prohibited
71	71	conduct; stating remedi es for violations; making
72	72	certain evidence inadmissible in criminal
73	73	prosecutions; providing for codification; an d
74	74	providing an effective date.
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79	79	BE IT ENACTED BY THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF OKLAHOMA:
80	80	SECTION 1. NEW LAW A new section of law to be codified
81	81	in the Oklahoma Statutes as Section 2021 of Title 22, unless there
82	82	is created a duplication in numbering, reads as follows:
83	83	This act shall be known and may be cited as the "Freedom from
84	84	Unwarranted Surveillance Act".
85	85	SECTION 2. NEW LAW A new section of law to be codified
86	86	in the Oklahoma Statutes as Section 2022 of Title 22, unless there
87	87	is created a duplication in numbering, reads as fol lows:
88	88	As used in this act:
89	89	1. "Drone" means a powered, aerial vehicle that:
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141	141	a. does not carry a human operator,
142	142	b. uses aerodynamic forces to provide vehicle lift ,
143	143	c. can fly autonomously or be piloted remotely ,
144	144	d. can be expendable or recoverable , and
145	145	e. can carry a lethal or nonlethal payl oad.
146	146	2. "Image" means a record of thermal, infrared, ultrav iolet,
147	147	visible light, or oth er electromagnetic waves , sound waves, odors,
148	148	or other physical phenomena which captures conditions existing on or
149	149	about real property or an individual located on that property;
150	150	3. "Imaging device" means a mechanical, digital, or electronic
151	151	viewing device, still camera, camcorder, motion picture camera , or
152	152	any other instrument, equipment, or format capable of recording,
153	153	storing, or transmitting an image;
154	154	4. "Law enforcement agency" means a lawfully established state
155	155	or local public agency that is responsi ble for the prevention and
156	156	detection of crime, local government code enforcement, and the
157	157	enforcement of penal, traffic, regulator y, game, or controlled
158	158	dangerous substances laws;
159	159	5. "Political subdivision " means any municipality, city, town,
160	160	village, school, or county;
161	161	6. "State agency" means any agency, department, board or
162	162	commission of the state or any state eleemosynary, educa tional,
163	163	rehabilitative, correctional , or custodial facility; and
164	164	7. "Surveillance" means:
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216	216	a. with respect to an owner, tena nt, occupant, invitee,
217	217	or licensee of privately owned real property, the
218	218	observation of such persons with sufficient visual
219	219	clarity to be able to obtain information about their
220	220	identity, habits, conduct, movements, or whereabouts ,
221	221	or
222	222	b. with respect to privately owned real property, the
223	223	observation of the physical improvements of such
224	224	property with sufficient visual clarity to be able t o
225	225	determine unique identifying featur es or its occupancy
226	226	by one or more persons .
227	227	SECTION 3. NEW LAW A new section of law to be codified
228	228	in the Oklahoma Statutes as Section 2023 of Title 22, unless there
229	229	is created a duplication in n umbering, reads as follows:
230	230	A. A law enforcement agency may not use a drone to gather
231	231	evidence or other information, except as provided in Section 4 of
232	232	this act.
233	233	B. A person, a state agency, or a political subdivision may not
234	234	use a drone equipped with an imaging device to record an image of
235	235	privately owned real property or of the owner, tenant, occupant,
236	236	invitee, or licensee o f such property with the intent to conduct
237	237	surveillance on the individual or property captured in the image in
238	238	violation of the reasonable expectation of privacy of such person
239	239	without his or her written consent. For purposes of this sectio n, a
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291	291	person is presumed to have a reasonable expectation of privacy on
292	292	his or her privately owned real property if he or she is not
293	293	observable by persons located at ground level in a place where they
294	294	have a legal right to be, regardless of whether he or sh e is
295	295	observable from the air with the use of a drone.
296	296	SECTION 4. NEW LAW A new section of law to be codified
297	297	in the Oklahoma Statutes as Section 2024 of Title 22, unless there
298	298	is created a duplication in numbering, reads as follows:
299	299	The provisions of this act do not prohibit the use of a drone:
300	300	1. To counter a high risk of a terrorist attack by a specific
301	301	individual or organization if the United States Secretar y of
302	302	Homeland Security determines that credible intelligence indicates
303	303	that there is such a risk;
304	304	2. If the law enforcement agency first obtains a search warrant
305	305	signed by a judge authorizing the use of a drone ;
306	306	3. If the law enforcement agency possesses reasonable suspicion
307	307	that, under particular circumstances, swift action is needed to
308	308	prevent imminent danger to life or serious damage to property, to
309	309	forestall the imminent escape of a suspect or the destruction of
310	310	evidence, or to achieve purposes includ ing, but not limited to,
311	311	facilitating the search for a missing person . Provided, the head of
312	312	the law enforcement agency using the drone for this purpose must
313	313	provide written authorization for such use and must mainta in a copy
314	314	on file at the agency ;
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366	366	4. To assist a law enforcement agency with traffic management;
367	367	provided, however, a law enfor cement agency acting under this
368	368	paragraph may not issue a traffic infraction citation based on
369	369	images or video captured by a dron e;
370	370	5. To facilitate the collection of evidence by a law
371	371	enforcement agency at a crime scene or traffic crash scene ;
372	372	6. By a state agency or political subdivision for:
373	373	a. the assessment of damage due to a flood, a wildfire,
374	374	or any other natural disaster t hat is the subject of a
375	375	state of emergency declared by the state or by a
376	376	political subdivision, before the expiration of the
377	377	emergency declaration, or
378	378	b. vegetation or wildlife management on publicly owned
379	379	land or water.
380	380	7. By certified fire department pe rsonnel to perform tasks
381	381	within the scope and practice authori zed under their certifications ;
382	382	8. By a person or an entity enga ged in a business or profession
383	383	licensed by the state, or by an agent, employee, or contractor
384	384	thereof, if the drone is used only to perform reasonable tasks
385	385	within the scope of practice or a ctivities permitted under the
386	386	license of such person or entity. However, this exception does not
387	387	apply to a profession in which the authorized scope of practice of
388	388	the licensee includes obtaining information about the identity,
389	389	habits, conduct, movements, whereabo uts, affiliations, associations,
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441	441	transactions, reputatio n, or character of any society, person, or
442	442	group of persons;
443	443	9. By an employee or a contractor of a property appraiser who
444	444	uses a drone solely for the purpose of asses sing property for ad
445	445	valorem taxation;
446	446	10. To capture images by or for an electric, wat er, or natural
447	447	gas utility:
448	448	a. for operations and maintenance of utility facilities,
449	449	including facilities used in the generation,
450	450	transmission, or distribution of elect ricity, gas, or
451	451	water, for the purpose of maintaining utility system
452	452	reliability and integrity,
453	453	b. for inspecting utility facilities, including
454	454	pipelines, to determine construction, repair,
455	455	maintenance, or replacement needs before, during, and
456	456	after construction of such facilities ,
457	457	c. for assessing vegetation growth for the purpose of
458	458	maintaining clearances on utility rights -of-way,
459	459	d. for utility routing, siting, and permitting for the
460	460	purpose of constructing utility facilities or
461	461	providing utility service s, or
462	462	e. for conducting environmen tal monitoring, as provided
463	463	by federal, state, or loca l law, rule, or permit .
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515	515	11. For aerial mapping, if the person or entity using a drone
516	516	for this purpose is operating in compliance with Federal Aviation
517	517	Administration regulations;
518	518	12. To deliver cargo, if the person or entity using a drone for
519	519	this purpose is operating in compliance with Federal Aviation
520	520	Administration regulations ;
521	521	13. To capture images necessary for the safe oper ation or
522	522	navigation of a drone that is being used for a purpose allowed und er
523	523	federal or Oklahoma law;
524	524	14. By a communications service provider or a contractor for a
525	525	communications service provider for routing, siting, installation,
526	526	maintenance, or inspec tion of facilities used to provide
527	527	communications services ;
528	528	15. By an employee of the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife
529	529	Conservation for the purposes of managing and eradicating invasive
530	530	exotic plants or animals on public lands and suppressing and
531	531	mitigating wildfire threats; or
532	532	16. By a non-law enforcement employee of the Oklahoma
533	533	Department of Agricultur e, Food, and Forestry for activities for the
534	534	purposes of managing and eradicating plant or animal diseases.
535	535	SECTION 5. NEW LAW A new section of law to be codified
536	536	in the Oklahoma Statutes as Section 2025 of Title 22, unless there
537	537	is created a duplication i n numbering, reads as follows:
538	538
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589	589	A. An aggrieved party may initiate a civil action against a law
590	590	enforcement agency to obtain all appropriate relief in order to
591	591	prevent or remedy a violation of this act.
592	592	B. The owner, tenant, occupant, invitee, or licensee of
593	593	privately owned real property may initiate a civil action for
594	594	compensatory damages for violations of this act and may seek
595	595	injunctive relief to prevent future violations of this act against a
596	596	person, state agency, or political subdivision that violates the
597	597	provisions of subsection B of Section 3 of this act . In such
598	598	action, the prevailing party is entitled to recover reasonable
599	599	attorney fees from the non-prevailing party based on the actual and
600	600	reasonable time expended by his or her attorney billed at an
601	601	appropriate hourly rate and, in cases in which the payment of such a
602	602	fee is contingent on the outcome, without a multiplier, unless the
603	603	action is tried to verdict, in which case a multiplier of up to
604	604	twice the actual value of the time expended may be aw arded in the
605	605	discretion of the trial court.
606	606	C. Punitive damages for a violation of subsection B of Section
607	607	3 of this act may be sought against a person subject to other
608	608	requirements and limitation s of law.
609	609	D. The remedies provided for a violation of subsection B of
610	610	Section 3 of this act are cumulative to other existing remedies.
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662	662	SECTION 6. NEW LAW A new section of law to be codified
663	663	in the Oklahoma Statutes as Section 2026 of Title 22, unless there
664	664	is created a duplication in numbe ring, reads as follows:
665	665	Evidence obtained or collect ed in violation of the provisions of
666	666	this act shall not be admissible as evidence in a criminal
667	667	prosecution in any court of law in this sta te.
668	668	SECTION 7. This act shall become effective November 1, 2024.
669	669
670	670	59-2-8558 GRS 12/31/23

Oklahoma 2024 Regular Session

Oklahoma House Bill HB3146 Compare Versions