Video & Transcript DataContr Research : 'inheritance tax'
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TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
S/C on County & Regional Government Apr 14th, 2025 at 10:04 am
House S/C on County & Regional Government
Transcript Highlights:
- Lowe, when you say the taxpayers, pay taxes, everybody pays taxes.
- It's not just a certain party who pays taxes; everybody in the state pays taxes.
- Well, I will say that every additional program that we create creates new taxes and more costs.
- The idea that someone or a county could have their sales tax...
- I don't think I've ever heard TPPF advocate to spend tax money. Thank you.
Keywords:
transportation, infrastructure, funding, state budget, public safety, child welfare, county boards, membership, local governance, public welfare, child welfare, county boards, government service, social services, Texas Family Code, child welfare, county boards, social services, public welfare, Texas Family Code
Summary:
The meeting was productive, primarily focusing on the discussions surrounding several key bills, notably HB2012, HB3174, and HB5580. The bills addressed significant issues like public health, immigration enforcement, and developmental initiatives. Notably, HB3174 aims to combat the spread of blood-borne diseases through syringe exchange programs in specific counties, with robust support from public health officials. Throughout the meeting, there was an active exchange of perspectives on the efficacy and implications of these bills, particularly regarding how they would impact public safety and health in Texas. Concerns were raised about the potential burden on law enforcement and the appropriateness of mandating immigration mechanisms in local jails under HB5580, generating passionate discussions among committee members and public testimonies alike.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Trade, Workforce & Economic Development Apr 2nd, 2025 at 08:00 am
House Trade, Workforce & Economic Development Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- Any kind of an estimate for our taxes and getting this set
- /p>
The claimant has been charged last year with a liable TWC tax
- $65 million to $68 million this year to keep taxes low on
- Texas statute actually caps 204.061, which caps the ceiling at a 2% tax rate on total wages.
- This will keep it solvent and will also help have a downward pressure on employers regarding the taxes
Keywords:
science park district, economic development, technology innovation, higher education collaboration, infrastructure development, Texas Economic Development Office, workforce development, unemployment benefits, state average unemployment rate, benefit year, economic support, Texas Workforce Commission, property owners' association, free speech, assembly rights, government officials, political candidates, floodplain, landlord, tenant
Summary:
The meeting convened to discuss HB2214, a bill aimed at clarifying notification requirements regarding flood risks for tenants. Chairman Wallace articulated the bill's intent, discussing how it adjusts previous legislation to alleviate duplicative notifications for temporary leases or short-term rentals. The committee engaged in vibrant dialogue about the implications of this legislation, with representatives expressing support and raising questions about its implementation and effectiveness. Public testimony included insights from realtors and stakeholders, which highlighted the balance between tenant rights and landlord responsibilities in the wake of flood events.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Public Education Apr 29th, 2025 at 08:04 am
House Public Education Committee
Transcript Highlights:
My family has been in taxes to Keller ISD for 40 years
- " data-time="324">I would like to point out that in 1985, Keller ISD started taking and collecting taxes
- We have been paying taxes for 40 years.
- We have poured our tax dollars, our energy, and our trust into Keller ISD.
- These are things that we have invested in—our children, our tax dollars, our bonds.
Bills:
HB4, HB54, HB775, HB850, HB1122, HB1249, HB1405, HB2336, HB2757, HB3372, HB3622, HB4442, HB4687, HB4893, HB5089, HB5515, HB5606, SB10, SB24, HB1573, HB3369
Keywords:
non-human behaviors, education, Texas schools, policy, regulation, education, funding, teacher salaries, school districts, state budget, non-enrolled students, University Interscholastic League, participation, school districts, eligibility standards, non-enrolled students, University Interscholastic League, school participation, academic standards, Texas education
Summary:
The committee meeting focused on House Bill 5089, concerning the creation of new school districts through detachment of existing territories. During the discussions, multiple committee members expressed significant concerns about the implications of the bill, emphasizing the need for community involvement and public voting whenever major district changes are proposed. Witnesses from the Keller Independent School District testified against the bill, highlighting the potential for confusion and the erosion of local control if school boards could make such determinations without voter approval. The testimonies painted a picture of a heated community reaction regarding the handling of the detachment process and underscored a general agreement that any significant changes should require a public vote to ensure accountability and transparency.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Senate of the 89th Legislature Apr 1st, 2025 at 11:00 am
Transcript Highlights:
- The decision to take on additional measures to raise taxes should take place with an engaged public.
- The election date for the authorization of the issuance of bonds or a tax increase.
- The cap on the county tax rate exempts the cost of law enforcement, doesn't it?
- having to significantly raise its tax rate to cover the
- And I want us to remember, we are trying to do property tax relief here.
Summary:
The recent Senate meeting primarily covered two resolutions, HCR65 and HCR19, both of which were passed unanimously with little to no opposition. HCR65 was introduced in memory of Tracy Lee Vincent of Longview, while HCR19 was presented to honor the late Terrell Lynn Roberts of Angleton. The meeting included brief addresses from several senators, who shared personal reflections on the impacts of the individuals being honored and expressed gratitude for their contributions to the community. This collaborative atmosphere showcased the members' capacity for camaraderie and respect, emphasizing the importance of human connection in legislative proceedings.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Pensions, Investments & Financial Services Apr 14th, 2025 at 09:04 am
House Pensions, Investments & Financial Services Committee
Transcript Highlights:
We don't have a massive tax base to pull from, so
Members, this bill pertains to public tax dollars
- As you've learned today, much of our tax dollars do not stay within Texas.
- So a lot of this is tied to fuel tax.
- I'm the Director of State Government Affairs at Americans for Tax Reform.
Bills:
HB245, HB700, HB2783, HB3526, HB3900, HB4061, HB4124, HB4166, HB4395, HB4534, HB4609, HB4641, HB4736, HB4738, HB4739, HB4945, HB5015, HJR175
Keywords:
military service, retirement, law enforcement, custodial officer, Employees Retirement System, commercial financing, brokers, registration, disclosures, finance, consumer protection, fees, deferred compensation, automatic participation, county employees, payroll deductions, retirement plans, fiscal transparency, local government, bond issuance
Summary:
The meeting involved extensive discussions around several house bills, with notable emphasis on HB700, which aims to increase transparency in the merchant cash advance (MCA) sector. Representative McQueen provided a detailed explanation of the issues small business owners face due to aggressive tactics and lack of regulation in this area. The committee also examined HB4609, which focuses on updating the Texas Municipal Retirement System (TMRS) benefits to provide clearer options for cities regarding cost-of-living adjustments (COLA), allowing cities to offer retirement benefits in a more flexible and informed manner. Additionally, the meeting featured a strong public testimony segment, where witnesses voiced their support and concerns, especially regarding the implications of digital currencies framed in HB703.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Trade, Workforce & Economic Development Mar 26th, 2025 at 08:00 am
House Trade, Workforce & Economic Development Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- Since 1979, the authority has provided professional financing services as it issues taxable and tax-exempt
- You guys give tax-free bond loans; they are taxable and tax-exempt, so both, and they're for private
- Okay, and those would be tax-free, or it depends on the type of financing.
- The governor was doing some leveraging for property tax relief, so that's why we're back here again.
- The substitute for HB 2791 helps ensure that the taxes.
Keywords:
restrictive covenants, real estate, subdivision regulations, multi-zoned subdivisions, property laws, repair notice, residential, manufactured homes, tenant rights, landlord responsibilities, email communication, property code amendments, real property, public improvement district, contract termination, notice requirement, property sales, development corporation, Gulf Coast Authority, financing projects
Summary:
The meeting addressed several key pieces of legislation, with significant focus on bills related to property owners' associations and the Texas Workforce Commission's training programs. Representative Harris-Navila presented HB517, which aims to allow property owners' associations to impose fines for discolored vegetation during watering restrictions. The committee adopted a community substitute for this bill before moving it forward with a recommendation for passage. Meanwhile, HB2791, highlighted by Chairwoman Button, focusses on vocational rehabilitation programs for individuals with disabilities, with provisions that require efficient operation to avoid lapses in service.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th 1st C.S.
Disaster Preparedness & Flooding, Select Jul 31st, 2025 at 09:07 am
House Disaster Preparedness & Flooding, Select Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- Tax on property tax and spending caps, radio and equipment
- In fact, I think there's only two that levy property taxes.
- We have a tax rate that's too high that doesn't generate enough revenue.
- It's reducing our taxes.
- ...on the tax rate, but to tax our citizens in a desperate
Keywords:
flooding, disaster response, Kerr County, emergency management, community resilience, legislation, flood control, public safety
Summary:
This meeting, held in Kerr County, focused on the recent flooding disaster that affected the area. Lieutenant Governor Patrick and Speaker Burroughs spearheaded discussions, emphasizing the need for improved emergency response and flood management. Various testimonies highlighted the community's resilience while revealing critical gaps in communication and the effectiveness of evacuation strategies during the flooding. The commitment from state leaders to address these issues was evident, as they assured the local populace that legislative action would follow to prevent future tragedies. Overall, the meeting served as both a reflection on the recent disaster and a clarion call for enhanced preparedness measures across Texas.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- ...raise for teachers and a historic property tax cut, etc
- So we had record teacher pay on top of a record property tax bill.
- But districts will be under those pressures with their local tax money to devise their budgets how they
- These are dollars that come from the sales tax around the
- We're working on getting property tax down.
Bills:
SB26
Keywords:
teacher compensation, education funding, public school educators, teacher retention, teacher designation, Senate Bill 26, teacher compensation, education, salary increase, Texas teachers, teacher retention, educational reform, public testimony
Summary:
The meeting of the Senate Committee on Education featured an extensive discussion on Senate Bill 26, aimed at reforming teacher compensation in Texas. Notable highlights included testimonies emphasizing the urgent need for meaningful salary increases for teachers across the state. Members discussed the historical nature of the proposed pay raises, which would establish a permanent salary allotment for teachers, allowing for dispatches of nearly $5 billion aimed at boosting educator retention. The importance of addressing teacher safety and equality across various educational roles was also a significant point of focus during this meeting.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th 1st C.S.
Press Conference: Compassionate Use of Medical Marijuana Jul 23rd, 2025 at 01:07 pm
Transcript Highlights:
- marker="157" data-time="936"> original THC products can be imported from other states and then sold in tax
- You've got the state of Colorado charging a 15% tax on recreational cannabis, and local communities get
- to charge an additional 3% tax.
- whether they're going to be providers in the medical program or approved retailers if they pay real taxes
Keywords:
Texas Compassionate Use Program, HB46, medical cannabis, synthetic cannabinoids, veterans, hemp regulation, public safety
Summary:
The meeting centered on the Texas Compassionate Use Program (T-CUP) and recent legislative changes, primarily focusing on HB46, which aims to improve accessibility and regulations within the program for medical cannabis. Senator Roland Gutierrez expressed continued support for the T-CUP, underscoring the importance of ensuring safety for minors and regulating the untested hemp products on the market. He highlighted the need for a more robust framework to mitigate risks posed by synthetic cannabinoids and to protect patients relying on the program, particularly veterans and individuals with chronic illnesses. Discussions revealed a bipartisan commitment to enhancing T-CUP, though challenges persist regarding the oversight of hemp production and sales.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- In addition to generating local jobs and sales tax revenues that are reinvested in our local economies
- export industries in the state, behind oil and gas and real estate, and is a significant contributor to tax
- revenues from sales tax, which makes up about half of all travel-related revenues generated, including
- Travel spending also generated over $9 billion in state and local tax revenues.
Keywords:
grand jury, jury qualifications, jury wheel, small counties, Texas legislation, age verification, obscene devices, online sales, juvenile protection, penalties, antitrust, attorney general, Texas Free Enterprise, business regulations, legal confidentiality, personal identifying information, data brokers, judicial safety, civil rights, data privacy
Summary:
The committee meeting featured extensive discussions focused on time legislation, including HB1393 and SB692. The primary subject was the proposal to adopt permanent daylight saving time, which sparked diverse opinions from committee members and witnesses. Supporters like Erica Boyd, President and CEO of the Texas Travel Alliance, advocated for the benefits of extended daylight for outdoor activities and tourism, while others expressed health concerns and the disruption that early darkness in winter months could cause to families. Testimony revealed a split in public sentiment, further complicating the legislative decision-making process. Additional bills, such as SB2943 regarding religious freedom protections for occupational licenses, also received attention, showcasing the breadth of topics covered in this meeting.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
S/C on Transportation Funding Apr 28th, 2025 at 10:04 am
House S/C on Transportation Funding
Transcript Highlights:
- up state and local spending, we spend over $10 billion a year from general taxpayer funds, not gas taxes
- this bill actually would do more harm than good because it gives the legislature an out to say these taxes
- caused two federal lawsuits in San Antonio, taxed out employees
- Hey, my tax dollars paid for the first lane; it also paid
Keywords:
vehicle registration, county fee, local governance, referendum, taxation, transit authority, financial obligation, withdrawal, election unit, Texas Transportation Code, veterans, toll discounts, transportation, infrastructure, Texas highways, veteran discount program, toll collection, State Highway 130, transportation funding, Texas Department of Transportation
Summary:
The meeting focused primarily on discussions surrounding several notable bills, particularly concerning toll roads in Texas. Chairman Metcalf introduced HB5346, which aims to establish clear mandates for the cessation of tolling once a project's financial obligations have been satisfied. This bill sparked considerable debate, with proponents arguing for taxpayer fairness and control, while opponents raised concerns about potential perpetual tolls disguised as public votes every five years. Witnesses voiced strong opinions both for and against the measures, highlighting the ongoing tensions over infrastructure funding and user fees.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- We only collect property tax in my department, no sales tax.
- Because of the way we operate, we don't receive sales tax; we only get property tax.
Bills:
SB3
Keywords:
flood response, SB3, disaster preparedness, public testimony, emergency funding, first responders, training facilities, FEMA
Summary:
The Senate committee on finance convened to discuss critical flood response legislation, particularly SB3, which aims to address the needs of flooding victims in Texas. The bill, presented by Chair Huffman, includes $200 million for FEMA reimbursements and additional funding for disaster preparedness, equipment, and training facilities. Public testimony indicated strong support for SB3, highlighting the significant need for improved flood response mechanisms. Several first responders shared their need for consistent, year-round training facilities, emphasizing that current training resources are insufficient.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Delivery of Government Efficiency Apr 23rd, 2025 at 10:04 am
House Delivery of Government Efficiency Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- So, they could spend... and we could be wasting tax dollars while they're analyzing, "Do not drink water
- Unlike many local measures that include the issuance of debt or increased property taxes, voters cannot
- It's just essentially the burden that it's going to take on the state in terms of the tax roll.
- For the school districts, we require this as a property tax increase on their bond elections and ballot
- So what happens to your tax dollars that are sitting in an
Keywords:
constitutional amendment, fiscal impact, state budget, ballot measure, transparency in voting, management-to-staff ratio, state agencies, employee regulations, government efficiency, workforce management, public information, governing board, transparency, confidentiality, access rights, privacy, identifying information, state agency, consent, occupational license
Summary:
The meeting of the committee was marked by discussions surrounding multiple bills, including HB3719, which concerns the public disclosure of dates of birth, and HB5196, aimed at allowing state agencies to approve telework plans for employees. The chair moved for HB3719 to be reported favorably to the full house, which passed with a vote of 10 in favor and one against. Similarly, HB5196 was favorably reported without objections. A significant focus was placed on increasing digital modernization for state agencies, as illustrated by HB5195, which aims to improve the digital accessibility and functionality of agency websites to enhance small business interactions with the state.
US
Us Congress 2025-2026 Regular Session
Hearings to examine insurance markets and the role of mitigation policies. May 1st, 2025 at 09:00 am
Senate Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- of state mitigation grants through the Bipartisan Disaster Mitigation and Tax Parity Act of 2025.
- Furthermore, our property tax base and local economy will suffer. We cannot fix this alone.
- We get most of our revenue from property tax, and we are starting to see homes sit on the market for
- " data-time="4920">Through commercial lending, through government programs, through grants, through tax
- The NFIP pays no taxes and has no cost of capital, but it underprices its coverage.
Keywords:
homeowners insurance, natural disasters, insurance costs, climate change, disaster preparedness, federal policies, bipartisan solutions
Summary:
The meeting reviewed critical issues surrounding the rising costs and accessibility of homeowners insurance across the United States, particularly in light of increasing natural disasters linked to climate change. Members engaged in extensive discussions regarding the implications for families and the economy, citing significant increases in premiums and decreasing availability of policies in high-risk areas. Supervisor Peysko highlighted the direct impact of federal policies on local communities, emphasizing the growing burden on homeowners as they face skyrocketing insurance costs amidst a backdrop of environmental challenges and regulatory constraints. The committee expressed a unified call to action for bipartisan solutions, focusing on improving building codes and enhancing disaster preparedness measures.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- registration with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives and the payment of a $200 tax
- ...without a tax stamp as long as it's made in Texas, it stays
- But all 50 states and territories ban SBRs unless you have a tax stamp.
- But there are only, even with a tax stamp, nine states that
Keywords:
election law, criminal prosecution, attorney general, law enforcement, jurisdiction, testimony, legislative committee, evidence, immunity, criminal prosecution, legislative privilege, attorney general, legal challenges, state statutes, constitutional law, firearms, short-barrel, gun control, public safety, legislation
Summary:
The committee meeting primarily focused on discussions surrounding Senate Bills 1505 and 1596. The session began with an overview of SB1505, related to the Compassionate Use Program, which was moved favorably to the full Senate following extensive testimony. This bill garnered a positive reception among committee members, showcasing a unanimous vote for its advancement. Notably, public testimony highlighted various perspectives on the effectiveness and necessity of the Compassionate Use Program, contributing significantly to the discussions later in the meeting.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Secondly, there are tax and privacy implications because my Glint gold.
- Every expenditure has a tax consequence. And because of that, there is no privacy.
- But every time I use it, there's a taxing implication.
- gains taxes on this and treat it as currency.
- One is trust, the second is taxes, and the third is taking.
Bills:
HB246, HB796, HB1056, HB1544, HB1846, HB2001, HB2618, HB2625, HB2869, HB2898, HB3069, HB3114, HB3157, HB3228, HJR98
Keywords:
federal directives, state authority, Tenth Amendment, government enforcement, local governance, gold standard, legal tender, currency, transactional currency, financial transactions, electronic payment systems, state finance, regulatory compliance, electric trucks, charging infrastructure, advisory council, transportation, sustainability, criminal penalties, official information
Summary:
This meeting of the State Affairs Committee primarily focused on discussing several important bills, including HB1846, which aims to establish an Electric Truck Advisory Council for developing a statewide electric vehicle infrastructure plan. Representative Wally detailed the need for this council to facilitate the growing medium and heavy-duty electric vehicle market, emphasizing collaboration with state agencies and the private sector. The discussions included an in-depth analysis of proposed amendments and the fiscal implications of the bill. Witnesses provided testimony both supporting and opposing the bill, highlighting various perspectives on infrastructure development and economic impact.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Let me make sure you understand this is a property tax cut.
- I was trying to—you said there's a tax cut, a tax cut suitable
- The reason this is a tax cut is...
- One is I want to understand a little bit better the property tax situation.
- I'm just trying to understand how that directly translates into property tax.
Bills:
HB5141, HB4638, HB2264, HB2035, HB4813, HB4408, HB2684, HB1621, HB2300, HB216, HB3829, HB4466, HB1747, HB2284, HB3614, HB2587, HB3219, HB3318, HB5147, HB4014
Keywords:
lease, state property, public purpose, Travis County, Health and Human Services, pharmaceutical initiative, drug distribution, healthcare services, generic drugs, advanced pharmaceuticals, cost savings, mental health, patient discharge, medical records, health care professionals, substance use, family involvement, chemical dependency, treatment facilities, minor admissions
Summary:
The Committee on Public Health convened to discuss various bills related to mental health, public health initiatives, and animal care. Notably, representatives presented House Bill 2264, which aims to facilitate communication between mental health patients and their families, allowing family members to provide important medical information during emergencies. The bill sparked a substantial discussion, with advocates from the National Alliance on Mental Illness supporting its intention to improve patient outcomes. Other significant bills included HB 1747, introduced to create a council for mental health and substance use, fostering collaboration among affected systems, and HB 2684, which focuses on palliative care options for parents facing life-limiting diagnoses for their unborn children. Public testimonies supported these measures, highlighting their importance in enhancing care and support for vulnerable populations.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Business and Commerce Feb 4th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- It's akin to property taxes; the value times the rate.
- On the insurance premium tax, Cassie mentioned other ways to save money on this and basically benefit
- And we are paying the insurance premium tax, correct?
**Speaker:** We do pay the insurance premium tax.
- It's like property taxes—it's the value times the rate.
Keywords:
electric grid, cryptocurrency mining, insurance costs, transmission planning, winter storm resiliency
Summary:
The meeting focused on various critical issues affecting Texas, primarily the challenges surrounding the electric grid and rising insurance costs. Members discussed the ongoing implications of weatherization standards and the operational performance of the grid since the Winter Storm Uri. Significant attention was given to the growing demand for electricity in the state, especially in the context of emerging industries like cryptocurrency mining, and how that influences the need for resilient transmission planning. Additionally, extensive discussions occurred regarding the potential transition of transmission infrastructure from 345 kV to 765 kV, weighing the costs and future readiness of Texas' electrical grid.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- These vehicles are contributing to the economy through sales, repairs, and tax revenues while serving
- However, the County Tax Assessor-Collector is mandated to grant...
- And wait, just County Tax Assessor, please come up.
Kevin Kieschnick, County Tax Assessor-Collector.
- I'm speaking on behalf of the Potter County Tax Office and Thomas Warren, who is our Tax Assessor-Collector
Bills:
SB249, SB546, SB744, SB927, SB1227, SB1229, SB1353, SB1365, SB1366, SB1394, SB1464, SB1709, SB1729, SB1733, SB1744, SB1745, SB1746, SB1772, SB1816, SB1841, SB1939
Keywords:
memorial markers, law enforcement, officer memorials, killed in the line of duty, highway signage, school bus, traffic enforcement, safety, recorded evidence, video monitoring, Veterans Memorial Highway, highway designation, Smith County, commemoration, transportation, driver education, work zones, traffic safety, construction, penalties
Summary:
The meeting of the committee was marked by numerous discussions regarding various bills, notably around Senate Bills 1772 and 1816. SB1772, which aims to honor Jose Maria Longoria Sr. by designating a portion of Farm-to-Market Road 2360 as a memorial highway, received unanimous support with no objections from members during the voting process. In contrast, SB1816's committee substitute was adopted without contention, leading to its approval by a vote of seven ayes and no nays. Additionally, discussions around SB1841 centered on privacy issues, culminating in the bill being favorably reported to the full Senate as well. The atmosphere was collaborative, with ample public testimony and participation from various stakeholders, driving meaningful dialogue around the importance of these legislative efforts.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Public Education Mar 4th, 2025 at 08:00 am
House Public Education Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- It's also built around the average district tax rate.
- If they have a bad year in tax collections, they just lose that revenue.
- We recognize the need and benefit of property tax relief.
- We hope the state can balance facility support for all public schools, as well as property tax relief
- when we did $22 billion in tax cuts last session.
Bills:
HB2
Keywords:
public education, teacher compensation, certification, funding, school finance, educator rights, education funding, charter schools, staff compensation, state aid, retention allotment, school finance, HB2, education funding, entitlement funding, county appraisal districts, public education reform, budget reductions
Summary:
The committee meeting was focused on discussing HB2, a significant piece of legislation aimed at reforming school finance in Texas. During the discussion, members highlighted the ongoing challenges faced by school districts, including the impact of county appraisal districts failing the comptroller's property value study, which has led to budget reductions for many districts. Concerns were raised about ensuring that schools receive their entitlement funding and the need for potential amendments to address unresolved issues permanently. Various members expressed appreciation for the efforts made in HB2 to increase funding for at-risk students and improve overall educational outcomes.