Video & Transcript DataContr Research : 'state governance'
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TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Culture, Recreation & Tourism May 1st, 2025 at 08:05 am
House Culture, Recreation & Tourism Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- parks and why there were no inner-city state parks.
- If the state took it over, it now has...
- It could be enhanced if the state took it over.
- It's called Sheldon State Park.
- with this state.
Bills:
HB370, HB738, HB2935, HB3227, HB4103, HB5259, SB519, SB1350, SB1247, SB1248, SB2112, HCR81, HCR83, HCR84, HCR59, HCR109, HCR111, HCR135, SCR6
Keywords:
Rosenwald Schools, historical preservation, community learning centers, Texas Historical Commission, cultural heritage, Julia C. Hester House, state park, Houston, land acquisition, community center, historic site, Texas Historical Commission, administration, funding, Nacogdoches, heritage preservation, wildlife corridor, Parks and Wildlife Department, driver safety, habitat connectivity
Summary:
The committee meeting extensively discussed SB1350, which aims to establish a commission for the Bicentennial Anniversary of Texas Independence in 2036. Several witnesses, including Lacey Finley and Russell Molina, testified in support of the bill, emphasizing the importance of extensive planning and community engagement for this significant celebration. They argued that the bicentennial should encompass the diverse history and culture of Texas and encouraged the committee to include a non-profit structure to facilitate fund-raising and coordination efforts. Furthermore, HB738 was debated, focusing on the preservation of Rosenwald schools and their potential use as community learning centers, with members advocating for support to maintain this integral part of Texas's educational heritage.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- government is unwilling to pay for.
- And so for all the daughters of our great state, I move final passage.
- It states that the Attorney General may prosecute.
- You know, with everything going on in this state, you know.
- Members, I think this bill represents another round of big government imposed on the state by the Senate
Keywords:
women's privacy, gender designation, civil enforcement, facility access, sex-based regulations, women's privacy, gender, sex designations, civil penalties, legal rights, public facilities, law enforcement, employee records, confidentiality, misconduct, agency oversight, election law, attorney general, criminal prosecution, law enforcement
Summary:
During this meeting of the committee, significant attention was directed towards several bills, particularly surrounding property tax legislation and its implications for local governments. Senator Bettencourt highlighted the reduction of the voter approval tax rate from 3.5% to 2.5%, emphasizing its potential impact on local budgeting and the necessity for local elections to generate funding for essential services. The committee engaged in a heated debate regarding SB8, which concerns the designation of public facilities based on biological sex. Several members expressed concerns about the bill's implications on civil rights and potential conflicts with federal discrimination laws, leading to a division of opinions among committee members. Ultimately, multiple bills were moved to the floor for final passage, reflecting the urgency to address pressing matters swiftly.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Our teacher retention rate at Sam Houston State University is consistently among the highest in the state
- of Houston, all across the state.
- We didn't get more money from the state.
- I am in favor of seizing the opportunity to ask questions of the state to help it improve in governing
- This gave authority to the State Board of Education to govern the review and approval process of instructional
Keywords:
instructional materials, public schools, Education Code, adoption, rejected materials, local funds, open educational resources, instructional materials, Texas Education Code, rejected materials, school districts, open enrollment charter schools, funding restrictions, environmental regulation, business compliance, local authority, economic development, state preemption, instructional materials, public schools
Summary:
The committee meeting primarily addressed several education-related bills, notably focusing on strengthening teacher certification pathways and accountability measures within the Texas school system. Notable discussions revolved around Senate Bills 2252 and 2253, which aim to enhance early education and teacher preparation programs. Participants included various committee members who debated the merits of each bill and carefully considered public testimony that presented both support and concerns regarding the implications of the proposed legislation.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Has this been rolled out in any other state?
- help the state improve in governing education and being accountable, A through F.
- This gave authority to the State Board of Education to govern the review and approval process of instructional
- By prioritizing the United States flag, the official flag of the state, we have many supporters in all
- 254 counties in the state of Texas.
Keywords:
instructional materials, public schools, Education Code, adoption, rejected materials, local funds, open educational resources, instructional materials, Texas Education Code, rejected materials, school districts, open enrollment charter schools, funding restrictions, environmental regulation, business compliance, local authority, economic development, state preemption, instructional materials, public schools
Summary:
The meeting focused on key legislative measures aimed at enhancing school safety and student communication technology. Senator Nichols discussed SB1262, emphasizing its role as a follow-up cleanup bill on previous measures that improved public school safety through House Bill 3. The committee adopted a committee substitute which includes provisions for the Texas Education Agency to commission peace officers for school safety purposes, thereby enabling better collaboration with local law enforcement in case of emergencies. The discussions were enriched by testimony from resource witnesses, including security professionals from the Texas School Safety Center.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- legislature, which are county governments, from paying the state motor fuels tax.
- Of the remaining states, 35 states use destination sourcing and four states have no sales tax.
The government code? The government code?
- The city and the state collect state taxes and local sales taxes together.
- And the other states, you know, only 11 states...
Keywords:
sales tax exemption, exotic animals, game animals, agriculture, livestock, motor fuel tax, county exemption, public school, nonprofit, diesel fuel, tax credit, homestead exemption, property tax, spouse, residential properties, ad valorem tax, homestead exemption, property tax, married couples, principal residence
Summary:
The meeting of the committee was dominated by discussions surrounding House Bill 134, which proposes a shift from origin-based sales tax sourcing to destination-based sourcing in Texas. This bill generated significant debate among committee members and witnesses, with several city representatives expressing strong opposition due to the potential financial impact on their municipalities. Concerns were raised that the bill could lead to the loss of millions in sales tax revenue, which is crucial for funding essential services like public safety, infrastructure, and local development initiatives. As the discussion progressed, the chairman emphasized the need for a comprehensive understanding of the bill's implications on all economic stakeholders, while supporters of the bill argued for its potential to streamline tax regulations.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Homeland Security, Public Safety & Veterans' Affairs Apr 9th, 2025 at 10:30 am
House Homeland Security, Public Safety & Veterans' Affairs Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- This is a huge need around the state.
- In state after state, a lot of these concerns are raised and I want to address a couple of them.
- Let Texas be one of the states that allows it.
- The state inspector general for the state of Louisiana has been a...
- and in service of the people of the state.
Bills:
HB2034, HB2436, HB3010, HB3033, HB3138, HB3177, HB3426, HB3686, HB3858, HB4176, HB4257, HB4264, HB4804, HCR98
Keywords:
groundwater, foreign ownership, national security, water permits, environmental health, deadly conduct, firearm, recklessness, peace officer, prosecution, Penal Code, Texas laws, disaster recovery, infrastructure, rural communities, grants, state funding, emergency management, firearms regulation, local government
Summary:
The meeting of the Committee covered various bills with a notable focus on HB3426, which aims to modernize how Texans access and present their driver's license by introducing a digital option. Testimonies from proponents highlighted the convenience and necessity of making identification more accessible in a digital age, while security and privacy concerns around the potential for data mishandling were also addressed. Additional discussions included HB3033, which proposes a donation mechanism for non-profits supporting Department of Public Safety employees, reinforcing community support for those in service.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
S/C on Family & Fiduciary Relationships Apr 7th, 2025 at 02:00 pm
House S/C on Family & Fiduciary Relationships
Transcript Highlights:
- Well, the emancipation statutes, as I stated earlier, are very unclear in the state of Texas.
- Could the kids leave and go to another state?
- Or could the child and the adult, if they're going to stay in the state, leave and go to another state
- And every state in the United States knows it, even the dozen plus that still let those human rights
- We look to our government with desperation.
Bills:
HB168, HB1044, HB1534, HB1914, HB2240, HB2530, HB3284, HB3395, HB3515, HB3783, HB4034, HB4213
Keywords:
marriage age, minors, family law, void marriage, rights of minors, Texas marriage law, marriage ceremony, authorized officiants, family code, judges, religious leaders, parent-child relationship, family law, Department of Family and Protective Services, legal rights, notice requirements, public health, safety regulations, community health, state standards
Summary:
The committee meeting covered various legislative issues and allowed members to discuss key topics affecting their constituents. Noteworthy discussions included the implications of recent legislative changes, and several members vocalized their positions on proposed bills. The atmosphere was collaborative, with members sharing insights and engaging in debates about the best course of action for the upcoming legislative session. Various stakeholders, including experts and citizens, were invited to testify, contributing to the richness of the dialogue. Overall, the meeting represented a comprehensive effort to address pressing matters within the legislative framework, reflecting a commitment to transparency and public involvement.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- hospitals and 13 state-supported living centers across the state.
- So the breakdown of the 37 is that these are assigned to the state-supported living centers and the state
- It necessitates the updating of state law.
- Code 411.1143, which governs background checks on Texas Medicaid and other state healthcare program
- Please state your name and who you represent.
Bills:
HB1531, HB2667, HB2809, HB2865, HB3589, HB3151, HB3748, HB3750, HB4419, HB4643, HB3597, HB4129, HB4130, HB4131
Keywords:
senior living, referral agencies, consumer protection, regulation, elderly services, youth, mental health, suicide prevention, protective services, child welfare, reporting requirements, Medicaid, public assistance, ex parte renewal, eligibility, Texas, group home, licensing, regulation, health and safety
Summary:
The meeting brought forward significant discussions centered on various bills related to child welfare and mental health support, particularly focusing on the well-being of children in the custody of the Department of Family and Protective Services (DFPS). Notable bills such as HB2789 and HB2809 were thoroughly reviewed, where stakeholders highlighted the critical need for improved data collection on suicide attempts among youth in foster care. The interventions proposed aim to enhance early identification and support for these vulnerable populations. The committee members engaged with professionals and advocates who emphasized the urgency of addressing these mental health challenges.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- rate of the home state of that out-of-state insurer.
- ...state of Texas.
- So this was the law for many years that you could sue a state employee or a state entity if you were
- I would imagine many states have it, but I don't have specifics.
- youth, but state statute does not.
Keywords:
workers' compensation, municipal construction, bidding requirements, small municipalities, contracting policies, workers' compensation, first responders, PTSD, mental health, emergency services, workers' compensation, medical expenses, first responders, injury claims, insurance carriers, opportunity youth, workforce development, employment, education, federal funds
Summary:
The meeting of the committee included significant discussions centered around various bills, particularly those related to workers' compensation, opportunity youth, and sexual harassment. Representative Patterson spearheaded a discussion on HB2369, a bill aimed at reforming the workers' compensation system for first responders, stressing the need for swift evaluations and treatment to facilitate quicker recovery. Several members voiced their support, citing the bill's importance in ensuring that injured first responders can return to work more efficiently. Public testimony highlighted personal stories that underscored the critical impact of the legislation.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
County governments provide many essential state services
- Texas currently ranks 33rd in R&D investment as a percentage of gross state product, behind states like
So it's a 12 to 1 ratio over state gross state product
- In our experience, state government and nonprofit organizations can be a powerful partner in strengthening
- the award of state funds by government...
Keywords:
HVAC, tax exemption, energy efficiency, residential heating, installation services, Energy Star, sales tax, HVAC, tax exemption, energy efficiency, residential, installation, Energy Star, sales tax, HVAC, sales tax exemption, residential, energy efficiency, Environmental Protection Agency, HVAC
Summary:
The meeting focused on several key pieces of legislation, including Senate Bills 2018, 2206, and 1901. SB2018 aims to establish a tax credit for businesses contributing to non-profits that promote family stability, while SB2206 proposes a transition in Texas' R&D tax structure to support innovation and small businesses. Each bill drew significant attention and public testimony, highlighting their potential economic impacts and the importance of supporting local communities. Notably, public testimony revealed strong support and concerns regarding SB2206, particularly in relation to new job creation and economic growth versus the need for fiscal responsibility.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- So this bill enforces the state public policy of the state
- Please state your name for the record.
- However, government code Section 403.0956 states that the interest made on all general revenue funds
- So, sir, please state your name.
- So, state your name for the record.
Bills:
SB249, SB546, SB744, SB927, SB1227, SB1229, SB1353, SB1365, SB1366, SB1394, SB1464, SB1709, SB1729, SB1733, SB1744, SB1745, SB1746, SB1772, SB1816, SB1841, SB1939
Keywords:
memorial markers, law enforcement, officer memorials, killed in the line of duty, highway signage, school bus, traffic enforcement, safety, recorded evidence, video monitoring, Veterans Memorial Highway, highway designation, Smith County, commemoration, transportation, driver education, work zones, traffic safety, construction, penalties
Summary:
The meeting of the committee was marked by numerous discussions regarding various bills, notably around Senate Bills 1772 and 1816. SB1772, which aims to honor Jose Maria Longoria Sr. by designating a portion of Farm-to-Market Road 2360 as a memorial highway, received unanimous support with no objections from members during the voting process. In contrast, SB1816's committee substitute was adopted without contention, leading to its approval by a vote of seven ayes and no nays. Additionally, discussions around SB1841 centered on privacy issues, culminating in the bill being favorably reported to the full Senate as well. The atmosphere was collaborative, with ample public testimony and participation from various stakeholders, driving meaningful dialogue around the importance of these legislative efforts.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
S/C on Family & Fiduciary Relationships Apr 7th, 2025 at 08:00 am
House S/C on Family & Fiduciary Relationships
Transcript Highlights:
- While some may believe that it is not the role of government to help encourage family stability, government
- Additionally, several states have also adopted that ban.
- I don't see some of the state and country's leaders and presidents...
- ...in the state of Texas.
- State of Texas.
Bills:
HB168, HB1044, HB1534, HB1914, HB2240, HB2530, HB3284, HB3395, HB3515, HB3783, HB4034, HB4213
Keywords:
marriage age, minors, family law, void marriage, rights of minors, Texas marriage law, marriage ceremony, authorized officiants, family code, judges, religious leaders, parent-child relationship, family law, Department of Family and Protective Services, legal rights, notice requirements, public health, safety regulations, community health, state standards
Summary:
The committee meeting centered around discussions on HB3284, which focuses on promoting family stability and the commissioning of a task force to evaluate existing regulations affecting marriage and family formation. Chairman Dutton initiated the conversation by emphasizing the need for governmental support in fostering a robust societal framework based on stable family units. Testimonies from various stakeholders highlighted the declining marriage rates in Texas, prompting discussions on effective strategies to reverse this trend. Public testimony was heard from representatives of Texas Values Action and the Texas Family Law Foundation, both advocating for stronger legislative measures to foster lifelong marriages and family stability.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- standards and comply with DFPS policies and state law.
- Soon, 75% of the state will be part of the model.
- This is just good government.
- You know, if you contract with the state using state resources, you should be held to a performance standard
- That is sort of the good governance element where it really incentivizes compliance.
Bills:
HB1531, HB2667, HB2809, HB2865, HB3589, HB3151, HB3748, HB3750, HB4419, HB4643, HB3597, HB4129, HB4130, HB4131
Keywords:
senior living, referral agencies, consumer protection, regulation, elderly services, youth, mental health, suicide prevention, protective services, child welfare, reporting requirements, Medicaid, public assistance, ex parte renewal, eligibility, Texas, group home, licensing, regulation, health and safety
Summary:
The meeting focused primarily on several key bills pertaining to the accountability and operational continuity of single-source continuum contractors within the Department of Family and Protective Services (DFPS). Representative Davis presented three related bills: HB4129, HB4130, and HB4131, which were designed to strengthen DFPS's enforcement mechanisms, clarify contract termination timelines, and enable swift action in cases of non-compliance by services providers. Each bill was discussed in detail, highlighting their importance for ensuring services for children and families remain uninterrupted and meet quality standards. Witnesses from various stakeholders provided testimony both in support and in critique of the proposed legislation, indicating the significant impact these bills could have on service delivery across the state.
A notable moment during the meeting was when the discussion surrounding HB4130 revealed concerns regarding current 60-day notice requirements for contract terminations, which were deemed insufficient. The proposed extension to 180 days is aimed at ensuring a seamless transition without service disruption. The meeting concluded with the decision to leave the bills pending further consideration, demonstrating a commitment to address the pressing issues raised by the lawmakers and community members involved.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- There are no fees or costs to the great state of Texas.
- Tara Tucker, Texas State Director for Alliance for Safety and Justice.
- About 90% of restaurants in the state...
- But it's not just here in Austin; it's going to be all over the state of Texas.
- I have stated that it will be 46.
Keywords:
Texas Future Fund, investment review board, economic stabilization, innovative technology, national defense, retirement, service credit, Employees Retirement System of Texas, employee benefits, pension reform, salary supplement, county judges, judicial functions, state law, government compensation, public retirement systems, municipality pensions, firefighters, police officers, retirement age
Summary:
The committee meeting focused on several house bills, notably those concerning environmental conservation, tax incentives for local businesses, and public safety. Key discussions revolved around HB3486, which introduces a sales and use tax incentive for restaurants purchasing Texas farm-raised oysters. Testimonies highlighted the importance of supporting local oyster farming to mitigate the decline of natural oyster reefs, and several witnesses praised the initiative for its potential environmental benefits. HB2688 also received attention, where representatives emphasized its role in enhancing public safety through improved support for police officers, echoing the community's need for stable recruitment and retention strategies in law enforcement.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- data-time="288"> Of Texas Legislature's second call session, whereas the people of Texas, through their state
Now, therefore, I, Greg Abbott, Governor of the State
- recess today, notwithstanding any advance notice required pursuant to the rules by the Committee on State
- 24-hour posting rule in accordance with Senate Rules 11.10 so that the Senate Committee on Local Government
- Members of the Senate Committee on State Affairs will meet immediately upon
Keywords:
disaster relief, emergency preparedness, flood management, local government grants, meteorological forecasting, state appropriations, school assessment, public education, accountability, transparency, education standards, abortion, civil liability, abortion-inducing drugs, qui tam actions, Texas Citizens Participation Act, Religious Freedom Restoration Act, healthcare regulations, judicial branch, court security
Summary:
The meeting of the Senate involved significant discussions revolving around various bills, including HB17, HB23, SB19, SB53, SB54, HB16, HB1, HB3, and HB27. Notably, Senator Hughes initiated motions to suspend the rules, allowing the Senate Committee on State Affairs to take up Senate Bill 19, alongside other bills. The atmosphere was collaborative as members worked together to move the legislative process forward, reflecting a commitment to addressing pressing community needs. The invocation led by Senator King highlighted the challenges faced by legislators away from home, emphasizing the importance of peace and focus during their deliberations. The meeting concluded with motions adopted unanimously, showcasing unity among members.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th 2nd C.S.
Senate Session (Part I)Receipt of House messages; reading and referral of bills. Aug 26th, 2025
Texas Senate Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
In the judicial branch of state government, to state
- property tax related information to be provided by taxing units and appraisal districts to local government
- exemption from ad valorem taxation of property owned by certain non-profit corporations to local government
- span marker="253" data-time="1512"> Accepting a voter with a residence address that is not current to state
- current and the immediate action after the registrar's receipt of certain change of address notices to state
Keywords:
disaster relief, emergency preparedness, flood management, local government grants, meteorological forecasting, state appropriations, school assessment, public education, accountability, transparency, education standards, abortion, civil liability, abortion-inducing drugs, qui tam actions, Texas Citizens Participation Act, Religious Freedom Restoration Act, healthcare regulations, judicial branch, court security
Summary:
The meeting primarily focused on the discussion of several key bills, including HB17 which addresses the notification requirements regarding property tax by taxing units to local governments, and HB23 which seeks an exemption from ad valorem taxation for property owned by non-profit corporations. Senate Bill 19 was also a highlight, prohibiting political contributions during special legislative sessions. Significant attention was given to SB53, which relates to election procedures regarding voter registration issues, emphasizing the need for clarity in the election process. Discussions were lively, with members raising differing viewpoints and implications of the proposed changes.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- This is good government.
- But I know the state would be a willing and eager partner with the federal and local governments to make
- A job of the state government and its public.
- But in this case, private prisons, I think, are better served by the state government rather than private
- We believe this bill would lead to a substantial increase in state expenses and expand government growth
Keywords:
education, funding, student resources, technology access, equal opportunity, veterans treatment court, mental health, criminal justice, rehabilitation, eligibility criteria, veterans, treatment court, military service, mental health, rehabilitation, veterans, treatment court, mental health, rehabilitation, legislation
Summary:
The committee meeting centered around numerous bills related to criminal justice reform. Notably, discussions included House Bill 2341 focusing on awarding diligent participation credits to defendants in state jail facilities, which was favorably reported with minimal opposition. Additionally, House Bill 2756, referred to as the Jovian-Motley Act, aimed at improving training for correctional officers and staff, reflecting broader concerns about public safety and officer preparedness. The meeting featured testimony from various stakeholders, including law enforcement representatives, emphasizing the need for effective measures in managing inmate populations.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Criminal Jurisprudence Mar 11th, 2025 at 10:30 am
House Criminal Jurisprudence Committee
Keywords:
false reporting, emergency response, criminal penalties, restitution, public safety, false reporting, penalties, emergency services, restitution, public institutions, false reports, criminal penalty, emergency response, restitution, public safety, pretrial hearings, criminal competency, legal process, court timelines, restoration of competency
Summary:
The meeting held by the committee was marked by significant discussions surrounding various bills, particularly HB268, HB305, and HB380, all of which focus on enhancing accountability and public safety. Representative Landgraf presented HB268, aimed at increasing penalties for false threats made against schools, following incidents in his district that caused major disruptions. The legislation sought to escalate the crime from a state jail felony to a third-degree felony, with members expressing the need for a deterrent against such hoaxes to ensure student safety and maintain law enforcement resources. Public testimonies were heard, which highlighted the widespread impact of these threats across Texas schools.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Health and Human Services Apr 30th, 2025
Senate Health & Human Services Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- I'm a retired senior state district judge from Harris County.
- So I appreciate the state judge's history and background.
- It will improve the benefits for health outcomes in our state.
- States already have this law in their state pharmacy policies
- It is not a needed state amendment plan.
Keywords:
Medicaid, lactation, healthcare, consultation, reimbursement, maternal health, infant care, child protection, adult protective services, advisory committee, Department of Family and Protective Services, investigations, advisory committee, child protective services, investigations, due process, standardization, child protection, adult protective services, investigations
Summary:
The meeting of the Senate Committee on Health and Human Services covered multiple bills focusing on healthcare, education, and child welfare. A key highlight was the presentation of Senate Bill 3001, which aims to add medical nutrition counseling as a Medicaid service for patients with chronic conditions. Chairman Korkhorst emphasized the importance of this bill in addressing healthcare needs in low-income communities. Public testimony was gathered, with several professionals supporting the inclusion of nutrition services to improve health outcomes for Texans, particularly those battling chronic diseases. Another notable discussion revolved around Senate Bill 425, designed to enhance the accuracy of investigations into child and adult protective services. Members raised concerns regarding the need for transparency and improved protocols in these sensitive areas.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th 2nd C.S.
Senate Session (Part III)Note: due to technical difficulties with the microphone system, there is no audio from 2h:15m:17s to 2h:16m:26s. Aug 26th, 2025
Texas Senate Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- related to proceedings in the judicial branch of state government
- government.
- government.
- And that's how dark money moves around the state.
There is a state official in this state who's taken
Keywords:
disaster relief, emergency preparedness, flood management, local government grants, meteorological forecasting, state appropriations, school assessment, public education, accountability, transparency, education standards, abortion, civil liability, abortion-inducing drugs, qui tam actions, Texas Citizens Participation Act, Religious Freedom Restoration Act, healthcare regulations, judicial branch, court security
Summary:
The committee meeting led by Senator Perry addressed various legislative measures including discussions around House Bill 23, which clarifies tax exemption for charitable organizations serving agricultural youth in populous counties. The bill was successfully passed with unanimous support after being brought up for expedited consideration. Notably, the discussion around Senate Bill 10 became contentious as Senator Bettencourt moved to not concur with House amendments citing potential tax increases, initiating a discussion about the implications and future direction of the bill. Furthermore, the importance of tax rate transparency was highlighted in the presentation of House Bill 17, aimed at improving communication regarding property tax rates to taxpayers, ensuring broader public engagement in tax matters and hearings as feedback and participation in the past had been low.