Video & Transcript DataContr Research : 'patient safety'
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TX
Transcript Highlights:
- span marker="316" data-time="1890"> He is caring, and also Chairman King has worked with us on fire safety
- HB2625 is critical in preserving and enhancing the reliability and safety of our food service supply
- A less congested highway is a safer highway, and that's the industry's position on safety over highways
- marker="586" data-time="3510"> We wouldn't propose that we disengage a device that was intended for safety
- Texas taking more of a proactive stance for the safety and
Bills:
HB246, HB796, HB1056, HB1544, HB1846, HB2001, HB2618, HB2625, HB2869, HB2898, HB3069, HB3114, HB3157, HB3228, HJR98
Keywords:
federal directives, state authority, Tenth Amendment, government enforcement, local governance, gold standard, legal tender, currency, transactional currency, financial transactions, electronic payment systems, state finance, regulatory compliance, electric trucks, charging infrastructure, advisory council, transportation, sustainability, criminal penalties, official information
Summary:
The committee meeting focused on several important bills aimed at providing support and protections for agricultural producers affected by border-related crimes. Notable discussions centered around HB246, which proposed an expanded compensation program for damages, including not just real property, but also crops, livestock, and the necessary funds for soil restoration due to pollutions from such crimes. Representative Ginn led the conversations, emphasizing the critical role agricultural landowners play in the state’s economy and their need for fair compensation. Witnesses, including stakeholders from agricultural organizations, provided testimonies highlighting the inadequacies of the current framework and the urgency for legislative action.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- variety of severe weather events that have repeatedly tested our infrastructure, our economy, and the safety
- Chief, we show you as Bruce James representing the Texas Department of Public Safety, and you're neutral
- a safety hatch for states in the event that you have a
- Someone is going around checking 10,000 safety deposit boxes, and how does this physically... it would
Bills:
HB246, HB796, HB1056, HB1544, HB1846, HB2001, HB2618, HB2625, HB2869, HB2898, HB3069, HB3114, HB3157, HB3228, HJR98
Keywords:
federal directives, state authority, Tenth Amendment, government enforcement, local governance, gold standard, legal tender, currency, transactional currency, financial transactions, electronic payment systems, state finance, regulatory compliance, electric trucks, charging infrastructure, advisory council, transportation, sustainability, criminal penalties, official information
Summary:
This meeting of the State Affairs Committee primarily focused on discussing several important bills, including HB1846, which aims to establish an Electric Truck Advisory Council for developing a statewide electric vehicle infrastructure plan. Representative Wally detailed the need for this council to facilitate the growing medium and heavy-duty electric vehicle market, emphasizing collaboration with state agencies and the private sector. The discussions included an in-depth analysis of proposed amendments and the fiscal implications of the bill. Witnesses provided testimony both supporting and opposing the bill, highlighting various perspectives on infrastructure development and economic impact.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- , thank you for coming here today and serving as our Capitol doctor and for your service to your patients
- Let's just think about the common sense gun reform that we can do, the common sense gun safety issues
Keywords:
teacher compensation, education funding, public school educators, teacher retention, teacher designation, lottery, gambling, internet gaming, mobile application, criminal offenses, aquifer, water management, Edwards Aquifer, sustainability, regulatory framework, hunting license, fishing license, donation, operation game thief fund, wildlife conservation
Summary:
The meeting of the committee was led by Chairman Johnson and included several items of discussion, with a notable focus on the confirmations of appointments to various boards, including the Texas Juvenile Justice Board and the Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired. Senator Parker initiated a discussion regarding the significance of these appointments, emphasizing their potential impact on the respective organizations. Additionally, resolutions were adopted through voice votes, reflecting a collaborative effort among the committee members to push forward various legislative tasks. The meeting was characterized by active participation from both the senators and the public present in the gallery, ensuring diverse opinions were represented.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- We find it fundamentally unjust when a patient...
- So $32 may not seem like a lot in savings, but a lot of the patients I serve are...
- this is ultimately the reason many patients decline.
- I would imagine that many patients would want that knowing...
- Do patients say no, especially because they decide to try first?
Bills:
HB854, HB1052, HB1642, HB2076, HB3042, HB3695, HB3787, HB4062, HB4092, SB213, SB493, SB896, HB5519, HB4635
Keywords:
insurance, replacement cost, homeowner's policy, renter's policy, condominium insurance, property damage, claims process, telemedicine, teledentistry, telehealth, health benefit plan, insurance coverage, out-of-state services, health benefit plan, anxiety, pain management, contraceptive devices, insurance coverage, women's health, medical procedures
Summary:
The meeting of the House Committee on Insurance focused on several significant bills, including HB854, which aims to reform insurance payment structures to improve accessibility for homeowners needing urgent repairs. Representative Garcia-Hernandez strongly advocated for this bill, highlighting the struggles faced by constituents unable to cover upfront repair costs. Additionally, HB4092 was discussed, which seeks to clarify regulations surrounding pre-suit notices in insurance claims, emphasizing the importance of protecting policyholders' rights. The meeting included various testimonies, with both supporters and opponents voicing their concerns about how these bills could impact consumers and the insurance industry.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Environmental Regulation Apr 17th, 2025 at 10:04 am
House Environmental Regulation Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- This bill seeks to close the loophole in the statute and amends the health and safety code to classify
safety and
- data-time="468"> blooms that might be biodegradable, that will have less of an impact on wildlife and air safety
- It says the Commission and the Department of Public Safety may not implement or enforce it.
- without inspections, there is no guarantee that these vehicles will meet the basic emissions and safety
Keywords:
solid waste management, exclusive contracts, public agency, contract amendment, notification requirements, Texas Health and Safety Code, emissions inspection, motor vehicle, environmental regulation, state authority, clean air act, federal mandate, liquefied natural gas, environmental permits, expedited review, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, contested case hearing, public comments, administrative hearings, occupational licenses
Summary:
The meeting focused on several critical environmental bills primarily related to regulatory processes and emissions management. Key discussions included a thorough examination of HB3997, which aims to streamline LNG terminal permitting processes to boost development efficiency and compliance in Texas. Matt Barr of Chenier Energy emphasized the need for clarity in regulatory timelines to better support export operations and maintain Texas's leading position in LNG exports. Additionally, multiple bills were proposed concerning vehicle emissions testing and transparency requirements in waste management contracts, highlighting the varied approaches lawmakers are taking to environmental regulation.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- "72"> HB 1506 would allow a retired county or district judge to apply to the Department of Public Safety
Keywords:
social media, children, account verification, data privacy, parental control, financial crime, card fraud, motor fuel theft, law enforcement, criminal activity, skimmers, prevention, training, biological sex, government information, definitions, sex-based distinctions, public health, federal directives, state authority
Summary:
During this meeting, the committee engaged in in-depth discussions on several legislative proposals, focusing primarily on HB201, HB796, and HB2702. A key highlight was the debate on HB2702, where Senator Hinojosa detailed the bill's modifications aimed at supporting VFW posts and their critical services to veterans. The legislation seeks to exempt these posts from certain closure restrictions during emergencies, underlining the necessity of keeping veteran support structures readily available. The committee also heard public testimony, where stakeholders expressed strong support for the bill's potential impact on veteran communities.
TX
Keywords:
property tax, school funding, enrollment changes, inflation adjustment, tax rate notice, school assessment, public education, accountability, transparency, education standards, abortion, civil liability, abortion-inducing drugs, qui tam actions, Texas Citizens Participation Act, Religious Freedom Restoration Act, healthcare regulations, judicial branch, court security, juvenile boards
Summary:
The meeting of the Senate Committee focused on a few key bills, including Senate Bill 1, Senate Bill 5, and House Bill 18. The session began with roll call and a prayer led by Senator Paxson. Senators were excused for various reasons, and the reading of the previous day's journal was waived. Notably, House Bill 18, which restricts political contributions during certain legislative absences, underwent deliberation. Senator Hinojosa moved for its final passage, and the bill was adopted with 18 ayes and 8 nays.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- This is about protecting Texas patients and Texas safety net hospitals.
- Insured patients...
But the indirect patient benefits, you provide a safety
- One is patient access.
- patients are underinsured.
Bills:
HB712, HB722, HB946, HB1687, HB1809, HB1899, HB2528, HB2583, HB2741, HB2750, HB3021, HB3150, HB3265, HB3658, HB3812, HB3960, HB4392, HB4432
Keywords:
prostate cancer, health benefit plans, insurance coverage, cost sharing, preventive health care, auto insurance, total loss evaluation, disclosure, insurance materials, vehicle appraisal, health benefits, out-of-pocket expenses, government employees, deductibles, medical services, fireworks, public safety, age requirement, permits, occupational licenses
Summary:
The House Committee on Insurance convened to discuss multiple bills aimed at enhancing consumer protection and improving access to essential services. Notable discussions included HB2528, which seeks to eliminate prior authorization requirements for medications treating substance use disorders, thereby expediting access to crucial treatments for Texans. Representative Boosie laid out HB722, addressing transparency in auto insurance valuation processes, prompting engagement from various witnesses on how current practices potentially exploit consumers. Members voiced concerns about the intersection of bureaucratic delays and the urgency of addiction treatment, emphasizing the bill's potential life-saving implications.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- for patient protection and to minimize patient harm.
- and ensure quality patient care.
- safety...
- As far as patient, what the patient is required to pay, that has nothing to do with us, honestly.
- I'm the Vice President of Quality, Patient Safety, and Accreditation at DHR Health in the Rio Grande
Keywords:
e-cigarettes, marketing prohibition, youth protection, criminal penalties, public health, school funding, education reform, state budget, property taxes, equity in education, health care, licensing, complaint procedure, disciplinary action, law enforcement, death records, vital statistics, healthcare, trauma facility, Medicaid
Summary:
The meeting featured vigorous discussions around several significant bills, including SB2024 concerning youth vaping and its potential consequences. Witnesses presented compelling testimonies highlighting the dangers of e-cigarette use among teenagers, emphasizing how marketing tactics cleverly target this demographic. The bill faced no opposition during discussions but was left pending for further review and amendments. Additionally, HB5537 aimed to empower psychologists to prescribe medication, spurred different viewpoints from committee members about mental health measures and prescription regulations. Amidst these discussions, there was a focus on ensuring access to care while maintaining safety and quality standards.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Health and Human Services May 13th, 2025
Senate Health & Human Services Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- safety.
- Patients are essentially currently held hostage to their own health.
- from seeking care or trap patients in medical debt.
- Is it supposed to be a hospital against a patient?
- They're often the first to greet patients seeking healthcare.
Bills:
HB35, HB138, HB754, HB1314, HB1612, HB2254, HB2510, HB2789, HB3560, HB3597, HB4224, HB4273, HB4643, HB4783
Keywords:
peer support, first responders, mental health, confidentiality, emergency services, health impact analysis, cost analysis, coverage mandates, health insurance, legislative analysis, health care data, healthcare, price estimates, billing requirements, consumer protection, nonemergency services, assisted living, healthcare, licensing, criminal offense
Summary:
The committee meeting centered on several significant bills regarding public health and safety, particularly focusing on healthcare access, transparency, and opioid crisis response. Notably, House Bill 4783 sparked considerable discussion as it aims to enhance the state's approach to prevent opioid overdoses by directing the Health and Human Services Commission (HHSC) to prepare biannual reports on opiate antagonist programs. The testimony from public officials like Dallas City Council's Paula Blackman, who spoke passionately about the ongoing fentanyl epidemic, highlighted the urgent necessity of improved access to life-saving medications. In addition, House Bill 1314 drew attention for addressing hospital pricing transparency, attempting to ease financial burdens on patients by mandating accurate upfront estimates for healthcare costs.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Judiciary & Civil Jurisprudence May 7th, 2025 at 07:05 am
House Judiciary & Civil Jurisprudence Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- None of the bills were sent to me, the patient.
- safety and improving that environment.
- certified in fleet safety through the Texas.
- We pass our DOT safety audits, we have a formal safety plan, and we employ a full...
- large by diminishing safety.
Bills:
HB4806
Keywords:
civil action, damages, health care services, noneconomic damages, negligence, legal standards, Judiciary Committee, HB4806, civil justice reform, public testimony, personal injury legislation
Summary:
The Judiciary and Civil Jurisprudence Committee meeting convened early to discuss several critical pieces of legislation, notably HB4806, which aims to reform aspects of civil justice, particularly surrounding personal injury claims. The committee faced strong public testimony both supporting and opposing the bill. Advocates argued that the bill would help mitigate excessive costs in litigation and enhance access to care for injured individuals, while opponents expressed deep concerns that it would drastically limit the ability of victims to receive fair compensation for their suffering. The testimony from families affected by injuries painted a poignant picture of the human impact of the legislation, highlighting the potential devaluation of their pain and trauma in court.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Business and Commerce (Part I) Apr 3rd, 2025
Senate Business & Commerce Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- And so, while I never hoped to have another public safety disaster in Houston again, I know we will have
Bills:
SB231, SB584, SB600, SB668, SB841, SB986, SB1003, SB1244, SB1625, SB1960, SB1963, SB1964, SB2026, SB2056, SB2368
Keywords:
heirs' property, cotenants, partition action, right of first refusal, real property, public information, government transparency, bad faith requests, expedited response, attorney general authority, open records, renewable energy, distributed generation, compensation, ERCOT, electricity generation, renewable energy, distributed generation, compensation, ERCOT
Summary:
The meeting of the Senate Business and Commerce Committee primarily focused on legislative issues following Hurricane Beryl, particularly Senate Bill 231, which aims to create a process for CenterPoint to compensate its customers for overcharges related to backup power and mobile generation units. During discussions, Executive Vice President Jason Ryan outlined CenterPoint's commitment to refund approximately $430 million and absorb future costs related to these generators. The bill's substitute also mandates that leased emergency generators be mobile and capable of quick deployment during significant outages, addressing previous concerns over inefficiencies experienced during past weather events.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Intergovernmental Affairs Mar 18th, 2025 at 10:30 am
House Intergovernmental Affairs Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- They require certain things that have to be done that are considered life safety, critical needs.
- accountability means local taxpayers bear the burden of the lost revenue and the increased public safety
- safety nets in place.
Yeah, there are safety net programs that are set
- And safety net programs, you're just against them if they
Keywords:
housing finance, multifamily residential, low income, tax exemption, audit requirements, affordable housing, local government, development bonds, housing assistance, financial assistance, low income housing, community support, affordability, veterans housing, housing assistance, financial assistance, low income housing, community involvement, air conditioning, tenant support
Summary:
The meeting highlighted significant issues regarding housing funding mechanisms, particularly surrounding the complexities of Housing Finance Corporations (HFCs). Members voiced their concerns about the financial impacts these HFCs have on local government revenues, given that many property tax exemptions are given while maintaining market-rate rents. This discussion was sparked by alarming statistics indicating a rapid increase in tax dollars removed from local jurisdictions due to HFC activities, stressing the need for regulatory reforms to preserve affordable housing without financially jeopardizing municipalities.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Obviously, savings are secondary to public safety.
- I'm the Director of Unmanned Aircraft for the Texas Department of Public Safety.
- My name is Walt Goodson, Lieutenant Colonel of the Texas Department of Public Safety.
- The Department of Public Safety has a very robust polygraph program.
- I do this in the interest of public safety.
Bills:
SB552, SB1099, SB1124, SB1208, SB1372, SB1506, SB1667, SB1804, SB1806, SB1870, SB1936, SB1937, SB2180, SB2405, SB2569, SB2570, SB1646
Keywords:
community supervision, criminal justice, illegal alien, deferred adjudication, Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, criminal procedure, discovery, defendant rights, evidence disclosure, justice system, crime laboratory, access, defense counsel, criminal proceedings, discovery, parole reform, inmate release, Board of Pardons and Paroles, recidivism, criminal justice
Summary:
The meeting of the Senate Committee on Criminal Justice covered several significant legislative proposals aimed at improving the efficiency and safety of the Texas criminal justice system. Lead discussions focused on SB2405, which received attention for its comprehensive approach towards modernizing the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) and addressing recommendations made by the Sunset Advisory Commission. The bill includes provisions for enhanced staff planning and updated rehabilitation programs that are expected to yield substantial cost savings while promoting public safety. Senators engaged actively, expressing their support and raising questions about the implications of the proposed changes, especially concerning parole processes and facility management.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Criminal Justice (Part II) Apr 8th, 2025
Senate Criminal Justice Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- I'm with the Texas Department of Public Safety Crime Laboratory.
- It's also a safety hazard for the individuals that our officers are coming in contact with.
- Copper theft and associated fiber vandalism are a risk to Texas public safety.
- In doing so, it endangers the safety and livelihoods of many.
- We're regulated by the Department of Public Safety. I am here strongly...
Bills:
SB552, SB1099, SB1124, SB1208, SB1372, SB1506, SB1667, SB1804, SB1806, SB1870, SB1936, SB1937, SB2180, SB2405, SB2569, SB2570, SB1646
Keywords:
community supervision, criminal justice, illegal alien, deferred adjudication, Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, criminal procedure, discovery, defendant rights, evidence disclosure, justice system, crime laboratory, access, defense counsel, criminal proceedings, discovery, parole reform, inmate release, Board of Pardons and Paroles, recidivism, criminal justice
Summary:
The meeting of the committee was marked by critical discussions surrounding several bills focused on enhancing public safety and addressing criminal activities. Notably, Senate Bill 1208 sparked significant debate as several members expressed concerns regarding its implications for free speech and civil rights. Testimonies from various public participants highlighted fears that the increased penalties could infringe on First Amendment rights by deterring individuals from holding law enforcement accountable. The committee also tackled Senate Bill 1646, aiming to combat copper theft, which has surged significantly across Texas, affecting essential infrastructure and emergency services.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Energy Resources Apr 14th, 2025 at 11:04 am
House Energy Resources Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- Include propane distribution systems and safety provisions
Keywords:
surface estate, well plugging, Railroad Commission, landowner rights, liability, strategic reserve, gas supply, petroleum products, disaster response, Railroad Commission of Texas, energy security, emergency planning, oil and gas waste, Railroad Commission, environmental regulation, waste management, mining pits, groundwater monitoring, oil and gas waste, regulation
Summary:
The meeting focused on a series of bills primarily related to oil and gas infrastructure, safety, regulatory issues, and the burgeoning hydrogen industry in Texas. Several bills were discussed and voted on, including HB3911 concerning voluntary plugging of orphan wells, HB3021 related to oil and gas emergencies, and HB5600 aimed at establishing Texas as a leader in the clean hydrogen market. The Chair and members debated the provisions of these bills, considering environmental implications and economic impacts, particularly in light of recent natural disasters like the winter storm Uri.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Culture, Recreation & Tourism May 1st, 2025 at 08:05 am
House Culture, Recreation & Tourism Committee
Bills:
HB370, HB738, HB2935, HB3227, HB4103, HB5259, SB519, SB1350, SB1247, SB1248, SB2112, HCR81, HCR83, HCR84, HCR59, HCR109, HCR111, HCR135, SCR6
Keywords:
Rosenwald Schools, historical preservation, community learning centers, Texas Historical Commission, cultural heritage, Julia C. Hester House, state park, Houston, land acquisition, community center, historic site, Texas Historical Commission, administration, funding, Nacogdoches, heritage preservation, wildlife corridor, Parks and Wildlife Department, driver safety, habitat connectivity
Summary:
The committee meeting extensively discussed SB1350, which aims to establish a commission for the Bicentennial Anniversary of Texas Independence in 2036. Several witnesses, including Lacey Finley and Russell Molina, testified in support of the bill, emphasizing the importance of extensive planning and community engagement for this significant celebration. They argued that the bicentennial should encompass the diverse history and culture of Texas and encouraged the committee to include a non-profit structure to facilitate fund-raising and coordination efforts. Furthermore, HB738 was debated, focusing on the preservation of Rosenwald schools and their potential use as community learning centers, with members advocating for support to maintain this integral part of Texas's educational heritage.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Culture, Recreation & Tourism May 1st, 2025 at 10:05 am
House Culture, Recreation & Tourism Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- ...and protecting wildlife and improving driver safety in
- allow for Texas to take a step towards decreasing animal-vehicle crashes and increasing Texas road safety
- Texas legislature works towards the protection of our native wildlife, and most importantly, the safety
- When it comes to the safety of our wildlife and Texans, let's take the first step and create an action
- Texas needs a wildlife corridor action plan for the safety of both Texans and wildlife in Texas.
Bills:
HB370, HB738, HB2935, HB3227, HB4103, HB5259, SB519, SB1350, SB1247, SB1248, SB2112, HCR81, HCR83, HCR84, HCR59, HCR109, HCR111, HCR135, SCR6
Keywords:
Rosenwald Schools, historical preservation, community learning centers, Texas Historical Commission, cultural heritage, Julia C. Hester House, state park, Houston, land acquisition, community center, historic site, Texas Historical Commission, administration, funding, Nacogdoches, heritage preservation, wildlife corridor, Parks and Wildlife Department, driver safety, habitat connectivity
Summary:
The meeting of the Culture, Recreation, and Tourism Committee centered on several important bills primarily aimed at enhancing Texas's wildlife management and cultural initiatives. One of the standout discussions was around HB5259, which advocates for the development of a wildlife corridor action plan by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. The bill aims to address the high number of animal-vehicle collisions in Texas, proposing to set up designated areas to connect wildlife populations and habitats. Witnesses, including wildlife conservationists, testified in support of this bill, stressing its potential to significantly reduce accidents and protect endangered species like ocelots. The committee also deliberated on multiple Senate Bills aimed at streamlining hunting licenses and supporting state historical initiatives.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- The damage was real, and it was never about safety.
- I just want to say, if this procedure is about safety.
- ASJ is a multi-state organization that aims to advance public safety.
- The goal of this legislation is to keep public safety intact while also providing a second chance to
Senate Bill 1021 seeks to prioritize victim safety
Keywords:
mental health, women's health, county jail, depression screening, criminal justice, inmate release, identification certificate, Texas Department of Corrections, personal identification, driver's license, state law, reentry services, nondisclosure, criminal history, criminal defendants, community supervision, misdemeanors, felonies, criminal justice, rehabilitation
Summary:
The meeting of the committee involved extensive discussions on various legislative bills pertaining to corrections and transparency in Texas' penal system. Notable among these was House Bill 4764, which seeks to enhance data availability regarding individuals in restrictive housing, addressing transparency issues related to mental health and recidivism rates. An extensive public testimony period allowed for voices from advocacy groups and individuals affected by these issues, illuminating the psychological toll of solitary confinement as expressed by proponents of the bill during the discussions. There was also considerable debate around Senate Bill 1610 regarding civil commitment and its implications for public safety, with concerns raised about the potential for punitive consequences over rehabilitative efforts.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Health and Human Services (Part I) Mar 5th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- patients using municipal ground ambulance services from being
- Simply put, Senate Bill 1122 extends the applicability of patient and pharmacy protections already...
- ...can act to protect local businesses and their patients
- Costs have not increased, and this bill will not increase costs to patient employers.
- Protecting the state's senior population is a public safety issue that is...
Keywords:
healthcare reform, pharmacy benefit managers, consumer protection, community-based care, child welfare, Senate Bill 513, House Bill 1919, House Bill 1763
Summary:
The meeting involved in-depth discussions focused primarily on several significant bills aimed at reforming healthcare, improving consumer protection, and enhancing community-based care. Key highlights included House Bill 1919 and House Bill 1763, which address the roles and regulation of pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs) in Texas. Lawmakers emphasized the need for these bills to create a fairer landscape for independent pharmacies while ensuring patient access to necessary medications. Public testimonies reflected both support for the reforms and concerns regarding their potential implications. Another major topic was Senate Bill 513, which proposes the development of a pilot program for community-based care in rural West Texas, aiming to improve child welfare services in regions facing unique challenges.