Video & Transcript DataContr Research : 'federal regulations'
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TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Local Government (Part II) Apr 7th, 2025
Senate Local Government Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- Carefully crafted regulations have made Austin a green mecca of life, work, business, learning, and enjoyment
- The unrestricted removal of ash juniper and the overturning of thoughtful, imaginative municipal regulation
- That said, we do have a precedent for regulating what can be done on private lands in the service of
- ...separate permits and regulations.
- Secondly, our builders have been very concerned about building under newly passed regulations.
Bills:
SB434, SB844, SB898, SB1177, SB1214, SB1454, SB1920, SB1927, SB1935, SB1965, SB2010, SB2046, SB2068, SB2073, SB2183, SB2260, SB3034, SB907
Keywords:
housing authorities, tax exemptions, local government code, multifamily residential development, municipal housing authority, municipal regulation, tree removal, Ashe juniper, military base, property protection, property owners' association, board governance, homeowner regulation, declarant control, assessment limits, guaranteed income, financial assistance, local government, public funds, employment programs
Summary:
The Senate Committee on Local Government convened to discuss significant bills, primarily focusing on SB844, which seeks to reform zoning petition processes to enhance property rights and facilitate housing development. Senator Hughes, the bill's author, advocated that current laws overly empower a minority of landowners to block necessary housing advancements, asserting that such regulations hurt overall housing affordability. Concerns were raised about balancing individual property rights against community needs, with testimonies from builders and housing advocates supporting the bill's aims to streamline zoning decisions and reduce impediments to development.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
89th Legislative Session Mar 3rd, 2025 at 02:03 pm
Texas House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
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HB537 by Walley, relating to the authority of counties to regulate
HB562 by Gervin-Hawkins, relating to the regulations
HB583 by Lopez-Hebert, relating to the regulation of
HB583 by Lopez-Hebert, relating to the regulation of
- 52 by HHS, proposing a constitutional amendment protecting private schools from state and local regulation
Keywords:
constitutional amendments, property tax, ad valorem taxation, environmental rights, public testimony, Texas Legislature, Committee on State Affairs
Summary:
The committee meeting included extensive discussions on numerous proposed constitutional amendments, focusing particularly on issues related to property taxation and environmental rights. Various members, including Representative Metcalfe and Representative Goodwin, brought forward bills addressing the appraised value of residential and commercial properties for ad valorem tax purposes, as well as amendments guaranteeing citizens the right to a clean environment. The conversation was vibrant, with a mix of supportive and opposing views presented by committee members and public witnesses who joined the discussions.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Land & Resource Management Mar 13th, 2025 at 08:00 am
House Land & Resource Management Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- local government code, between a city and a county, cities and/or counties have the authority to regulate
- A county may regulate planning and permitting in the ETJ of
- currently, if a county by agreement has been granted the authority to have sole jurisdiction of regulation
- MUDs are unique for the regulations that they follow.
- Where does land development regulation occur?
Keywords:
third-party review, property development, local government, permits, construction inspection, regulatory authority, land development, liability, occupancy certificate, municipal utility district, petition, county clerk, water code, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, traffic impact studies, municipal utility district, bonds, road projects, eminent domain, extraterritorial jurisdiction
Summary:
The meeting was convened by Chairman Gates, focusing primarily on discussions of several key bills including HB363, HB954, and others pertaining to municipal utility districts (MUDs). Notably, a public testimony highlighted the need for comprehensive reform in the MUD process, emphasizing the importance of pre-petition notices to counties to ensure transparency and effective community involvement. The committee members engaged in a dialogue about the necessity of legislative measures to improve notification processes, public safety, and county jurisdiction in these developments. Representative Bell presented HB363, detailing the need for timely notifications to affected parties, which was heavily supported during the discussions.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
S/C on Property Tax Appraisals Apr 17th, 2025 at 10:04 am
House S/C on Property Tax Appraisals
Transcript Highlights:
- These are professionals who are already regulated by the state under Chapter 1151 of the Occupations
- And the legislature shouldn't trust the courts to regulate
- When across the state are you... you said that there were federal regulations that
Keywords:
county appraisal district, board of directors, governance, taxing units, public representation, penalty, property report, taxation, timely filing, chief appraiser, appraisal district, ad valorem tax, property appraisal, tax protests, unequal appraisal, property rights, property tax, public employees, protest leave, appraisal review board
Summary:
The meeting addressed multiple pieces of legislation related to property appraisal, primarily focusing on HB1952, HB4703, and HB3524. There was a lively discussion surrounding HB1952, which proposes to increase the number of elected members on appraisal boards, aiming to enhance transparency and accountability. Public testimony included varied perspectives, with residents expressing a desire for more representation in appraisal decisions, while some members voiced concerns about the potential politicization of these boards. The committee left the bill pending for further scrutiny, indicating the complexity of the subject matter and the differing opinions within the community.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Natural Resources Mar 26th, 2025 at 08:00 am
House Natural Resources Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- But because of the regulations and rules in Texas, that D-level operator can.
- Rate cases are a vital part of utility regulation that allow a utility to seek.
Rate regulation is a complex and critical aspect of
- So I guess, understanding the predicament that we're in, is there any way, based on the regulation, <
- on the regulations that we have, and if we can't, is there
Keywords:
groundwater, export fees, conservation district, interlocal contracts, water supply, groundwater, water conservation, permit application, neighboring districts, aquifer, water rates, utility regulation, financial hardship, rate increase cap, Class A utilities, dissolution, special districts, water code, inactive districts, environmental quality
Summary:
The recent meeting of the Natural Resources Committee covered significant discussions primarily focused on various water-related bills, notably HB685, HB1918, HB2601, and HB2608. Representative Wally introduced HB1918, which seeks to limit water rate increases for Class A utilities to a maximum of 20% every 36 months. The bill is in response to alarming reports from constituents who experienced drastic increases in their water bills, leading to concerns about financial sustainability for residents on fixed incomes. Supporters emphasized the need for better regulations to protect consumers, while opponents argued that the bill could dissuade necessary investments in utility infrastructure, jeopardizing service quality. Public testimony was a vital component, with various stakeholders expressing both support and opposition to the proposals under discussion.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
89th Legislative Session Feb 26th, 2025 at 09:00 am
Texas House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
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We regulate
- I am open to carefully changing the way we regulate the legal profession.
- It also tells us that government regulation of a service drives up the price.
It also tells us that government regulation of a
I am open to carefully changing the way we regulate
Keywords:
judicial funding, Chief Justice address, Texas legislature, court reform, legal services accessibility, district judges salary
Summary:
The meeting featured a address by Chief Justice Jimmy Blacklock, who emphasized the importance of maintaining the integrity of the legal system and ensuring fair access to justice for all Texans. He addressed the challenges facing the judiciary, notably the need for increased funding for district judges, which has not seen a raise since 2013. The Chief Justice highlighted how inadequate compensation has affected the ability to attract and retain qualified judges. He urged the legislature to consider a substantial increase in judicial salaries as a matter of public interest and necessary for the state's judicial system.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- program is actually not being given to all of the providers, and so I would ask you to insert that federal
- There's some federal money in there, just like ISDs get, but it's all state.
- It is the Code of Federal Regulations, specifically regarding the accessibility of a child's Individualized
- talked about notice, and I would just say, if you're going to put out the notice, maybe look at the federal
- regulation and have a 30-day notice as opposed to reasonable...
Keywords:
instructional materials, public schools, Education Code, adoption, rejected materials, local funds, open educational resources, instructional materials, Texas Education Code, rejected materials, school districts, open enrollment charter schools, funding restrictions, environmental regulation, business compliance, local authority, economic development, state preemption, instructional materials, public schools
Summary:
The committee meeting primarily addressed several education-related bills, notably focusing on strengthening teacher certification pathways and accountability measures within the Texas school system. Notable discussions revolved around Senate Bills 2252 and 2253, which aim to enhance early education and teacher preparation programs. Participants included various committee members who debated the merits of each bill and carefully considered public testimony that presented both support and concerns regarding the implications of the proposed legislation.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
89th Legislative Session Apr 2nd, 2025 at 10:00 am
Texas House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
Federal income tax? Yes, sir.
- > AG 4414 by Alders relates to producing renewable chemicals for the Committee on Environmental Regulation
- pharmacy benefit plans and third-party payers with respect to certain entities participating in the federal
Bills:
HJR1, HJR2, HB9, HB22, HB908, HB1392, HB195, HB13, HB143, HB135, HJR1, HJR2, HB9, HB22, HB908, HB1392
Keywords:
death tax, inheritance tax, estate tax, property transfer, constitutional amendment, ad valorem taxation, intangible property, tax exemption, property tax reform, economic implications, missing children, law enforcement, national reporting, investigation, public safety, ad valorem taxes, tax collector, delinquency date, tax payment, office closure
Summary:
The committee meeting highlighted significant discussions surrounding several key bills, including HB908, which aims to establish a required reporting protocol for missing children cases. The bill received robust support, with members emphasizing its potential to enhance child safety and streamline law enforcement responses. Another notable piece of legislation discussed was HB1392, which addresses delays in property tax payment due to unforeseen circumstances like natural disasters and other emergencies, ensuring Texans are not penalized for situations beyond their control. The meeting concluded with enthusiastic participation from both committee members and the public, showcasing the community's engagement in the legislative process.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- professions that we regulate.
- Your question talks about burdensome regulation.
- This also doesn't add any new regulations; they're already required to do so.
- There's no new regulations.
- We support regulations that send a clear message: the health of our children is non-negotiable.
Bills:
HB18, HB742, HB754, HB1644, HB2187, HB1887, HB1275, HB37, HB1503, HB1699, HB1700, HB2735, HB1741, HB1731, HB1675
Keywords:
rural health, hospital funding, healthcare access, mental health services, financial stability, human trafficking, first responders, health care, training, reporting, protection, testing equipment, substance detection, Penalties, public health, law enforcement, hospital staffing, nurse protections, mandatory overtime, complaint processes
Summary:
The committee meeting centered around significant discussions on healthcare legislation, specifically focusing on two main bills: HB18 and HB37. HB18, known as the Rural Health Stabilization and Innovation Act, was presented to ensure that rural Texans have access to healthcare services, outlining a series of grants and the establishment of a new office to aid rural hospitals. The chair emphasized the importance of this legislation, particularly for counties with limited access to hospitals. In contrast, HB37 was discussed with emphasis on perinatal palliative care, where various members voiced their opinions regarding its impact and necessity, noting the compassionate approach it signifies for families dealing with life-limiting diagnoses.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Natural Resources May 14th, 2025 at 08:05 am
House Natural Resources Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- This is kind of a clean-up to try to help accommodate their needs and avoid needless regulation where
- When small public water systems are regulated by TCEQ and are too small to have their own operators,
- Differences include checking someone's criminal background or any local regulations.
- building codes is so that you don't go from city to city to city and everybody has a different regulation
- TCEQ doesn't regulate the premise plumbing, only distribution system plumbing.
Keywords:
water filtration, public drinking water, health and safety, well maintenance, water quality, Edwards Aquifer, water conservation, reclaimed water, aquifer storage, environmental protection, public utility agency, dissolution, local government, regulatory framework, municipal authority, Hays Trinity, groundwater conservation, well metering, production fee, agricultural use
Summary:
The Committee on Natural Resources convened to discuss several key bills addressing water management in Texas. Notable among these was SB2660, which aims to equip groundwater districts with improved management tools to handle the growing population's water needs. Support for the bill was voiced by constituents including the Hayes Trinity Groundwater Conservation District, emphasizing the necessity for proper resources to manage the aquifer sustainably. Additionally, discussions around SB1965 and SB1624 focused on enhancing the regulations surrounding water conservation and backflow prevention. There was notable public testimony both for and against these bills, highlighting the concern for public health and safety as well as the vested interests of landowners and water operators in the region.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
89th Legislative Session Mar 31st, 2025 at 04:03 pm
Texas House Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- ="217" data-time="1296">HB 4165 by Busey relating to the protest of changes to municipal zoning regulations
HB 4172 by Thompson relating to the regulation of charitable
- HB 4215 by Hunter relating to the regulation of delivery
- data-time="1890">HB 4242 by Kane, relating to the production, sale, distribution, delivery, and regulation
- posting of certain information by solid waste facilities, referred to the Committee on Environmental Regulation
Keywords:
public safety, education, taxation, emergency power, constitutional amendment, infrastructure
Summary:
The committee meeting primarily addressed various proposed bills concerning public safety, education, and taxation. Notably, HB4250 was discussed, relating to emergency power sources for nursing facilities. During the session, several amendments were proposed, leading to an in-depth discussion on the adequacy of the current infrastructure to support emergency generators, especially in light of recent events. The committee members also engaged in conversations regarding H.J.R. 172, a proposed constitutional amendment aimed at tax exemptions for residential properties, which sparked considerable debate about its fiscal implications.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th 1st C.S.
Senate Special Committee on Congressional Redistricting Jul 29th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- A federal officer may choose to testify or not at their discretion.
- Federal courts have, in multiple instances, found that maps' intentional...
- That representation is absolutely needed both at the state and federal levels.
- Bills that are passed on the federal level are directly impacting us.
- The federally promoted redistricting will negate many of our fellow citizens' voices.
Keywords:
congressional redistricting, gerrymandering, public testimony, transparency, community involvement, minority representation
Summary:
The committee meeting addressed the contentious issue of congressional redistricting, following concerns about the legality and fairness of past maps that allegedly disenfranchised minority voters. The testimony predominantly rejected the notion of conducting mid-decade redistricting, with multiple witnesses arguing against the initiative citing lack of legal justification and the risk of exacerbating racial gerrymandering. Prominent discussions included calls for more transparency in the redistricting process, with several members expressing the need for public engagement through field hearings and meaningful opportunities to review and comment on proposed maps. Senator King and other members led discussions emphasizing the significance of community involvement in shaping equitable congressional districts that reflect Texas' demographics.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
These can be reasonably regulated.
- Regulation, it doesn't get you the results you want.
- some more, and then you have a very highly regulated system.
- So competition really is the best regulator in the state of Texas.
- Regulator, who pays it? The consumer does.
Bills:
HB854, HB1052, HB1642, HB2076, HB3042, HB3695, HB3787, HB4062, HB4092, SB213, SB493, SB896, HB5519, HB4635
Keywords:
insurance, replacement cost, homeowner's policy, renter's policy, condominium insurance, property damage, claims process, telemedicine, teledentistry, telehealth, health benefit plan, insurance coverage, out-of-state services, health benefit plan, anxiety, pain management, contraceptive devices, insurance coverage, women's health, medical procedures
Summary:
The meeting of the House Committee on Insurance focused on several significant bills, including HB854, which aims to reform insurance payment structures to improve accessibility for homeowners needing urgent repairs. Representative Garcia-Hernandez strongly advocated for this bill, highlighting the struggles faced by constituents unable to cover upfront repair costs. Additionally, HB4092 was discussed, which seeks to clarify regulations surrounding pre-suit notices in insurance claims, emphasizing the importance of protecting policyholders' rights. The meeting included various testimonies, with both supporters and opponents voicing their concerns about how these bills could impact consumers and the insurance industry.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Natural Resources Apr 23rd, 2025 at 08:04 am
House Natural Resources Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- So, our role as the regulator, we ensure that ASR projects that involve water being injected into an
I don't know if I would say no concerns, but the point of regulating
- So our role as the regulator, we ensure that ASR...
- I don't know if I would say no concerns, but the point of regulating it is to lessen that risk and to
- No, I said that the point of our regulations is to ensure
Bills:
HB1523, HB2109, HB2694, HB3525, HB3898, HB4646, HB5188, HB5219, HB5320, HB5651, HB5655, HB5659, HB5662, HB5672
Keywords:
aquifer conservation, Class V injection well, environmental regulation, groundwater protection, municipal water supply, temporary prohibition, water management, reservoir construction, state water plan, Texas Water Code, environmental impact, Brazoria Drainage District, commissioners, elections, vacancies, resignation, brackish water, desalination, Texas Water Development Board, financial assistance
Summary:
In this meeting, the committee engaged in extensive discussions surrounding House Bill 1523, which addresses the City of Austin's Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) project. Representative Gerdes laid out substantial concerns regarding the potential risks posed to local aquifers, as he emphasized the lack of transparency and community engagement by the City of Austin. Testimonies from members of the Lost Pines Groundwater Conservation District supported the bill, citing worries about adverse chemical reactions and the implications for groundwater as crucial reasons for opposing the project. Conversely, representatives from the City of Austin expressed the necessity of the ASR project for regional water supply planning and addressed the purported benefits it would provide.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Some of these projects are pursuing federal grants, and for some, federal grants have been given, and
- To your question, some of these projects are pursuing federal grants.
- For some of them, federal grants have been given, and for some, they did not receive a federal grant.
- The next is a decrease of $15.4 million in federal funds.
- That is temporary, but a decrease at the federal level.
Bills:
SB1
Keywords:
appropriations, budget, state funding, education, healthcare, infrastructure, budget recommendations, Texas Facilities Commission, border security, cybersecurity, Governor Abbott, operational efficiency
Summary:
The meeting focused on several critical budget recommendations for various state agencies, including the Texas Facilities Commission, which proposed significant funding changes. Chair George Purcell highlighted a reduction in appropriations, along with the introduction of new funds aimed at refurbishing the Rudder Building and supporting facilities operations. Discussions also touched on border security, where it was reported that Governor Abbott formally requested congressional support to reclaim $11 billion in funding for Texas operations. The ongoing dialogue regarding the maintenance and responsibilities relating to border wall constructions was emphasized, noting the complexity and the need for clear allocation of responsibilities as discussions with federal authorities develop.
Throughout the meeting, there were notable conversations about operational efficiencies, particularly in the context of expanding cyber threats and the need for improved cybersecurity measures at state agencies. Members engaged in deliberating the future hiring of staff and resources necessary for maintaining effective service delivery amidst increasing demand. The discussions concluded with a commitment to keeping an open line with constituents regarding the implications of these funding decisions and the overall strategic direction of the agencies involved.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- The federal government has come in and prosecuted those cases.
- There were federal issues involved.
- data-time="6498">This legislation seeks to deter reckless or malicious behavior around animals and regulated
Keywords:
abandoned property, unclaimed property, law enforcement, disposition, public safety, invasive recording, privacy, sex offender registration, security, criminal justice, disruption, lawful gatherings, criminal offense, electronic disturbances, virtual meetings, Uvalde-Strong Act, school safety, public notices, legislative updates, active shooter training
Summary:
During the meeting, multiple bills were reviewed and discussed, with the most prominent being HB33, known as the Uvalde-Strong Act. This bill aims to improve school safety and preparedness in active shooting situations by implementing stringent security measures and training requirements for law enforcement and educational institutions. The bill generated significant discussion about its provisions, the urgency for enhanced safety protocols, and the lessons learned from previous tragedies. HB1261, which allows for dual publication methods for public notices, was also reported favorably without objections, reflecting a growing need to adapt legislative processes to modern communication standards. The meeting concluded with several bills advancing to the full Senate for further consideration.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- it's safe in their homes and their lives in the state of Texas, and we ought to use our ability to regulate
- I also just want to zoom out and look at the federal landscape
- 513" data-time="5091"> ...In 2007, we are now reaping the benefits of that because we are housing federal
Bills:
SB9
Keywords:
Senate Bill 9, property tax, voter-approved tax rate, local government, public safety, infrastructure, tax relief, public testimony
Summary:
The Senate Committee on Local Government met to discuss the implications of Senate Bill 9, which focuses on property tax appraisal reforms. The bill's primary goal is to lower the voter-approved tax rate from 3.5% to 2.5%. During the meeting, various stakeholders provided testimony, highlighting concerns about the potential impact of the cap on local governments, especially in rapidly growing areas. Senators engaged in extensive discussions about the balancing act between tax relief and the need for robust public services, emphasizing the need for local flexibility to meet constituents' needs. The bill faced opposition from local officials who argued that the cap could hinder essential services like police and fire departments, as well as infrastructure maintenance.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th 2nd C.S.
Homeland Security, Public Safety & Veterans' Affairs Aug 22nd, 2025 at 10:08 am
House Homeland Security, Public Safety & Veterans' Affairs Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- and I'm getting ready to file my lawsuit, but what I do, I do my due process because I'm a retired federal
- It took me two and a half years, over 900 days, in a federal law...
- to the license holder not included in a personnel file, including any of the three listed items regulated
Bills:
SB15
Keywords:
law enforcement, department file, employee records, misconduct, confidentiality, Texas occupations code, SB15, law enforcement, transparency, public accountability, misconduct, Uvalde shooting, confidentiality
Summary:
The committee meeting centered around the discussion of SB15, which aims to standardize record-keeping protocols for law enforcement agencies across the state. It received a mixed reception from committee members and witnesses, with significant concern raised regarding its potential to obscure misconduct and limit public transparency. Public testimony included strong dissent from individuals and organizations advocating for greater accountability in policing, who argued that the bill could enable law enforcement agencies to suppress critical information under the guise of confidentiality. Significant dialogue pertained to the implications of the bill in light of recent events that highlighted the need for transparency in police conduct, particularly in controversial cases such as the Uvalde school shooting. Ultimately, the bill was passed out of committee with minimal opposition.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- Rates are regulated in Texas.
- I think it's working; the more regulations we put on them, the more
- Due to bad regulation of the market, State Farm had to stop writing insurance for three years, which
- where you have an inter-agency dependency on making sure that there's regulatory oversight on the regulators
- revolving part of things, I think adding legislation that would prevent that revolving door between the regulators
Keywords:
Texas Department of Insurance, commission appointments, insurance regulation, oversight, consumer advocacy, insurance rates, property insurance, commercial automobile insurance, rate approval, consumer protection, windstorm insurance, Texas Windstorm Insurance Association, insurance regulation, administrative penalties, coastal counties, insurance regulation, property and casualty insurance, Senate Bill 1643, consumer protection, Texas Department of Insurance
Summary:
The committee meeting held extensive discussions on multiple pieces of legislation focused primarily on insurance and healthcare. A significant portion of the meeting revolved around SB1643, which proposes changes to how property and casualty insurance rates are regulated in Texas by requiring prior approval from the Texas Department of Insurance (TDI) for any rate changes exceeding 10%. Members expressed mixed feelings about this proposal, with concerns that it might lead to increased costs for consumers while discussing the balance between consumer protection and maintaining a competitive insurance market. Witnesses offered testimony both in favor and against the bill, highlighting the importance of thoughtful regulatory frameworks amidst rising insurance costs.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Senate Session (Part II): Joint SessionJoint Session with the House of Representatives; Chief Justice Jimmy Blacklock delivers the biennial State of the Judiciary address. Feb 26th, 2025
Texas Senate Floor Meeting
Transcript Highlights:
- and streamlining the law and the rules of procedure, as I mentioned, but also by looking at how we regulate
- It also tells us that government regulation of a service
- We must be open, I think, to carefully changing the way we regulate the legal profession.
- been priced out of the market for many legal services, then we've all got to ask whether the way we regulate
Keywords:
teacher compensation, education funding, public school educators, teacher retention, teacher designation, lottery, gambling, internet gaming, mobile application, criminal offenses, teacher compensation, education funding, public school educators, teacher retention, teacher designation, aquifer, water management, Edwards Aquifer, sustainability, regulatory framework
Summary:
The meeting focused notably on judicial salaries and the importance of retaining qualified judges in Texas. Chief Justice Jimmy Blacklock discussed the need for a significant pay increase for judges, citing that their base salary has not risen since 2013 despite rising inflation. He made a compelling case that increasing judicial salaries would attract better candidates to serve the public as judges. The Chief Justice emphasized that the state's judicial system relies on highly capable individuals to uphold the rule of law and deliver fair justice to Texans, especially in family law cases where outcomes dramatically affect vulnerable populations.