Video & Transcript DataContr Research : 'government authority'
Page 45 of 58
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Energy Resources Mar 24th, 2025 at 11:00 am
House Energy Resources Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- Morales for joint authoring this bill.
- No, sir, we would not have any authority to circumvent federal.
- But to answer your question specifically, there is no authority in this compact.
- I understand you, and I think that state government should play a factor in this.
- This authority, along with the surface discharge authority
Keywords:
oil waste, gas waste, liability, treatment processes, environmental safety, beneficial use, oil and gas, infrastructure protection, natural disasters, cybersecurity, emergency preparedness, interstate compact, liquefied natural gas, energy resources, Gulf Coast, regulatory coordination, liquefied natural gas, export regulations, geothermal injection wells, energy infrastructure security
Summary:
The meeting of the committee focused on the discussion and advancement of several key bills, notably HB1285, HB2890, HB1971, and HB1169. Chairman Darby opened the session by presenting HB2890, addressing the economic impact of liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports, particularly in light of recent federal pauses on LNG projects which have affected Texas significantly. The committee heard testimonies regarding the necessity of increasing communication between Gulf states to protect the industry, illustrating the importance of unified action against federal regulations that may harm Texas's LNG sector.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Senate Committee on Education K-16 Mar 25th, 2025 at 08:00 am
Senate Education K-16 Committee
Transcript Highlights:
In 2021, I authored the legislation.
- That's the teacher exercising their authority, and it's also them exercising their...
- It invigorates the authority they have in their own classroom.
- from the 1970s were subject to the Board of Governance.
- Where we lose it is when the teacher is not seen as the authority figure.
Bills:
SB27, SB226, SB326, SB570, SB605, SB870, SB991, SB1871, SB1872, SB1873, SB1874, SB1924, SB1925
Keywords:
residency, public schools, child safety placement, enrollment, education code, antisemitism, student conduct, education, disciplinary actions, Texas Education Code, school marshal, handgun, open carry, school safety, Texas Education Code, mental health, telehealth, public schools, discipline management, student support
Summary:
The meeting was centered on reviewing several Senate bills focusing on school safety and discipline, primarily Senate Bills 870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, and 1924. Senator Perry emphasized the urgent need for reform in school discipline policies due to increasing incidents of violence and classroom disruptions. The committee acknowledged testimonies from various educators and public witnesses who supported the proposed bills, highlighting their significance in ensuring a safer learning environment. Key discussions revolved around the ability of teachers to maintain classroom discipline, the implications of disciplinary actions, and the support necessary for students with behavioral issues.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
In 2021, I authored legislation regarding this matter
- That's the teacher exercising their authority, and it's also them exercising their...
- ...authority when they send the kid to the office, but it
- In this particular situation, this individual has no respect for authority, no respect for the law.
- Where we lose it is when the teacher is not seen as the authority figure.
Bills:
SB27, SB226, SB326, SB570, SB605, SB870, SB991, SB1871, SB1872, SB1873, SB1874, SB1924, SB1925
Keywords:
residency, public schools, child safety placement, enrollment, education code, antisemitism, student conduct, education, disciplinary actions, Texas Education Code, school marshal, handgun, open carry, school safety, Texas Education Code, mental health, telehealth, public schools, discipline management, student support
Summary:
The meeting focused on several significant bills pertaining to school discipline and safety, highlighting the issues faced by teachers due to increased student misbehavior and a perceived lack of administrative support. Key discussions were held around Senate Bill 1924, which aims to restore authority to local police and school district officers to issue misdemeanor citations for school offenses. This bill was met with both support and opposition, illustrating the ongoing debate about how best to maintain safety in schools without causing unnecessary criminalization of students. Witnesses included educators and administrators who provided testimonies on the real-life impacts of classroom disruptions on learning environments. Recommendations for improvements to the bills included calls for flexibility in discipline measures and better support for teachers dealing with disruptive behavior.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Natural Resources Apr 16th, 2025 at 08:04 am
House Natural Resources Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- ...bonds, providing authority to impose assessments.
- "> ...framework and procedures as water districts under Chapter 13 of the Texas Water Code, which governs
The TCEQ and the PUC are authorized to permit a public
- The governor shall designate a member of the board as the president of the authority.
- So, House Bill 5559 makes it very clear that they have that authority.
Keywords:
water rights, Texas Water Trust, water bank, environmental conservation, water quality, instream flows, aquifer, water injection, Edwards Aquifer, environmental regulation, groundwater, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, water conservation, drought, utility regulation, water use restrictions, Public Utility Commission, groundwater, civil penalties, water conservation
Summary:
The meeting of the committee involved extensive discussions on multiple bills related to water management and resources in Texas, particularly emphasizing the importance of legislative measures to enhance the conservation and management of groundwater resources. Representative Romero laid out HB4530, which aims to expand the Texas Water Trust to include groundwater rights, enabling voluntary dedication for conservation and addressing the regulatory gaps that currently exist. The bill received support as it seeks to clarify the processes for groundwater donations, thus promoting effective water management strategies across the state.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- data-time="414"> LexisData, a database, I'll point out, was created by the ADCF through HB 2090, authored
- asked TRS to show up today is to walk us through how you look at proposed legislation to determine government
- marker="457" data-time="2736"> And I don't want to get into negotiations or discussions with the author
- /span>
Right, and this is regarding the plans that are governed
- span marker="907" data-time="5436"> 2020 when we were able to pass legislation to help with prior authorization
Keywords:
health impact analysis, cost analysis, coverage mandates, health insurance, legislative analysis, health care data, education, funding, classroom resources, teacher support, student outcomes, health benefits, provider dentists, payment reimbursement, insurance code, noncontracting, dental care, reimbursement, health benefit plans, noncontracting providers
Summary:
The House Committee on Insurance convened a meeting focusing on critical legislative objectives aimed at insurance reform. Noteworthy discussions emerged around HB138, which aims to address cost reduction in health insurance and increase transparency in the reporting of private insurance costs. The committee members emphasized the need to identify cost drivers and cut unnecessary regulations while also working on effective methods to deliver insurance benefits efficiently. There were extensive remarks made regarding the implications of insurance mandates on overall costs, bring forth a call for a thorough evaluation and revision of existing mandates that may result in unintended consequences.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- " data-time="160"> It is the intent of the Chair to lay out all five bills at once, recognize the authors
- Any questions for the author?
- Eliminate all laws governing obscurantism.
- That is what we're talking about, and that is, unfortunately, what our government—
- This book also has a disclaimer on the publisher's page that says the authors and publisher expressly
Keywords:
child protection, sexual offenses, visual material, artificial intelligence, criminal penalties, law enforcement, defense against prosecution, obscenity, child protection, law enforcement, judicial officer, SB20, SB1621, child protection, artificial intelligence, sexual exploitation, legislation, deep fakes, criminal justice
Summary:
The meeting of the Senate Committee on Criminal Justice focused on legislative measures aimed at enhancing the protection of minors against the evolving threats posed by artificial intelligence and technology in the realm of child exploitation. Multiple bills, including SB20 and SB1621, were introduced to address child sexual abuse material (CSAM), particularly concerning AI-generated content and deep fakes. During the session, committee members highlighted the importance of these initiatives, emphasizing that the current legal framework must adapt to the rapidly changing technological landscape. The discussions emphasized the commitment of the committee members to protect children and the integrity of these legislative efforts. Public testimony brought forth a sense of urgency from both law enforcement and advocacy groups highlighting widespread concerns about the misuse of technology to exploit children.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Judiciary & Civil Jurisprudence May 7th, 2025 at 10:05 am
House Judiciary & Civil Jurisprudence Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- Okay, if it doesn't meet the government threshold, it caps.
- Authorities are expected to believe that's normal, but it's not.
- Rules of evidence will govern that.
- Well, I'll defer to the bill author on any changes he wants to make, including those.
- Members, any questions for the bill's author? Yes, Chairman Dutton.
Bills:
HB4806
Keywords:
civil action, damages, health care services, noneconomic damages, negligence, legal standards, HB4806, medical expenses, tort reform, personal injury, jury transparency, legal framework, testimonial evidence, victim rights
Summary:
The meeting addressed several bills, primarily focusing on HB4806, which aims to reform the legal framework surrounding medical expenses and personal injury claims. The discussions included strong opinions from both advocates and opponents of the bill. Advocates argued that the bill is essential to ensure fairness by allowing juries to see comprehensive evidence regarding medical costs and preventing abuses in the system. Senators and committee members expressed the need for transparency in the medical billing process while addressing concerns that the changes may adversely impact injured plaintiffs seeking justice.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Water, Agriculture, and Rural Affairs Mar 10th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
For centuries, there have been treaties governing the
- I always say that there seems to be a shadow government in Mexico, and the cartels make their money now
- It seems like now they have discovered water as a gold resource, and that Mexico, the government itself
- In 2004, the Southmost Regional Water Authority, with Brownsville PUB as the owner-operator, <
- The federal government must hold Mexico accountable under
Keywords:
water crisis, 1944 Water Treaty, Senate Bill 744, Senate Bill 1248, SCR 13, water management, agriculture, Hidalgo County
Summary:
During this committee meeting, significant discussions focused on water resource management and legislative measures required to address the ongoing water crisis in Texas, particularly the implications of non-compliance with the 1944 Water Treaty by Mexico. Chair Senator Perry highlighted the urgent need to enforce water allocation agreements as they have direct impacts on Texas agriculture and local economies. Notably, Senate Bill 744 and Senate Bill 1248 were passed, addressing the pressing needs for improved water management practices and data protection for wildlife information gathering, respectively. There was overwhelming support expressed for SCR 13, emphasizing the necessity for action to ensure Mexico meets its water obligations, which are critical for sustaining Texas's agricultural sectors and economic stability.
US
Us Congress 2025-2026 Regular Session
Hearings to examine children's safety in the digital era, focusing on strengthening protections and addressing legal gaps. Feb 19th, 2025 at 09:15 am
Senate Judiciary Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- His work at the Institute brings together those in government, industry, and the non-profit sector to
While authorized for $60 million in 2008, only $31.9
- But states and the federal government will be able to update
- You've been working in the anti-exploitation space for a long time, both inside and outside government
- ...It's either imposed by some level of government, and the
Summary:
The committee meeting focused on the pressing issues surrounding child safety online, with a particular emphasis on recent legislative efforts aimed at curbing child sexual exploitation and harmful content accessible through social media platforms. Senators engaged in a heated discussion regarding the implications of Big Tech's lobbying efforts against vital bills such as the Stop CSAM Act and the Kids Online Safety Act. Noteworthy testimonies highlighted real-life impacts of online dangers, including tragic cases of child exploitation and drug-related fatalities linked to social media interactions. The bipartisan nature of the committee's commitment to address these issues showcased a collective determination to make the digital environment safer for the younger generation.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- span>
The chair lays out Senate Bill 3009 and recognizes its author
- 277" data-time="2741">Like Vice Chair Johnson said, in 2011, this bill was brought up under the government
- code which governs.
- You are recognized to present the bill on behalf of the House author, Christian Emanuel.
Keywords:
child enrollment, parent rights, managing conservator, education, family law, civil liability, barratry, penalties, legal actions, damages, judgment enforcement, court fees, child support enforcement, dormant judgments, legal proceedings, barratry, digital solicitation, bailiffs, Webb County, family law
Summary:
The committee meeting included a thorough examination of several bills, notably HB2733, HB3104, HB4325, and HB2495, each addressing significant legal and procedural issues in Texas law. HB2733, presented by Representative Canuccio, sought to modernize existing definitions related to barratry to include digital solicitation methods, and it received no public testimony for or against, suggesting a general consensus on the need for this update. Conversely, HB3104 by Representative McLaughlin focused on the appointment and salary provisions for bailiffs in Webb County, addressing concerns over discrepancies across district courts, while HB2495 clarified the rights of sole managing conservators regarding their children's school enrollment, which generated testimony from family law professionals in support of the bill.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
S/C on Disease Prevention & Women's & Children's Health Mar 27th, 2025 at 08:00 am
House S/C on Disease Prevention & Women's & Children's Health
Transcript Highlights:
There is no federal authority for us as an agency to
- ...and a published author on health literacy, and I strongly
- "> Thank you, member, for the opportunity to lay out House Bill 321, a bill that promotes smart government
- This legislation will streamline the way state government works, cutting red tape, reducing bureaucracy
- on healthy kids, strong families, and a government that works
Keywords:
Medicaid, child health, express lane option, income verification, supplemental nutrition assistance, telepharmacy, healthcare access, remote dispensing, rural clinics, pharmacy regulations, health literacy, state health plan, health care, patient outcomes, public health, economic impact, Medicaid, healthcare, breast cancer, cervical cancer
Summary:
In this committee meeting, members engaged in extensive discussions regarding several bills aimed at enhancing public health initiatives in Texas. Notably, House Bill 1295 was introduced to tackle the pressing issue of health literacy, highlighting its critical importance for improving health outcomes and reducing costs within the state's healthcare system. Vice Chair Busey presented House Bill 321, which aims to streamline the enrollment process for Medicaid and CHIP by utilizing data from the SNAP application to ensure that eligible children can access necessary healthcare coverage. Both bills received public testimonies that emphasized the need for better health education and access to health insurance, particularly for children and vulnerable populations in Texas. Witnesses spoke on the societal importance of nurturing a health-conscious generation, thereby laying a moral obligation on policymakers to support such legislative endeavors.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- thank the sponsor of House Bill 188 and Vice-Chairman Landgraf, as well as Eddie Molares for co-authoring
- council, prescriptive requirements for council votes, and restrictive and antiquated legal decisions governing
- allows the Texas Treasury Safekeeping Trust Company to reallocate funds for distribution to local governments
- if a local government affirmatively refuses the funds in writing or fails to deposit its funds within
- >Finally, it repeals voting thresholds by appointing authority
Keywords:
fund allocation, economic stabilization, state highway fund, Grow Texas, infrastructure funding, oil and gas production, Grow Texas fund, economic stabilization, infrastructure, oil and gas, constitutional amendment, severance tax, oil and gas, Texas STRONG defense fund, economic stabilization, funding, public health, workforce development, revenue transfer, infrastructure
Summary:
The meeting primarily centered around significant discussions regarding various bills, including HB188, HB265, HJR35, and HJR47. Members highlighted the pressing need for infrastructure improvements in the energy-producing regions of Texas, particularly focusing on the economic contributions and challenges faced by local communities impacted by the oil and gas industry. The committee witnessed a strong show of support for House Bill 188 from representatives who stressed its importance for reinvesting severance tax revenues back into communities that greatly contribute to the state’s economy. Testimonies from local economic development officials and community leaders reinforced the necessity of these investments for ensuring long-term growth and sustainability.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- "2970">Members, this is Representative Davis's bill that we previously heard that relates to the authority
- As part of these changes, HB 4123 amended Texas Government
- Code 411.1143, which governs background checks on Texas Medicaid and other state healthcare program
- House Bill 4643 will update the Texas Government Code by
- It also impacts prior authorizations and referrals, which
Bills:
HB1531, HB2667, HB2809, HB2865, HB3589, HB3151, HB3748, HB3750, HB4419, HB4643, HB3597, HB4129, HB4130, HB4131
Keywords:
senior living, referral agencies, consumer protection, regulation, elderly services, youth, mental health, suicide prevention, protective services, child welfare, reporting requirements, Medicaid, public assistance, ex parte renewal, eligibility, Texas, group home, licensing, regulation, health and safety
Summary:
The meeting brought forward significant discussions centered on various bills related to child welfare and mental health support, particularly focusing on the well-being of children in the custody of the Department of Family and Protective Services (DFPS). Notable bills such as HB2789 and HB2809 were thoroughly reviewed, where stakeholders highlighted the critical need for improved data collection on suicide attempts among youth in foster care. The interventions proposed aim to enhance early identification and support for these vulnerable populations. The committee members engaged with professionals and advocates who emphasized the urgency of addressing these mental health challenges.
US
Us Congress 2025-2026 Regular Session
Hearings to examine the nominations of Troy Meink, of Virginia, to be Secretary of the Air Force, Michael Duffey, of Virginia, to be Under Secretary for Acquisition and Sustainment, Emil Michael, of Florida, to be Under Secretary for Research and Eng Mar 27th, 2025 at 08:30 am
Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Personnel
Transcript Highlights:
- has been made in recent years, the Defense Department's acquisition process still remains on the Government
- Have you adhered to applicable laws and regulations governing
- That ends up almost always with the best result, both from a capability and cost to the government.
- We have to work with both within the government and the private sector.
- We shouldn't have to duplicate that in every area of the government.
Keywords:
Air Force modernization, fighter aircraft, autonomous systems, air superiority, national security, recapitalization
Summary:
The meeting primarily focused on military procurement and modernization, with significant discussions surrounding the Air Force's capabilities and strategic needs. Key topics included the urgent need for recapitalization of the Air Force's fighter squadrons, as well as the importance of integrating new technologies like autonomous systems to bolster military effectiveness. Several senators raised concerns about the current resources available to the Air National Guard and the potential loss of skilled service members if recapitalization plans are not swiftly developed. There were also discussions on the importance of maintaining air superiority in light of evolving threats, particularly from adversaries like China.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Business and Commerce Feb 4th, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- I think the industry is reacting based on the incentives given them by different governments, and so
- ...degree in government.
- All TDUs have the authority to use 765 if it's determined necessary for their area.
- We are the planning authority, so we'll take center points...
- A lot of the school districts do interlocal government agreements.
Keywords:
electric grid, cryptocurrency mining, insurance costs, transmission planning, winter storm resiliency
Summary:
The meeting focused on various critical issues affecting Texas, primarily the challenges surrounding the electric grid and rising insurance costs. Members discussed the ongoing implications of weatherization standards and the operational performance of the grid since the Winter Storm Uri. Significant attention was given to the growing demand for electricity in the state, especially in the context of emerging industries like cryptocurrency mining, and how that influences the need for resilient transmission planning. Additionally, extensive discussions occurred regarding the potential transition of transmission infrastructure from 345 kV to 765 kV, weighing the costs and future readiness of Texas' electrical grid.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Trade, Workforce & Economic Development Apr 23rd, 2025 at 10:04 am
House Trade, Workforce & Economic Development Committee
Transcript Highlights:
- Their governance is typically encoded through digital tools such as smart contracts.
Members, any questions for the author?
- With the inside protocol, governance tokens?
- So we see this very much as a bill to make our existing government more efficient.
- versus creating new levels of government.
Bills:
HB2226, HB2269, HB2343, HB2760, HB3621, HB4079, HB4204, HB4518, HB4531, HB4555, HB4850, HB4903, HB4996, HB5122, HB4876
Keywords:
property owners association, landscaping, grass maintenance, sustainability, water conservation, shrimp, restaurants, food service, imported shrimp, domestic shrimp, consumer protection, notice requirements, judicial review, Texas Workforce Commission, unemployment compensation, legal proceedings, labor law, ticket sales, event tickets, transparency
Summary:
Additionally, the committee reviewed HB4531, aiming to protect property owners from fraudulent ownership claims, which generated extensive discussions on real estate fraud and the support mechanisms for citizens lacking legal representation. Testimonies from various stakeholders pointed out the bill's potential to streamline the process for dispute resolution and protect vulnerable property owners, furthering the overarching goal of ensuring justice and accountability within the property systems. The committee concluded with the discussion of HB4903, which seeks to enhance workforce support through better child care initiatives.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- ...to govern the House proceedings.
The committee asked the author to work with TDCJ to address
- I want to thank Representative Cook for authoring this important piece of legislation and the chair and
- The Texas Government Code, Section 501, Inmate Welfare, Subchapter B, addresses mental health conditions
- Thank you also to one of my joint authors who is in the committee hearing, Representative Collier, for
Keywords:
mental health, women's health, county jail, depression screening, criminal justice, inmate release, identification certificate, Texas Department of Corrections, personal identification, driver's license, state law, reentry services, nondisclosure, criminal history, criminal defendants, community supervision, misdemeanors, felonies, criminal justice, rehabilitation
Summary:
The committee meeting focused on several legislative bills, primarily related to the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) and corrections. Notable discussions included the adoption of committee substitutes for bills such as HB1515, which proposes the TDCJ Sunset Bill, and HB2854, which discusses necessary hospital visits for inmates. The meeting featured extensive participation from members and witnesses, who provided testimonies in support of or opposition to the various bills. The atmosphere remained collaborative, with members showing mutual respect during discussions.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
- our visitors and witnesses today, the House Committee is subject to the same rules of decorum that govern
- The committee asked the author to work with TDCJ to address some of the members' concerns.
The Texas Government Code 501, Inmate Welfare, Subchapter
- Thank you also to one of my joint authors who is in the committee hearing, Representative Collier.
- It also authorizes the Texas Department of State Health Services to suspend, revoke, or deny emergency
Keywords:
mental health, women's health, county jail, depression screening, criminal justice, inmate release, identification certificate, Texas Department of Corrections, personal identification, driver's license, state law, reentry services, nondisclosure, criminal history, criminal defendants, community supervision, misdemeanors, felonies, criminal justice, rehabilitation
Summary:
The meeting of the committee involved extensive discussions on various legislative bills pertaining to corrections and transparency in Texas' penal system. Notable among these was House Bill 4764, which seeks to enhance data availability regarding individuals in restrictive housing, addressing transparency issues related to mental health and recidivism rates. An extensive public testimony period allowed for voices from advocacy groups and individuals affected by these issues, illuminating the psychological toll of solitary confinement as expressed by proponents of the bill during the discussions. There was also considerable debate around Senate Bill 1610 regarding civil commitment and its implications for public safety, with concerns raised about the potential for punitive consequences over rehabilitative efforts.
TX
Transcript Highlights:
The chair now lays out Senate Bill 2933 and recognizes its authors
- The author. Thank you for the bill, Senator.
- 10-15, it recognizes its author, the Dean of the Senate,
- It would clarify the exact court fees pursuant to the local government
- And recognizes the Dean of the Senate, its author, to explain
Keywords:
child support, interest accrual, family law, delinquency, financial judgment, Jurisprudence Committee, Senate Bill 2501, legal representation, indigent families, Senate Bill 629, child support reform, interest rate reduction, public testimony
Summary:
The meeting conducted by the Jurisprudence Committee featured significant discussions surrounding several bills focused on improving legal representation for indigent families and reforming the child support system in Texas. Notably, Senate Bill 2501 was presented to enhance access to legal counsel for families involved with the Child Protective Services, allowing them to choose their own attorneys. The bill was well-received with various testimonies supporting its potential positive impact on legal outcomes for families. Additionally, Senate Bill 629 aimed at reducing the interest rates on child support arrears was highlighted, with studies presented that indicated a decrease in non-custodial parents’ debt burden would lead to increased compliance in payments and better support for families.
TX
Texas 2025 - 89th Regular
Health and Human Services May 23rd, 2025
Transcript Highlights:
- The agency has the authority to reimburse, but it does not cover any legal expenses, no, not with this
- For spending premiums among the employer, employee, and a third party, usually a non-profit or government
- span>
39 local mental health and intellectual disability authorities
- As a result of that bill, the local IDD authorities have completed a detailed questionnaire for nearly
- equipment and supplies that the pharmacist cannot reach an individual's health care provider for authorization
Keywords:
health care, HIV testing, STD screenings, children's safety, intellectual disabilities, employee protections, legislative measures
Summary:
The meeting of the Health and Human Services Committee covered a variety of bills primarily focused on health care service enhancements and legal protections for employees. A notable discussion surrounded HB50, which aims to integrate HIV testing into routine STD screenings, a topic that received unanimous backing due to its potential to reduce the transmission of the virus. There was also significant dialogue around HB2399, which requires courts to provide detailed findings when making safety determinations regarding children's placements, further ensuring transparency and clarity in decision-making processes. The committee deliberated on various aspects of health care accessibility, particularly regarding individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities, as well as legislative measures to protect family services workers from damages caused in the line of duty. The session was characterized by thoughtful engagement from committee members and testimonies from various stakeholders.