83R21362 TJS-F
By: Thompson of Harris H.B. No. 2913
Substitute the following for H.B. No. 2913:
By: Raymond C.S.H.B. No. 2913
A BILL TO BE ENTITLED
AN ACT
relating to trusts.
BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF TEXAS:
SECTION 1. Section 111.004(12), Property Code, is amended
to read as follows:
(12) "Property" means any type of property, whether
real, tangible or intangible, legal, or equitable, including
property held in any digital or electronic medium. The term also
includes choses in action, claims, and contract rights, including a
contractual right to receive death benefits as designated
beneficiary under a policy of insurance, contract, employees'
trust, retirement account, or other arrangement.
SECTION 2. Section 112.035, Property Code, is amended by
amending Subsection (d) and adding Subsections (g) and (h) to read
as follows:
(d) If the settlor is also a beneficiary of the trust, a
provision restraining the voluntary or involuntary transfer of the
settlor's beneficial interest does not prevent the settlor's
creditors from satisfying claims from the settlor's interest in the
trust estate. A settlor is not considered a beneficiary of a trust
solely because:
(1) a trustee who is not the settlor is authorized
under the trust instrument to pay or reimburse the settlor for, or
pay directly to the taxing authorities, any tax on trust income or
principal that is payable by the settlor under the law imposing the
tax; or
(2) the settlor's interest in the trust was created by
the exercise of a power of appointment by a third party.
(g) For the purposes of this section, property contributed
to the following trusts is not considered to have been contributed
by the settlor, and a person who would otherwise be treated as a
settlor or a deemed settlor of the following trusts may not be
treated as a settlor:
(1) an irrevocable inter vivos marital trust if:
(A) the settlor is a beneficiary of the trust
after the death of the settlor's spouse; and
(B) the trust is treated as:
(i) qualified terminable interest property
under Section 2523(f), Internal Revenue Code of 1986; or
(ii) a general power of appointment trust
under Section 2523(e), Internal Revenue Code of 1986;
(2) an irrevocable inter vivos trust for the settlor's
spouse if the settlor is a beneficiary of the trust after the death
of the settlor's spouse; or
(3) an irrevocable trust for the benefit of a person:
(A) if the settlor is the person's spouse,
regardless of whether or when the person was the settlor of an
irrevocable trust for the benefit of that spouse; or
(B) to the extent that the property of the trust
was subject to a general power of appointment in another person.
(h) For the purposes of Subsection (g), a person is a
beneficiary whether named a beneficiary:
(1) under the initial trust instrument; or
(2) through the exercise of a limited or general power
of appointment by:
(A) that person's spouse; or
(B) another person.
SECTION 3. Chapter 112, Property Code, is amended by adding
Subchapter D to read as follows:
SUBCHAPTER D. DISTRIBUTION OF TRUST PRINCIPAL IN FURTHER TRUST
Sec. 112.071. DEFINITIONS. In this subchapter:
(1) "Authorized trustee" means a person, other than
the settlor, who has authority under the terms of a first trust to
distribute the principal of the trust to or for the benefit of one
or more current beneficiaries.
(2) "Charity" means a charitable entity or a
charitable trust, as those terms are defined by Section 123.001.
(3) "Current beneficiary," with respect to a
particular date, means a person who is receiving or is eligible to
receive a distribution of income or principal from a trust on that
date.
(4) "First trust" means an existing irrevocable inter
vivos or testamentary trust all or part of the principal of which is
distributed in further trust under Section 112.072 or 112.073.
(5) "Full discretion" means the power to distribute
principal to or for the benefit of one or more of the beneficiaries
of a trust that is not limited or modified by the terms of the trust
in any way, including by restrictions that limit distributions to
purposes such as the best interests, welfare, or happiness of the
beneficiaries.
(6) "Limited discretion" means a limited or modified
power to distribute principal to or for the benefit of one or more
beneficiaries of a trust.
(7) "Presumptive remainder beneficiary," with respect
to a particular date, means a beneficiary of a trust on that date
who, in the absence of notice to the trustee of the exercise of the
power of appointment and assuming that any other powers of
appointment under the trust are not exercised, would be eligible to
receive a distribution from the trust if:
(A) the trust terminated on that date; or
(B) the interests of all beneficiaries currently
eligible to receive income or principal from the trust ended on that
date without causing the trust to terminate.
(8) "Principal" means property held in trust for
distribution to a remainder beneficiary when the trust terminates
and includes income of the trust that, at the time of the exercise
of a power of distribution under Section 112.072 or 112.073, is not
currently required to be distributed.
(9) "Second trust" means any irrevocable trust to
which principal is distributed under Section 112.072 or 112.073.
(10) "Successor beneficiary" means a beneficiary
other than a current or presumptive remainder beneficiary. The
term does not include a potential appointee under a power of
appointment held by a beneficiary.
Sec. 112.072. DISTRIBUTION TO SECOND TRUST: TRUSTEE WITH
FULL DISCRETION. (a) An authorized trustee who has the full
discretion to distribute the principal of a trust may distribute
all or part of the principal of that trust in favor of a trustee of a
second trust for the benefit of one or more current beneficiaries of
the first trust who are eligible to receive income or principal from
the trust and for the benefit of one or more successor or
presumptive remainder beneficiaries of the first trust who are
eligible to receive income or principal from the trust.
(b) The authorized trustee may, in connection with the
exercise of a power of distribution under this section, grant a
power of appointment, including a currently exercisable power of
appointment, in the second trust to one or more of the current
beneficiaries of the first trust who, at the time the power of
appointment is granted, is eligible to receive the principal
outright under the terms of the first trust.
(c) If the authorized trustee grants a power of appointment
to a beneficiary under Subsection (b), the class of permissible
appointees in whose favor the beneficiary may appoint under that
power may be broader or different than the current, successor, and
presumptive remainder beneficiaries of the first trust.
(d) If the beneficiaries of the first trust are described as
a class of persons, the beneficiaries of the second trust may
include one or more persons who become members of that class after
the distribution to the second trust.
(e) The authorized trustee shall exercise a power to
distribute under this section in good faith, in accordance with the
terms and purposes of the trust, and in the interests of the
beneficiaries.
Sec. 112.073. DISTRIBUTION TO SECOND TRUST: TRUSTEE WITH
LIMITED DISCRETION. (a) An authorized trustee who has limited
discretion to distribute the principal of a trust may distribute
all or part of the principal of that trust in favor of a trustee of a
second trust as provided by this section.
(b) The current beneficiaries of the second trust must be
the same as the current beneficiaries of the first trust, and the
successor and presumptive remainder beneficiaries of the second
trust must be the same as the successor and presumptive remainder
beneficiaries of the first trust.
(c) The second trust must include the same language
authorizing the trustee to distribute the income or principal of
the trust that was included in the first trust.
(d) If the beneficiaries of the first trust are described as
a class of persons, the beneficiaries of the second trust must
include all persons who become members of that class after the
distribution to the second trust.
(e) If the first trust grants a power of appointment to a
beneficiary of the trust, the second trust must grant the power of
appointment to the beneficiary in the second trust, and the class of
permissible appointees under that power must be the same as the
class of permissible appointees under the power granted by the
first trust.
(f) The authorized trustee shall exercise a power of
distribution under this section in good faith, in accordance with
the terms and purposes of the trust, and in the interests of the
beneficiaries.
Sec. 112.074. NOTICE REQUIRED. (a) An authorized trustee
may exercise a power of distribution under Section 112.072 or
112.073 without the consent of the settlor or beneficiaries of the
first trust and without court approval if the trustee provides to
all of the current beneficiaries and presumptive remainder
beneficiaries written notice of the trustee's decision to exercise
the power.
(b) For the purpose of determining who is a current
beneficiary or presumptive remainder beneficiary entitled to the
notice, a beneficiary is determined as of the date the notice is
sent. A beneficiary includes a person entitled to receive property
under the terms of the first trust.
(c) In addition to the notice required under Subsection (a),
the authorized trustee shall give written notice of the trustee's
decision to the attorney general if:
(1) a charity is entitled to notice;
(2) a charity entitled to notice is no longer in
existence;
(3) the trustee has the authority to distribute trust
assets to one or more charities that are not named in the trust
instrument; or
(4) the trustee has the authority to make
distributions for a charitable purpose described in the trust
instrument, but no charity is named as a beneficiary for that
purpose.
(d) If the beneficiary has a court-appointed guardian or
conservator, the notice required to be given by this section must be
given to that guardian or conservator. If the beneficiary is a
minor for whom no guardian or conservator has been appointed, the
notice required to be given by this section must be given to a
parent of the minor.
(e) The authorized trustee is not required to provide the
notice to a beneficiary who:
(1) is known to the trustee and cannot be located by
the trustee after reasonable diligence;
(2) is not known to the trustee;
(3) waives the requirement of the notice under this
section; or
(4) is a descendant of a beneficiary to whom the
trustee has given notice if the beneficiary and the beneficiary's
ancestor have similar interests in the trust and no apparent
conflict of interest exists between them.
(f) The notice required under Subsection (a) must:
(1) include a statement that:
(A) the authorized trustee intends to exercise
the power of distribution;
(B) the beneficiary has the right to object to
the exercise of the power; and
(C) the beneficiary may petition a court to
approve, modify, or deny the exercise of the trustee's power to make
a distribution under this subchapter;
(2) describe the manner in which the trustee intends
to exercise the power;
(3) specify the date the trustee proposes to
distribute the first trust to the second trust;
(4) include the name and mailing address of the
trustee;
(5) include copies of the agreements of the first
trust and the proposed second trust;
(6) be given not later than the 30th day before the
proposed date of distribution to the second trust; and
(7) be sent by registered or certified mail, return
receipt requested, or delivered in person, unless the notice is
waived in writing by the person to whom notice is required to be
given.
Sec. 112.075. WRITTEN INSTRUMENT REQUIRED. A distribution
under Section 112.072 or 112.073 must be made by a written
instrument that is signed and acknowledged by the authorized
trustee and filed with the records of the first trust and the second
trust.
Sec. 112.076. REFERENCE TO TRUST TERMS. A reference to the
governing instrument or terms of the governing instrument of a
trust includes the terms of a second trust to which that trust's
principal was distributed under this subchapter.
Sec. 112.077. SETTLOR OF SECOND TRUST. (a) Except as
provided by Subsection (b), the settlor of a first trust is
considered to be the settlor of a second trust established under
this subchapter.
(b) If a settlor of a first trust is not also the settlor of
a second trust into which principal of that first trust is
distributed, the settlor of the first trust is considered the
settlor of the portion of the second trust distributed to the second
trust from that first trust under this subchapter.
Sec. 112.078. COURT-ORDERED DISTRIBUTION. (a) An
authorized trustee may petition a court to order a distribution
under this subchapter.
(b) If the authorized trustee receives a written objection
to a distribution under this subchapter from a beneficiary before
the proposed effective date of the distribution specified in the
notice provided to the beneficiary under Section 112.074, the
trustee or the beneficiary may petition a court to approve, modify,
or deny the exercise of the trustee's power to make a distribution
under this subchapter.
(c) If the authorized trustee receives a written objection
to the distribution from the attorney general not later than the
30th day after the date the notice required by Section 112.074 was
received by the attorney general, the trustee may not make a
distribution under Section 112.072 or 112.073 without petitioning a
court to approve or modify the exercise of the trustee's power to
make a distribution under this subchapter.
(d) In a judicial proceeding under this section, the
authorized trustee may present the trustee's reasons for supporting
or opposing a proposed distribution, including whether the trustee
believes the distribution would enable the trustee to better carry
out the purposes of the trust.
(e) The authorized trustee has the burden of proving that
the proposed distribution furthers the purposes of the trust, is in
accordance with the terms of the trust, and is in the interests of
the beneficiaries.
Sec. 112.079. DIVIDED DISCRETION. If an authorized trustee
has full discretion to distribute the principal of a trust and
another trustee has limited discretion to distribute principal
under the trust instrument, the authorized trustee having full
discretion may exercise the power to distribute the trust's
principal under Section 112.072.
Sec. 112.080. LATER DISCOVERED ASSETS. To the extent the
authorized trustee does not provide otherwise:
(1) the distribution of all of the principal of a first
trust to a second trust includes subsequently discovered assets
otherwise belonging to the first trust and principal paid to or
acquired by the first trust after the distribution of the first
trust's principal to the second trust; and
(2) the distribution of part of the principal of a
first trust to a second trust does not include subsequently
discovered assets belonging to the first trust or principal paid to
or acquired by the first trust after the distribution of principal
from the first trust to the second trust, and those assets or that
principal remain the assets or principal of the first trust.
Sec. 112.081. OTHER AUTHORITY TO DISTRIBUTE IN FURTHER
TRUST NOT LIMITED. This subchapter may not be construed to limit
the power of an authorized trustee to distribute property in
further trust under the terms of the governing instrument of a
trust, other law, or a court order.
Sec. 112.082. NEED FOR DISTRIBUTION NOT REQUIRED. An
authorized trustee may exercise the power to distribute principal
to a second trust under Section 112.072 or 112.073 regardless of
whether there is a current need to distribute principal under the
terms of the first trust.
Sec. 112.083. DUTIES NOT CREATED. (a) This subchapter does
not create or imply a duty for an authorized trustee to exercise a
power to distribute principal, and impropriety may not be inferred
as a result of the trustee not exercising a power conferred by
Section 112.072 or 112.073.
(b) An authorized trustee does not have a duty to inform
beneficiaries about the availability of the authority provided by
this subchapter or a duty to review the trust to determine whether
any action should be taken under this subchapter.
Sec. 112.084. CERTAIN DISTRIBUTIONS PROHIBITED. (a)
Except as provided by Subsection (b), an authorized trustee may not
exercise a power to distribute principal of a trust otherwise
provided by Section 112.072 or 112.073 if the distribution is
expressly prohibited by the terms of the governing instrument of
the trust.
(b) A general prohibition of the amendment or revocation of
a trust or a provision that constitutes a spendthrift clause does
not preclude the exercise of a power to distribute principal of a
trust under Section 112.072 or 112.073.
Sec. 112.085. EXCEPTIONS TO POWER OF DISTRIBUTION. An
authorized trustee may not exercise a power to distribute principal
of a trust under Section 112.072 or 112.073 to:
(1) reduce, limit, or modify a beneficiary's current,
vested right to:
(A) receive a mandatory distribution of income or
principal;
(B) receive a mandatory annuity or unitrust
interest;
(C) withdraw a percentage of the value of the
trust; or
(D) withdraw a specified dollar amount from the
trust;
(2) materially impair the rights of any beneficiary of
the trust;
(3) materially limit a trustee's fiduciary duty under
the trust or as described by Section 111.0035;
(4) decrease or indemnify against a trustee's
liability or exonerate a trustee from liability for failure to
exercise reasonable care, diligence, and prudence;
(5) eliminate a provision granting another person the
right to remove or replace the authorized trustee exercising the
distribution power under Section 112.072 or 112.073; or
(6) reduce, limit, or modify in the second trust a
perpetuities provision included in the first trust, unless
expressly permitted by the terms of the first trust.
Sec. 112.086. TAX-RELATED LIMITATIONS. (a) The authorized
trustee may not distribute the principal of a trust under Section
112.072 or 112.073 in a manner that would prevent a contribution to
that trust from qualifying for or that would reduce the exclusion,
deduction, or other federal tax benefit that was originally claimed
for that contribution, including:
(1) the annual exclusion under Section 2503(b),
Internal Revenue Code of 1986;
(2) a marital deduction under Section 2056(a) or
2523(a), Internal Revenue Code of 1986;
(3) the charitable deduction under Section 170(a),
642(c), 2055(a), or 2522(a), Internal Revenue Code of 1986;
(4) direct skip treatment under Section 2642(c),
Internal Revenue Code of 1986; or
(5) any other tax benefit for income, gift, estate, or
generation-skipping transfer tax purposes under the Internal
Revenue Code of 1986.
(b) Notwithstanding Subsection (a), an authorized trustee
may distribute the principal of a first trust to a second trust
regardless of whether the settlor is treated as the owner of either
or both trusts under Sections 671-679, Internal Revenue Code of
1986.
(c) If S corporation stock is held in trust, an authorized
trustee may not distribute all or part of that stock under Section
112.072 or 112.073 to a second trust that is not a permitted
shareholder under Section 1361(c)(2), Internal Revenue Code of
1986.
(d) If an interest in property that is subject to the
minimum distribution rules of Section 401(a)(9), Internal Revenue
Code of 1986, is held in trust, an authorized trustee may not
distribute the trust's interest in the property to a second trust
under Section 112.072 or 112.073 if the distribution would shorten
the minimum distribution period applicable to the property.
Sec. 112.087. COMPENSATION OF TRUSTEE. (a) Except as
provided by Subsection (b) and unless a court, on application of the
authorized trustee, directs otherwise, the trustee may not exercise
a power under Section 112.072 or 112.073 solely to change trust
provisions regarding the determination of the compensation of any
trustee.
(b) An authorized trustee, in connection with the exercise
of a power under Section 112.072 or 112.073 for another valid and
reasonable purpose, may bring the trustee's compensation into
conformance with reasonable limits authorized by state law.
(c) The compensation payable to an authorized trustee of the
first trust may continue to be paid to the trustee of the second
trust during the term of the second trust and may be determined in
the same manner as the compensation would have been determined in
the first trust.
(d) An authorized trustee may not receive a commission or
other compensation for the distribution of a particular asset from
a first trust to a second trust under Section 112.072 or 112.073.
SECTION 4. Section 113.029, Property Code, is amended by
amending Subsection (b) and adding Subsection (e) to read as
follows:
(b) Subject to Subsection (d), and unless the terms of the
trust expressly indicate that a requirement provided by this
subsection does not apply:
(1) a person, other than a settlor, who is a
beneficiary and trustee, trustee affiliate, or discretionary power
holder of a trust that confers on the trustee a power to make
discretionary distributions to or for the trustee's, the trustee
affiliate's, or the discretionary power holder's personal benefit
may exercise the power only in accordance with an ascertainable
standard relating to the trustee's, the trustee affiliate's, or the
discretionary power holder's individual health, education,
support, or maintenance within the meaning of Section 2041(b)(1)(A)
or 2514(c)(1), Internal Revenue Code of 1986; and
(2) a trustee may not exercise a power to make
discretionary distributions to satisfy a legal obligation of
support that the trustee personally owes another person.
(e) In this section, "discretionary power holder" means a
person who has the sole power or power shared with another person to
make discretionary decisions on behalf of a trustee with respect to
distributions from a trust.
SECTION 5. Section 115.002, Property Code, is amended by
adding Subsections (b-1) and (b-2) and amending Subsections (c),
(c-1), and (f) to read as follows:
(b-1) If there are multiple noncorporate trustees and the
trustees maintain a principal office in this state, an action shall
be brought in the county in which:
(1) the situs of administration of the trust is
maintained or has been maintained at any time during the four-year
period preceding the date the action is filed; or
(2) the trustees maintain the principal office.
(b-2) If there are multiple noncorporate trustees and the
trustees do not maintain a principal office in this state, an action
shall be brought in the county in which:
(1) the situs of administration of the trust is
maintained or has been maintained at any time during the four-year
period preceding the date the action is filed; or
(2) any trustee resides or has resided at any time
during the four-year period preceding the date the action is filed.
(c) If there are one or more corporate trustees [multiple
trustees or a corporate trustee], an action shall be brought in the
county in which:
(1) the situs of administration of the trust is
maintained or has been maintained at any time during the four-year
period preceding the date the action is filed; or
(2) any [, provided that an action against a corporate
trustee as defendant may be brought in the county in which the]
corporate trustee maintains its principal office in this state.
(c-1) Notwithstanding Subsections (b), (b-1), (b-2), and
(c), if the settlor is deceased and an administration of the
settlor's estate is pending in this state, an action involving the
interpretation and administration of an inter vivos trust created
by the settlor or a testamentary trust created by the settlor's will
may be brought:
(1) in a county in which venue is proper under
Subsection (b), (b-1), (b-2), or (c); or
(2) in the county in which the administration of the
settlor's estate is pending.
(f) For the purposes of this section:
(1) "Corporate trustee" means an entity organized as a
financial institution or a corporation with the authority to act in
a fiduciary capacity.
(2) "Principal office" means:
(A) if there are one or more corporate trustees,
an office of a corporate trustee in this state where the decision
makers for the corporate trustee within this state conduct the
daily affairs of the corporate trustee; or
(B) if there are multiple trustees, none of which
is a corporate trustee, an office in this state that is not
maintained within the personal residence of any trustee, and in
which one or more trustees conducts the daily affairs of the
trustees.
(2-a) The mere presence of an agent or representative
of a [the corporate] trustee does not establish a principal office
as defined by Subdivision (2). The principal office of a [the]
corporate trustee or the principal office maintained by multiple
noncorporate trustees may also be but is not necessarily the same as
the situs of administration of the trust.
(3) "Situs of administration" means the location in
this state where the trustee maintains the office that is primarily
responsible for dealing with the settlor and beneficiaries of the
trust. The situs of administration may also be but is not
necessarily the same as the principal office of a corporate trustee
or the principal office maintained by multiple noncorporate
trustees.
SECTION 6. Section 11.13(j), Tax Code, is amended to read as
follows:
(j) For purposes of this section:
(1) "Residence homestead" means a structure
(including a mobile home) or a separately secured and occupied
portion of a structure (together with the land, not to exceed 20
acres, and improvements used in the residential occupancy of the
structure, if the structure and the land and improvements have
identical ownership) that:
(A) is owned by one or more individuals, either
directly or through a beneficial interest in a qualifying trust;
(B) is designed or adapted for human residence;
(C) is used as a residence; and
(D) is occupied as the individual's [his]
principal residence by an owner or, for property owned through a
beneficial interest in a qualifying trust, by a trustor or
beneficiary of the trust who qualifies for the exemption.
(2) "Trustor" means a person who transfers an interest
in real or personal [residential] property to a qualifying trust,
whether during the person's lifetime or at death [by deed or by
will], or the person's spouse.
(3) "Qualifying trust" means a trust:
(A) in which the agreement, will, or court order
creating the trust, an instrument transferring property to the
trust, or any other agreement that is binding on the trustee
provides that the trustor of the trust or a [the] beneficiary of the
trust [if created by court order] has the right to use and occupy as
the trustor's or beneficiary's principal residence residential
property rent free and without charge except for taxes and other
costs and expenses specified in the instrument or court order:
(i) for life;
(ii) for the lesser of life or a term of
years; or
(iii) until the date the trust is revoked or
terminated by an instrument or court order that describes the
property with sufficient certainty to identify it and is recorded
in the real property records of the county in which the property is
located; and
(B) that acquires the property in an instrument
of title or under a court order that:
(i) describes the property with sufficient
certainty to identify it and the interest acquired; and
(ii) is recorded in the real property
records of the county in which the property is located[; and
[(iii) in the case of a trust that is not
created by court order, is executed by the trustor or the personal
representative of the trustor].
SECTION 7. Section 152.025(a), Tax Code, is amended to read
as follows:
(a) A tax is imposed on the recipient of a gift of a motor
vehicle. This section applies only if the person receiving the
motor vehicle:
(1) receives the vehicle from:
(A) the person's:
(i) spouse;
(ii) parent or stepparent;
(iii) grandparent or grandchild;
(iv) child or stepchild;
(v) sibling; or
(vi) guardian; [or]
(B) a decedent's estate;
(C) a trust subject to the Texas Trust Code
(Subtitle B, Title 9, Property Code) that was revocable by a
decedent or that was jointly revocable by a decedent and the
decedent's spouse; or
(D) a trust subject to the Texas Trust Code that
is revocable by the person receiving the motor vehicle or that is
jointly revocable by the recipient and the recipient's spouse;
(2) is a trust subject to the Texas Trust Code that is
revocable by the transferor of the motor vehicle or that is jointly
revocable by the transferor and the transferor's spouse; or
(3) is exempt from federal income taxation under
Section 501(a), Internal Revenue Code of 1986, by being listed as an
exempt organization under Section 501(c)(3) of that code, and the
vehicle will be used for the purposes of the organization.
SECTION 8. The legislature intends Subchapter D, Chapter
112, Property Code, as added by this Act, to be a codification of
the common law of this state in effect before the effective date of
this Act.
SECTION 9. (a) Except as otherwise expressly provided by a
trust, a will creating a trust, or this section, the changes in law
made by this Act apply to a trust existing or created on or after
September 1, 2013.
(b) For a trust existing on September 1, 2013, that was
created before that date, the changes in law made by this Act apply
only to an act or omission relating to the trust that occurs on or
after September 1, 2013.
(c) Section 115.002, Property Code, as amended by this Act,
applies only to a court action commenced on or after the effective
date of this Act. An action commenced before the effective date of
this Act is governed by the law in effect immediately before that
date, and the former law is continued in effect for that purpose.
SECTION 10. This Act takes effect September 1, 2013.