84R151 SMH-F
By: Taylor of Collin S.B. No. 118
A BILL TO BE ENTITLED
AN ACT
relating to unit operations for oil, gas, or oil and gas production
from depleting reservoirs or carbon dioxide storage; authorizing a
fee.
BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF TEXAS:
SECTION 1. Subtitle C, Title 3, Natural Resources Code, is
amended by adding Chapter 104 to read as follows:
CHAPTER 104. UNITIZATION
SUBCHAPTER A. GENERAL PROVISIONS
Sec. 104.001. SHORT TITLE. This chapter may be cited as the
Oil and Gas Majority Rights Protection Act for Secondary and
Tertiary Recovery Operations.
Sec. 104.002. DEFINITIONS. In this chapter:
(1) "Commission" means the Railroad Commission of
Texas.
(2) "Common source of supply" means:
(A) a common reservoir as defined by Section
86.002 the boundaries of which have been determined from geological
or other scientific data or experiments or from drilling
operations; or
(B) separate multiple stratigraphic or
lenticular accumulations of oil, gas, or oil and gas that have been
recognized and regulated as a common reservoir by the commission
under Section 86.081(b).
(3) "Extraneous substances" are substances, including
hydrocarbons or carbon dioxide, purchased or otherwise obtained
from outside a common source of supply for injection into the common
source of supply during unit operations.
(4) "Oil and gas" means "oil" and "gas" as defined by
Section 85.001.
(5) "Plan of unitization" means a plan or agreement
that is consistent with the requirements of this chapter between
working interest owners and royalty owners in a common source of
supply or part of a common source of supply the geological limits of
which have been sufficiently defined and in which unit operations
may be conducted to enhance the production of oil, gas, or oil and
gas from the common source of supply or part of the common source of
supply to greater volumes than would otherwise be produced by
primary recovery operations only.
(6) "Primary recovery" means the displacement of oil,
gas, or oil and gas from a common source of supply or part of a
common source of supply in a unit area by means of the natural
pressure of the reservoir, including artificial lift, but in the
absence of unit operations.
(7) "Royalty interest" means the right to, or an
interest in, oil and gas or proceeds of oil and gas production free
of costs, other than a working interest. The term includes a
royalty interest attributable to the interest of an unleased
mineral interest owner under Section 104.057(1).
(8) "Royalty owner" means the owner of a royalty
interest.
(9) "Tract" means a parcel of land lying within the
unit area that is under uniform royalty and working interest
ownership.
(10) "Tract participation" means the percentage shown
in the plan of unitization participation formula for allocating
unit production to a tract, which is measured by the value
calculated for each tract for oil, gas, or oil and gas purposes
based on its contributing value to the unit in relation to like
values of other tracts in the unit, the sum of which is 100 percent.
(11) "Unit area" includes the surface area inside the
boundaries of the unit and the common source of supply or the part
of the common source of supply underlying the surface area that may
be reasonably required for the conduct of unit operations.
(12) "Unit cost" or "unit expense" includes any cost
or expense incurred in the conduct of unit operations.
(13) "Unit operations" means:
(A) operations intended to increase the ultimate
recovery of oil, gas, or oil and gas from a common source of supply
related to the production of oil, gas, or oil and gas from the unit
area, including:
(i) repressuring;
(ii) waterflooding;
(iii) pressure maintenance;
(iv) tertiary recovery operations; or
(v) any other similar operations that are
incidental or necessary to increase the ultimate recovery of oil,
gas, oil and gas, or other hydrocarbons from the proposed unit area;
and
(B) the establishment and operation of the
necessary facilities for the operations listed in Paragraph (A).
(14) "Unit operator" means the person designated under
the plan of unitization to conduct unit operations, acting as
operator and not merely as a working interest owner.
(15) "Unit participation of a royalty owner" means the
percentage equal to the sum of the products obtained by multiplying
the royalty interest of each royalty owner in each tract in which
the owner owns a royalty interest by the tract participation of that
tract in the unit.
(16) "Unit participation of a working interest owner"
means the percentage equal to the sum of the products obtained by
multiplying the working interest of each working interest owner in
each tract in which the owner owns a working interest by the tract
participation of that tract in the unit.
(17) "Unit production" includes all oil, gas, or oil
and gas produced and saved from a unit area after the effective date
of the unit regardless of the well or tract in the unit area from
which the oil, gas, or oil and gas are produced. The term does not
include the following substances if the working interest owners
under a lease, contract, agreement, or unit plan have excluded the
substances from unit production:
(A) recoverable extraneous substances injected
into the common source of supply or used in well treatment or
pressure maintenance;
(B) any production that is reinjected into the
unit area, unless the reinjected production is later removed from
the unit area for nonunit purposes or sold, in which case it will be
considered to be unit production; or
(C) any production used or consumed in unit
operations.
(18) "Working interest" means an interest in oil and
gas by virtue of a lease, operating agreement, fee title, or
otherwise, including a carried interest, the owner of which is
obligated to pay, in cash, out of production, or otherwise, the
owner's share of the unit expense under the proposed or approved
plan of unitization. The term includes a working interest
attributable to the interest of an unleased mineral interest owner
under Section 104.057(2).
(19) "Working interest owner" means the owner of a
working interest.
Sec. 104.003. POWER AND AUTHORITY OF COMMISSION. (a) The
commission shall adopt any necessary rule, issue and enforce any
necessary order, and perform all required acts necessary to carry
out the purposes of this chapter.
(b) The commission in accordance with this chapter shall
determine whether a plan of unitization, including the
participation formula, proposed under this chapter for all or part
of a common source of supply is fair, reasonable, and equitable for
all interests concerned and necessary to carry out the purposes of
this chapter.
Sec. 104.004. APPLICABILITY TO EXPLORATORY OR PRIMARY
RECOVERY OPERATIONS. This chapter does not affect or apply to
exploratory or primary recovery operations.
Sec. 104.005. APPLICABILITY TO VOLUNTARY COOPERATIVE
AGREEMENTS IN SECONDARY RECOVERY OPERATIONS. This chapter does not
affect or apply to a voluntary cooperative agreement in secondary
recovery operations as provided by Subchapter B, Chapter 101,
unless application is made under this chapter for unit operations.
Sec. 104.006. APPLICABILITY TO POOLING OF INTERESTS IN
PRORATION UNIT. This chapter does not affect or apply to the
pooling of separately owned interests in oil and gas within an
existing or proposed proration unit in a common reservoir as
provided by Subchapter B, Chapter 102.
Sec. 104.007. APPLICABILITY TO PUBLIC LAND. (a) This
chapter does not apply to land owned by the state or land in which
the state has a direct or indirect interest.
(b) Except as provided by Subsection (c), this chapter does
not amend, repeal, change, alter, or affect in any manner the
authority or jurisdiction of the state, the commissioner of the
General Land Office, or any board or agency of the state with
respect to any land or interest in land in which the state, the
commissioner of the General Land Office, or any board or agency of
the state has jurisdiction or the unitization of such land.
(c) Land in which the state has an interest as described in
this chapter may be unitized under this chapter only:
(1) at the instance of the commissioner of the General
Land Office; or
(2) with the approval of or consent to a plan of
unitization by the state, the commissioner of the General Land
Office, or the board or agency having jurisdiction.
(d) If land in which the state has an interest is to be
unitized as provided for by Subsection (c), the plan of unitization
and unit operating agreement is subject to and must incorporate by
reference all statutes and rules that apply to the land in which the
state has an interest.
Sec. 104.008. CONFLICT WITH ANTITRUST ACTS. (a) A plan of
unitization and operation under an agreement that complies with
this chapter, is approved by commission order, and is found by the
commission to be necessary to prevent waste and conserve the
natural resources of this state may not be construed to be in
violation of Chapter 15, Business & Commerce Code.
(b) If a court finds a conflict between this chapter and
Chapter 15, Business & Commerce Code, this chapter is intended as a
reasonable exception to that law that is necessary for the public
interest of preventing waste and conserving the natural resources
of this state.
(c) If a court finds a conflict between this chapter and
Chapter 15, Business & Commerce Code, and finds that this chapter is
not a reasonable exception to Chapter 15, Business & Commerce Code,
the legislature intends that this chapter, or any conflicting part
of this chapter, be declared invalid rather than that Chapter 15,
Business & Commerce Code, or any portion of that chapter, be
declared invalid.
Sec. 104.009. APPEALS. A person affected by an order of the
commission issued under this chapter is entitled to judicial review
of that order in accordance with Subchapter G, Chapter 85. The
petition for review must be filed in Travis County.
SUBCHAPTER B. APPLICATION PROCEDURES; CONSIDERATION
AND APPROVAL OF PLAN
Sec. 104.051. APPLICATION FOR UNITIZATION. (a) A working
interest owner or proposed unit operator may file an application
with the commission requesting an order under this chapter for the
unit operation of a common source of supply or a part of that common
source of supply.
(b) The application must contain:
(1) a description of the proposed unit area and the
vertical limits and producing horizons to be included in that unit
area with a map or plat attached;
(2) a statement of the type of operations contemplated
for the unit area;
(3) a copy of a proposed plan of unitization and all
agreements related to that plan that the applicant considers fair,
reasonable, and equitable, including a unit operating agreement
that contains provisions dealing with:
(A) the manner in which the costs and expenses of
unit operations are to be apportioned among and assessed against
the tracts and interests chargeable with those costs and expenses,
including a detailed accounting procedure governing all charges and
credits incident to unit operations and providing for audits of
those charges and credits;
(B) voting and approval procedures;
(C) the designation, resignation, removal, or
replacement of the unit operator;
(D) the division of interest or formula for
allocation of unit production, payment of interests free of costs,
and allocation of unit expenses;
(E) the time when the plan of unitization takes
effect; and
(F) the time when, conditions under which, and
method by which the unit shall or may be dissolved and its affairs
wound up;
(4) an allegation of the facts required to be found by
the commission under Section 104.054;
(5) an allegation that the applicant has obtained at
least the minimum required approval of the plan of unitization as
required by Section 104.056; and
(6) an allegation that:
(A) each owner of an interest in the oil and gas
under each tract in the proposed unit area has been given an
opportunity to enter into the unit on the same basis; and
(B) the applicant or proposed unit operator has
made a good faith effort to voluntarily unitize all interests in the
proposed unit area.
(c) The applicant shall submit with the application a list
including:
(1) the name of each person owning or having a working
interest, royalty interest, or unleased mineral interest in the
proposed unit area and each offset operator and unleased mineral
interest owner adjacent to the proposed unit area; and
(2) for each person listed:
(A) an address; or
(B) a statement that the person's address is
unknown.
Sec. 104.052. HEARING REQUIRED. (a) On receipt of an
application, the commission promptly shall set the matter for
hearing and cause notice of the hearing to be given as provided by
Section 104.053.
(b) At the hearing, an affected person is entitled to be
heard, to introduce evidence, and to introduce and cross-examine
witnesses.
Sec. 104.053. NOTICE. (a) Notice of the application and
the time and place of the hearing on the application must be mailed,
postage prepaid, not later than the 31st day before the hearing date
to each working interest owner, operator, unleased mineral interest
owner, and royalty owner in the unit area and to each offset
operator and unleased mineral interest owner whose name and address
is shown on the list provided under Section 104.051.
(b) Notice of the application and the time and place of
hearing must be published once a week for four consecutive weeks in
a newspaper of general circulation authorized by law to publish
legal notices in the county or counties in which the land involved
is located. The first publication must be made not later than the
31st day before the hearing date.
(c) Typographical errors in a notice that are not material
to the purpose of the notice do not affect the validity of the
notice.
Sec. 104.054. COMMISSION FINDINGS. After notice and a
hearing, the commission shall determine whether:
(1) the unitized operation of the common source of
supply or the part of the common source of supply involved in the
plan of unitization is reasonably necessary to conduct unit
operations and the plan of unitization is reasonably necessary to
prevent waste, protect correlative rights, and promote the
conservation of oil, gas, or oil and gas;
(2) the estimated incremental recovery of oil, gas, or
oil and gas from the common source of supply is reasonably
anticipated to exceed the estimated incremental expenses incident
to conducting unit operations;
(3) the productive limits of the common source of
supply or the part of the common source of supply proposed for
unitization have been reasonably defined by exploration,
development, or other definable means so as to establish that the
area proposed for unitization is reasonably necessary and
sufficient for unit operations;
(4) if only a portion of the common source of supply is
proposed for unitization, unit operations will have a material
adverse effect on the remainder of the common source of supply;
(5) the unsigned owners of interests in the oil and gas
under each tract of land in the proposed unit area have been given a
reasonable opportunity to enter into the unit on the same basis as
the owners of interests in the oil and gas under the other tracts in
the unit area and the applicant or proposed unit operator has made a
good faith effort to voluntarily unitize all interests within the
proposed unit area;
(6) the applicant has obtained approval for the plan
of unitization from at least the minimum number of working interest
and royalty interest owners required by Section 104.056;
(7) the expense of establishing the unit and unit
expenses that are to be charged as unit expenses are reasonable and
necessary;
(8) the expenses relating to unit operations will:
(A) be for the common benefit of all persons with
interests in the unit;
(B) be allocated on a fair and equitable basis;
and
(C) not result in a profit or other benefit that
favors the unit operator over other unitized interest owners;
(9) a working interest owner has a reasonable right to
review all records pertaining to unit operations and a reasonable
amount of time to audit unit expenses;
(10) the plan of unitization meets the requirements of
Subchapter C and reasonably conforms to the requirements of this
chapter; and
(11) the plan of unitization, including the tract
participation formula and percentages, is in all respects fair,
reasonable, and equitable.
Sec. 104.055. UNITIZATION ORDER; EFFECT OF OPERATIONS. (a)
If the commission finds that all the requirements of Section
104.054 are met, the commission shall issue an order providing for:
(1) the unitized operation of the unit area in the
common source of supply as set forth in the plan of unitization; and
(2) unitization of all working interests and royalty
interests in the unit area.
(b) The order must:
(1) unitize all interests of all owners in the area
covered by the plan of unitization with the same effect as if those
owners had executed the plan of unitization and had been parties to
the unit agreement;
(2) approve the area of the common source of supply or
the part of the common source of supply to be included in the unit
area and the vertical limits of the common source of supply as
defined in the plan of unitization;
(3) approve the plan of unitization, including the
allocation of production and costs among tracts; and
(4) approve the designation of the initial unit
operator as named in the plan of unitization.
(c) Unit operations on and production from any lease in the
unit area for which a unitization order has been entered are
considered for all purposes the conduct of unit operations on and
production from each separately owned lease and tract in the unit.
(d) If only a part of a lease is included in the unit, unit
operations on or production from the unit maintains an oil and gas
lease as to the part excluded from the unit only if the excluded
part of the lease otherwise would have been maintained under the
terms of the lease by the unit production attributable to the
included tract or tracts.
Sec. 104.056. APPROVAL OF PROPOSED PLAN OF UNITIZATION BY
WORKING INTEREST AND ROYALTY OWNERS. (a) An order of the
commission creating a unit and prescribing the plan of unitization
takes effect only when the proposed plan of unitization has been
approved in writing by:
(1) the owners, on a unit participation basis, of a
supermajority consisting of at least 70 percent of the aggregate
unit working interests; and
(2) a supermajority consisting of at least 70 percent
of the owners, on a unit participation basis, of the aggregate unit
royalty interests that complete and return an approval or
ratification together with the ballot distributed under Subsection
(b).
(b) A ballot distributed to the owners of royalty interests
must:
(1) state that the applicant will confirm by mail that
the ballot has been received and whether it has been counted as a
vote for or against the proposed plan;
(2) be sent by certified mail, return receipt
requested, to each owner of a royalty interest in the proposed unit
area, including the interest attributable to each owner of an
unleased mineral interest;
(3) be sent a second time by certified mail, return
receipt requested, to any interest owner for whom a receipt from the
first mailing is not returned after a reasonable effort has been
made between the first and the second mailings to correct any
address that appears to be inaccurate; and
(4) be accompanied by:
(A) a copy of the proposed plan of unitization;
(B) an objective summary of the proposed plan
that is reasonably calculated to provide an ordinary royalty owner
with an adequate understanding of how the royalty owner's property
interest would be affected by a favorable vote and how that interest
would be affected by an unfavorable vote; and
(C) a postage-paid reply envelope.
(c) A royalty owner may not be required to return a ballot
earlier than the 14th day after the date the owner receives the
ballot and other information required by Subsection (b).
(d) The applicant shall:
(1) confirm the receipt of each ballot; and
(2) indicate to the royalty owner returning the ballot
whether the ballot has been counted as a vote for or a vote against
the proposed plan.
(e) The commission shall dismiss the application if the
commission finds that the applicant has not reasonably complied
with Subsection (b), (c), or (d).
(f) Notwithstanding Sections 104.054 and 104.055, the
commission may issue an order approving the plan of unitization
before the requirements of Subsection (a)(2) of this section have
been met. If the commission issues an order approving the plan of
unitization under that circumstance, the requirements of
Subsection (a)(2) must be met not later than six months after the
date the commission issues the order. If after an additional notice
and hearing as provided by Sections 104.052 and 104.053 the
commission determines that the requirements of Subsection (a)(2) of
this section have been met before the expiration of the required
period, the order takes effect. If after the additional notice and
hearing the commission determines that the requirements of
Subsection (a)(2) have not been met before the expiration of the
required period, the order has no effect, and the commission shall
revoke the order.
Sec. 104.057. STATUS OF UNLEASED MINERAL INTERESTS. Any
mineral interest in the unit area that is unleased on the effective
date of unitization is considered for purposes of unit
participation:
(1) to have a royalty interest of one-sixth of that
interest, free and clear of all unit expenses; and
(2) to be a working interest to the extent of
five-sixths of that interest, with all the rights and obligations
of a lessee as if the mineral rights were leased.
SUBCHAPTER C. PLAN OF UNITIZATION
Sec. 104.101. AUTHORIZED PLANS. (a) A plan of unitization
may be proposed under this chapter only to establish units and
cooperative facilities necessary for unit operations that are
reasonably anticipated to substantially increase the ultimate
recovery of oil, gas, or oil and gas to greater volumes than would
be recovered by primary recovery alone.
(b) The proposed plan of unitization and the commission
order approving the plan may provide for unit operation of less than
the whole of a common source of supply if:
(1) the unit area is of a size and shape that is
reasonably required for successful and efficient conduct of the
type of unit operations proposed; and
(2) the type of unit operations proposed will not have
a material adverse effect on the part of the common source of supply
that is not included in the plan of unitization.
Sec. 104.102. SINGLE OR MULTIPLE AGREEMENTS. The plan of
unitization may consist of one or more agreements that the
applicant considers to be fair, reasonable, and equitable if the
applicant submits each agreement to the commission as required by
Section 104.051(b)(3).
Sec. 104.103. PARTICIPATION; ALLOCATION OF UNIT
PRODUCTION. (a) The proposed plan must provide for the
apportionment and allocation of the unit production among the
tracts in the unit area in order to reasonably permit a person
entitled to share in, or benefit by, the production from a tract in
the unit to receive a fair share of the unit production or other
benefits.
(b) A tract's fair share of the unit production must be
measured by the value of each tract and its contributing value to
the unit in relation to like values of other tracts in the unit,
taking into account acreage, the quantity of oil, gas, or oil and
gas recoverable from the tract, the tract's location on the
geological structure, the tract's probable productivity of oil,
gas, or oil and gas in the absence of unit operations, or as many
other factors, including other pertinent engineering, geological,
or operating factors, as are reasonably susceptible of
determination.
Sec. 104.104. VOTING BY WORKING INTEREST OWNERS. The
proposed plan of unitization must establish a voting procedure for
decisions by the working interest owners. The voting procedure
need not be the same for each type of decision that may be made by
the working interest owners. However, each voting procedure must
provide that each working interest owner has a voting interest
equal to that owner's unit participation.
Sec. 104.105. OPERATING AGREEMENT. The proposed plan of
unitization must include a proposed operating agreement
establishing:
(1) the manner in which the unit will be operated,
supervised, and managed by the unit operator in the conduct of unit
operations;
(2) the grounds on which a unit operator may be
replaced for cause;
(3) a procedure by which a unit operator may resign or
be replaced without cause;
(4) allocation of and provision for payment of unit
costs; and
(5) the other matters required by Section
104.051(b)(3).
Sec. 104.106. EFFECTIVE DATE AND TERMINATION DATE OF PLAN
OF UNITIZATION. (a) The proposed plan of unitization must provide
for the date on which the plan takes effect, the manner in which and
the circumstances under which unit operations terminate, the
settlement of accounts on termination, and notice by the unit
operator to the public within 30 days after the effective date of
the unit. After the commission by order adopts the plan of
unitization and declares the unit effective, the unit operator must
give public notice by filing for record, in the real property
records of the county or counties in which the unit area or any part
of the unit area is located, a certificate containing:
(1) the name of the unit;
(2) the legal description of each tract included in
the unit area and a description of the common source of supply or
the part of the common source of supply included in the unit area;
(3) the commission docket number;
(4) the date of the commission order, including any
supplemental orders, relating to approval of the plan of
unitization or the approval by the royalty owners;
(5) the effective date of unit operations; and
(6) a survey plat setting out the unit boundaries.
(b) The plan of unitization must require the unit operator,
not later than the 60th day after the date of termination of the
unit, to file for record in each county in which any part of the unit
area is located a certificate stating the date the unit operations
terminated.
Sec. 104.107. FINANCING UNIT OPERATIONS. (a) The plan of
unitization must provide the manner in which unit costs, including
overhead and interest, are determined, allocated, and charged to
the separately owned tracts or interests and must include a
detailed accounting procedure for all charges and credits incident
to unit operations. The unit costs chargeable to a tract or
interest must be paid by each working interest owner on a unit
participation basis.
(b) The plan also must:
(1) provide for the auditing of all records of the unit
operator pertaining to unit operation;
(2) require the operator to maintain records
sufficient to show the reasonableness of any payments to affiliates
of the operator and of other unit costs;
(3) provide for disclosure so that working interest
owners will be informed in a timely manner whether particular costs
and expenses relate to activities undertaken by an affiliate of the
operator; and
(4) include provisions that disallow situations in
which a profit or other benefit would accrue solely to the operator
as unit operator.
Sec. 104.108. ATTACHMENT OF OR LIEN ON PROCEEDS OF
PRODUCTION TO COVER DEBTS OF NONPAYING WORKING INTEREST OWNERS.
(a) The plan of unitization must provide for the attachment of or a
lien on proceeds of production due to any working interest owner who
is not paying the owner's share of the costs of unit operation as
compensation to the paying owner or owners. The compensation
amount may not exceed 300 percent of the nonpaying working interest
owner's share of unit costs, which is considered to include all
penalties and interest.
(b) The plan of unitization must provide that all of the
unit production allocated to a nonpaying working interest owner who
does not pay the share of the unit expenses charged and any
additional compensation amounts applied to that nonpaying owner
under Subsection (a) may be appropriated by the unit operator and
marketed and sold for the payment of unit expenses and additional
compensation amounts. Any sale proceeds remaining after payment of
unit expenses and additional compensation amounts must be remitted
to the nonpaying working interest owner.
(c) As to an interest located in the unit that is not leased
by the effective date of unitization, one-sixth of the production
attributable to the unleased interest is considered as royalty
interest and is free and clear of all unit expenses and additional
compensation amounts. Five-sixths of the unleased interest is
considered as working interest and is subject to being financed or
carried under this section.
Sec. 104.109. SALE BY NONSIGNING WORKING INTEREST OWNER.
The plan of unitization must provide that a nonsigning working
interest owner may elect to offer through the unit operator to sell
and assign all of that owner's working interest in the unit area to
the unit operator and to other working interest owners who desire to
acquire a portion of the interest.
Sec. 104.110. INVESTMENT ADJUSTMENTS AND PROPERTY TAKEN
OVER. The plan of unitization must provide for the procedure and
basis for adjustment among the working interest owners in the unit
area of their respective investment in wells, tanks, pumps,
machinery, materials, equipment, facilities, and other items of
value taken over and used in unit operations. Investment
adjustments and credits for property taken over may not be used as a
factor in setting participation percentages and allocations of unit
production under Section 104.103.
Sec. 104.111. ADDITIONAL PLAN PROVISIONS. The plan of
unitization may include any additional provisions approved by the
commission that are consistent with the findings required by
Section 104.054.
SUBCHAPTER D. AMENDMENT OF PLAN OR ORDER OF
UNITIZATION; EXPANSION OF UNIT AREA
Sec. 104.151. AMENDMENT OF PLAN OR ORDER OF UNITIZATION.
(a) A commission order approving unitization may be amended in the
same manner and subject to the same conditions as are required for
an original order providing for unitized operations.
(b) Approval of an amendment by royalty owners is not
required if the amendment affects only the rights and interests of
working interest owners.
(c) An amendment to an order may not, without the aggregate
approval of at least the minimum percentage of the working interest
and royalty interest ownership required under Section 104.056 for
approval of unitization and compliance with Section 104.007,
change:
(1) the percentage of unit oil, gas, or oil and gas
production allocated to each tract in the plan approved by the
original or amended order approving the existing unit; or
(2) the percentage of unit expenses allocated to each
tract in the plan of unitization approved by the original or amended
order for the existing unit.
(d) An amendment to an order may not, without the aggregate
approval of at least the minimum percentage of the working interest
and royalty interest ownership required under Section 104.056 for
approval of unitization, the aggregate approval of a supermajority
consisting of at least 70 percent of the surface interest ownership
in the unit area, and compliance with Section 104.007, change the
unit operations from enhanced recovery operations to carbon dioxide
storage operations.
(e) This section does not apply to an order:
(1) expanding an existing unit area under Section
104.152;
(2) creating a new unit area under Section 104.153; or
(3) under Section 104.209 authorizing an operator of
an enhanced recovery project to document geologic storage of carbon
dioxide while the common source of supply is operated for the
economic recovery of oil, gas, or oil and gas.
(f) For purposes of Subsection (e)(3), the common source of
supply is considered to be operated for the economic recovery of
oil, gas, or oil and gas if there is a reasonable expectation of
more than insignificant future production volumes of oil, gas, or
oil and gas.
Sec. 104.152. EXPANSION OF UNIT AREA. (a) In accordance
with this section and subject to Section 104.153, an existing unit
area may be expanded to include additional nonunitized tracts under
the terms contained in the plan of unitization for the existing unit
if the working interest owners and the royalty owners in each
additional tract and in the existing unit area approve the
expansion by the same percentages and in the same manner as required
by Section 104.056 and Section 104.007(c), if applicable, for the
creation of a unit. The requirements for creating a unit under this
chapter apply to the expansion of the unit area under this section.
(b) Allocation of unit production from the expanded unit
must be calculated first by allocating to the expansion area a
portion of the total production of oil, gas, or oil and gas from the
unit area as enlarged. That allocation must be based on the
relative contribution to the total production of oil, gas, or oil
and gas that the expansion area is expected to make during the
remaining course of unit operations. If the expansion area
consists of separately owned tracts, the production allocated to
the expansion area must be allocated to the separately owned tracts
in proportion to the relative contribution of each of those tracts
as provided by Section 104.103. The remaining portion of unit
production must be allocated among the tracts in the existing unit
area in the same proportions as those set out in the existing plan
of unitization.
Sec. 104.153. ENLARGEMENT INCLUDING ALL OF PREVIOUSLY
ESTABLISHED UNIT. (a) The commission may not combine two or more
units created under this chapter unless the owners, on a unit
participation basis, of a supermajority consisting of at least 70
percent of the aggregate unit working interests and a supermajority
consisting of at least 70 percent of the aggregate unit royalty
interests in each unit to be combined have agreed to the
combination.
(b) A commission order combining units created under this
chapter, in allocating unit production between the previously
established units to be combined, must first treat each unit to be
combined as a single tract for purposes of production allocation.
The part of unit production that is allocated to each unit to be
combined must then be allocated among the separately owned tracts
included in the previously established units in the same proportion
as provided in each previous commission order establishing a unit
that is combined under this section.
SUBCHAPTER E. UNIT OPERATIONS
Sec. 104.201. STATUS OF PRODUCTION PROCEEDS; STANDARD OF
CARE; DISTRIBUTION. (a) Unit production, proceeds from the sale of
production, or other receipts may not be treated or taxed as income
or profit of the unit. All unit production and proceeds are income
of the owners to whom or to whose credit the production or proceeds
are payable under the plan of unitization.
(b) The unit operator does not become an agent or fiduciary
of a working interest owner to whom production or proceeds are
payable solely by reason of receiving or disbursing production or
proceeds. When disposing of production for working interest
owners, a unit operator who is not an agent or fiduciary shall act
with the same standard of care as is required in the plan of
unitization. In the absence of such a standard, the operator shall
act in the same manner in which a reasonably prudent operator would
act under the same or similar circumstances. A unit operator who is
not an agent or a fiduciary who has acted according to these
standards is not liable to any working interest owner who elects to
have the owner's share of unit production disposed of by the unit
operator for losses sustained or liability incurred as a result of
the unit operator's actions under this section in selling or
disposing of others' production.
(c) The unit operator shall make available, to any working
interest owner, or to any royalty owner who has the preexisting
right to take the owner's production in kind, to whom production or
proceeds are payable, who makes adequate provision for receipt of
the production, the owner's share of production in kind or for sale.
The unit operator, at the request of an owner who elects to have the
owner's production marketed by the unit operator, may market the
production of the owner. A unit operator that markets the
production of such an owner shall do so in such a manner that the
owner receives the same price and proportionate share of premiums
and other compensation as the unit operator receives for the unit
operator's share of unit production, except to the extent that a
previous contractual commitment or express specific term of a
contract entered into in good faith prohibits such sharing or
marketing of additional production. This subsection may not be
construed to require that any profit, compensation, or other
benefit received by the unit operator that is realized on a
transaction occurring beyond the point of first sale at the unit or
in the vicinity of the unit be shared with or distributed to any
owner electing to have the owner's production marketed by the unit
operator.
Sec. 104.202. LIABILITY OF WORKING INTEREST OWNER. (a) The
liability of a working interest owner for payment of unit expense is
several and not joint or collective.
(b) Except as provided by this subsection and Section
104.108, a working interest owner in a tract is not liable, directly
or indirectly, for more than the amount charged to that owner's
interest in the tract.
(c) Unless otherwise specifically agreed to by the parties
as part of a plan of unitization approved by the commission, any
environmental condition or liability existing before the effective
date of the commission order approving the unit remains the sole
responsibility of the party or parties responsible for that
environmental condition or liability before the effective date of
the commission order approving the unit.
Sec. 104.203. LIEN FOR COSTS. (a) Subject to any
reasonable limitations in the plan of unitization, a unit operator
has a lien on the leasehold estate and other oil, gas, or oil and gas
rights in each separately owned tract, the interest of the owners in
the unit production, and all equipment in the possession of the unit
to secure the payment of the amount of the unit expense and other
additional compensation charges as provided for in Section 104.108
charged to each separate working interest.
(b) The lien established under this section does not attach
to the royalty interest under lease or the one-sixth royalty
interest attributable to an unleased mineral interest or to any
interest in land directly or indirectly owned by the state.
Sec. 104.204. EFFECT OF UNIT OPERATIONS ON EXPRESSED OR
IMPLIED COVENANTS AND CONDITIONS. (a) To the extent a lease,
division order, or contract covering lands in the unit area relates
to the common source of supply or the part of the common source of
supply included in the unit area, all terms of the lease, division
order, or contract, express or implied, must be construed by giving
due regard to the plan of unitization approved by the commission.
Operations conducted in accordance with a plan of unitization
approved by the commission are presumed to comply with those terms
unless there is an irreconcilable conflict between the lease,
division order, or contract and the approved plan of unitization.
If there is an irreconcilable conflict between the lease, division
order, or contract and the approved plan of unitization, the plan
controls, but the lease, division order, or contract terms must be
regarded as modified only to the extent necessary to conform to the
plan.
(b) Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter,
without a separate voluntary agreement supported by consideration,
a plan of unitization may not:
(1) cause a royalty interest to become liable for any
part of unit expense that the interest is not otherwise obligated to
pay;
(2) reduce a royalty interest fraction; or
(3) alter a provision of a lease or contract providing
for indemnification or similar compensation in the event the
actions of one person cause another person to become liable for
damages to the environment or for a violation of a statute, rule, or
common-law standard that serves to protect the environment.
(c) Lease or surface use provisions that conflict with the
use of the surface for unit operations in such a manner as to
prevent or render uneconomical the implementation of the plan of
unitization as approved by the commission must be amended by the
unit order to the extent, and only to the extent, necessary to
implement the plan in an economical and efficient manner.
(d) Section 104.201 may not be construed to diminish a
working interest owner's duty to market production on behalf of a
royalty owner.
Sec. 104.205. DISTRIBUTION OF UNIT PRODUCTION. Except as
authorized by this chapter or in a plan of unitization approved by
the commission, the unit production must be distributed among, or
the proceeds paid to, the owners entitled to share in the production
from each tract in the same manner that those owners would have
shared in the production or proceeds from the tract if the unit had
not been established.
Sec. 104.206. MODIFICATION OF PROPERTY RIGHTS OR TITLES.
Except to the extent that the parties affected by the plan of
unitization otherwise agree, a commission order entered under
Section 104.055 does not alienate, convey, cross-convey, transfer,
or change title or ownership, legal or equitable, of a person in a
parcel of land or the oil and gas rights in that parcel.
Sec. 104.207. ROYALTY OBLIGATIONS; BURDENS; UNLEASED
INTERESTS. (a) Each working interest owner who is the owner of an
interest in an oil and gas lease is responsible for the payment of
all royalty, overriding royalty, or other lease burdens affecting
the owner's leasehold estate unless the plan of unitization
provides otherwise.
(b) One-sixth of the production or proceeds attributable to
any unleased interest located in the unit area, free of all unit
expense and free of any lien, must be allocated to that interest.
Five-sixths of any unleased interest in the production or proceeds
must bear its pro rata share of all unit expense and is subject to
any lien provided by this chapter or the plan of unitization.
Sec. 104.208. UNIT OWNERSHIP OF PRODUCTION, PROCEEDS, AND
ACQUIRED PROPERTY. (a) The part of the unit production allocated
to any tract and the proceeds from the sale of that production are
the property and income of the owners to whom or to whose credit the
production and proceeds are allocated or payable under the order
and the plan for unit operations.
(b) Any property that is acquired in the conduct of unit
operations and charged as an item of unit expense is owned by the
working interest owners in the unit area as provided in the plan of
unitization.
Sec. 104.209. UNIT OPERATIONS FOR PERMANENT GEOLOGIC
STORAGE OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN COMMON SOURCE OF SUPPLY FOR WHICH THERE
IS POTENTIAL FOR FURTHER ECONOMIC RECOVERY OF OIL, GAS, OR OIL AND
GAS. The commission, on application, by order shall authorize an
operator of an enhanced recovery project to document geologic
storage of anthropogenic carbon dioxide, including anthropogenic
carbon dioxide stored in conjunction with the injection of
naturally sourced carbon dioxide, while continuing to perform
enhanced recovery operations for oil, gas, or oil and gas.
Sec. 104.210. UNIT OPERATIONS FOR PERMANENT GEOLOGIC
STORAGE OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN COMMON SOURCE OF SUPPLY FOR WHICH THERE
IS NO POTENTIAL FOR FURTHER ECONOMIC RECOVERY OF OIL, GAS, OR OIL
AND GAS. (a) The commission shall adopt rules as necessary to
regulate unit operations for the geologic storage of carbon dioxide
for the purpose of enhancing the public welfare and protecting the
natural resources of this state.
(b) Unit operations for the geologic storage of carbon
dioxide may be conducted in a common source of supply previously
included in a plan of unitization approved by the commission for the
enhanced recovery of oil, gas, or oil and gas under the other
provisions of this chapter if the commission amends the order
approving the plan of unitization in the manner provided by Section
104.151 to authorize operations for carbon dioxide storage. The
commission may amend the order as provided by this subsection only
if:
(1) the unit area is not being revised;
(2) the applicant submits a plan of unitization that
includes operations for carbon dioxide storage and meets the
requirements for commission approval; and
(3) the commission determines, following notice,
hearing, and presentation of evidence, that the ultimate recovery
of oil, gas, or oil and gas from the common source of supply has
reached the economic limit for continued enhanced recovery
operations.
(c) Unit operations for the geologic storage of carbon
dioxide may be conducted in a common source of supply that has not
previously been unitized under the other provisions of this chapter
if the commission adopts a storage unitization order authorizing
the operations. The commission may adopt the order only on
application and after notice and hearing as required by Sections
104.052 and 104.053, except that notice must also be mailed in the
manner provided by Section 104.053 to each surface owner in the unit
area. The application must contain:
(1) a description of the proposed unit area and the
vertical limits and the formerly productive horizons to be included
in that unit area with a map or plat attached that meets the
requirements of Section 104.054(3);
(2) a statement that the common source of supply has no
further economic utility for the production of oil, gas, or oil and
gas and that uncontroverted evidence to that effect will be
provided at the hearing;
(3) a statement that:
(A) the applicant or proposed unit operator has
made a good faith effort to:
(i) voluntarily unitize all interests in
the proposed unit area; or
(ii) acquire by option, lease, conveyance,
or other negotiated means the interests of a supermajority
consisting of at least 70 percent of the group of persons consisting
of the owners of working interests, royalty interests, unleased
mineral interests, and surface interests in the proposed unit area;
and
(B) the number of owners of interests in the
proposed unit area who have voluntarily agreed to unitize their
interests, when combined with the number of owners of working
interests, royalty interests, unleased mineral interests, and
surface interests in the proposed unit area whose interests the
applicant or proposed unit operator has acquired by option, lease,
conveyance, or other negotiated means, equals a supermajority
consisting of at least 70 percent of the group of persons consisting
of the owners of working interests, royalty interests, unleased
mineral interests, and surface interests in the proposed unit area;
(4) the name of each person owning or having a working
interest, royalty interest, unleased mineral interest, or surface
interest in the proposed unit area and each offset operator or
unleased mineral interest owner adjacent to the proposed unit area;
(5) for each person listed:
(A) an address; or
(B) a statement that the person's address is
unknown; and
(6) a plan of unitization that includes operations for
the injection of carbon dioxide for carbon dioxide storage,
including the proposed division of interests for working interest,
royalty interest, unleased mineral interest, and surface interest
owners for purposes of sharing of expenses and payment of storage
fees.
(d) Royalty interests and surface interests must be free of
costs of the storage operations. Unleased mineral interests are
considered to have the royalty interests and working interests
specified by Section 104.057.
(e) The commission may not approve a proposed unitization
plan for carbon dioxide storage unless the requirements of
Subsection (c)(3)(B) have been satisfied.
(f) Rules adopted by the commission under this section must:
(1) provide for mailing notice of the application and
the time and place of the hearing on the application in the manner
provided by Section 104.053;
(2) require a fair and equitable division of interest
between the owners of working interests, royalty interests,
unleased mineral interests, and surface interests in the proposed
unit area;
(3) require that the unit operations cover the entire
common source of supply, taking into consideration the necessity,
if any, for buffer acreage for monitoring of the carbon dioxide
storage site and any attendant storage facilities unique to the
storage operations; and
(4) incorporate the provisions of this chapter
relating to enhanced oil, gas, or oil and gas recovery to the extent
the commission considers those provisions to be applicable to the
regulation of unit operations for the geologic storage of carbon
dioxide in a common source of supply under the jurisdiction of this
state.
(g) Unit operations for the geologic storage of carbon
dioxide in the common source of supply may not begin until the
commission determines that the unit operations will comply with
state and federal law.
SECTION 2. Except as provided by Section 3 of this Act, not
later than January 1, 2016, the Railroad Commission of Texas shall
adopt rules as necessary to implement Chapter 104, Natural
Resources Code, as added by this Act.
SECTION 3. Not later than April 1, 2016, the Railroad
Commission of Texas may adopt rules as necessary to permit the
commission to assess a fee or fees in an amount sufficient to
recover any costs incurred by the commission in implementing
Chapter 104, Natural Resources Code, as added by this Act, that are
in addition to the costs incurred by the commission in performing
its other functions. This section does not authorize the
commission to assess a fee for performing any function that is not
specific to the implementation of that chapter.
SECTION 4. This Act takes effect immediately if it receives
a vote of two-thirds of all the members elected to each house, as
provided by Section 39, Article III, Texas Constitution. If this
Act does not receive the vote necessary for immediate effect, this
Act takes effect September 1, 2015.