87R18376 SRA-D
By: Parker, Anchia, Stephenson, Capriglione, H.B. No. 4474
Perez, et al.
A BILL TO BE ENTITLED
AN ACT
relating to the control of virtual currency and the rights of
purchasers who obtain control of virtual currency for purposes of
the Uniform Commercial Code.
BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF TEXAS:
SECTION 1. Section 9.102(b), Business & Commerce Code, is
amended to read as follows:
(b) The following definitions in other chapters apply to
this chapter:
"Applicant"Section 5.102.
"Beneficiary"Section 5.102.
"Broker"Section 8.102.
"Certificated security"Section 8.102.
"Check"Section 3.104.
"Clearing corporation"Section 8.102.
"Contract for sale"Section 2.106.
"Control" (with respect to a document of title)Section 7.106.
"Customer"Section 4.104.
"Entitlement holder"Section 8.102.
"Financial asset"Section 8.102.
"Holder in due course"Section 3.302.
"Issuer" (with respect to a letter of credit
or letter-of-credit right)Section 5.102.
"Issuer" (with respect to a security)Section 8.201.
"Lease"Section 2A.103.
"Lease agreement"Section 2A.103.
"Lease contract"Section 2A.103.
"Leasehold interest"Section 2A.103.
"Lessee"Section 2A.103.
"Lessee in ordinary course of business"Section 2A.103.
"Lessor"Section 2A.103.
"Lessor's residual interest"Section 2A.103.
"Letter of credit"Section 5.102.
"Merchant"Section 2.104.
"Negotiable instrument"Section 3.104.
"Nominated person"Section 5.102.
"Note"Section 3.104.
"Proceeds of a letter of credit"Section 5.114.
"Prove"Section 3.103.
"Sale"Section 2.106.
"Securities account"Section 8.501.
"Securities intermediary"Section 8.102.
"Security"Section 8.102.
"Security certificate"Section 8.102.
"Security entitlement"Section 8.102.
"Uncertificated security"Section 8.102.
"Virtual currency"Section 12.001.
SECTION 2. Subchapter A, Chapter 9, Business & Commerce
Code, is amended by adding Section 9.1071 to read as follows:
Sec. 9.1071. CONTROL OF VIRTUAL CURRENCY. A secured party
has control of virtual currency as provided by Section 12.004.
SECTION 3. Section 9.310(b), Business & Commerce Code, is
amended to read as follows:
(b) The filing of a financing statement is not necessary to
perfect a security interest:
(1) that is perfected under Section 9.308(d), (e),
(f), or (g);
(2) that is perfected under Section 9.309 when it
attaches;
(3) in property subject to a statute, regulation, or
treaty described in Section 9.311(a);
(4) in goods in possession of a bailee that is
perfected under Section 9.312(d)(1) or (2);
(5) in certificated securities, documents, goods, or
instruments which is perfected without filing, control or
possession under Section 9.312(e), (f), or (g);
(6) in collateral in the secured party's possession
under Section 9.313;
(7) in a certificated security that is perfected by
delivery of the security certificate to the secured party under
Section 9.313;
(8) in deposit accounts, electronic chattel paper,
electronic documents, investment property, virtual currencies, or
letter-of-credit rights that is perfected by control under Section
9.314;
(9) in proceeds that is perfected under Section 9.315;
(10) that is perfected under Section 9.316; or
(11) in oil or gas production or their proceeds under
Section 9.343.
SECTION 4. The heading to Section 9.312, Business &
Commerce Code, is amended to read as follows:
Sec. 9.312. PERFECTION OF SECURITY INTERESTS IN CHATTEL
PAPER, DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS, DOCUMENTS, AND GOODS COVERED BY DOCUMENTS,
INSTRUMENTS, INVESTMENT PROPERTY, VIRTUAL CURRENCIES,
LETTER-OF-CREDIT RIGHTS, AND MONEY; PERFECTION BY PERMISSIVE
FILING; TEMPORARY PERFECTION WITHOUT FILING OR TRANSFER OF
POSSESSION.
SECTION 5. Section 9.312(a), Business & Commerce Code, is
amended to read as follows:
(a) A security interest in chattel paper, negotiable
documents, instruments, [or] investment property, and virtual
currencies may be perfected by filing.
SECTION 6. Sections 9.314(a) and (b), Business & Commerce
Code, are amended to read as follows:
(a) A security interest in investment property, deposit
accounts, letter-of-credit rights, virtual currencies, electronic
chattel paper, or electronic documents may be perfected by control
of the collateral under Section 7.106, 9.104, 9.105, 9.106, [or]
9.107, or 9.1071.
(b) A security interest in deposit accounts, electronic
chattel paper, virtual currencies, letter-of-credit rights, or
electronic documents is perfected by control under Section 7.106,
9.104, 9.105, [or] 9.107, or 9.1071 when the secured party obtains
control and remains perfected by control only while the secured
party retains control.
SECTION 7. The heading to Section 9.331, Business &
Commerce Code, is amended to read as follows:
Sec. 9.331. PRIORITY OF RIGHTS OF PURCHASERS OF
INSTRUMENTS, DOCUMENTS, [AND] SECURITIES, AND VIRTUAL CURRENCIES
UNDER OTHER CHAPTERS; PRIORITY OF INTERESTS IN FINANCIAL ASSETS AND
SECURITY ENTITLEMENTS UNDER CHAPTER 8 AND VIRTUAL CURRENCIES UNDER
CHAPTER 12.
SECTION 8. Sections 9.331(a) and (b), Business & Commerce
Code, are amended to read as follows:
(a) This chapter does not limit the rights of a holder in due
course of a negotiable instrument, a holder to which a negotiable
document of title has been duly negotiated, [or] a protected
purchaser of a security, or a qualifying purchaser of a virtual
currency. These holders or purchasers take priority over an earlier
security interest, even if perfected, to the extent provided in
Chapters 3, 7, [and] 8, and 12.
(b) This chapter does not limit the rights of or impose
liability on a person to the extent that the person is protected
against the assertion of a claim under Chapter 8 or 12.
SECTION 9. Title 1, Business & Commerce Code, is amended by
adding Chapter 12 to read as follows:
CHAPTER 12. VIRTUAL CURRENCY
Sec. 12.001. DEFINITION. In this chapter, "virtual
currency":
(1) means a digital representation of value that:
(A) is used as a medium of exchange, unit of
account, or store of value; and
(B) is not legal tender, whether or not
denominated in legal tender; and
(2) does not include:
(A) a transaction in which a merchant grants, as
part of an affinity or rewards program, value that cannot be taken
from or exchanged with the merchant for legal tender, bank credit,
or virtual currency; or
(B) a digital representation of value issued by
or on behalf of a publisher and used solely within an online game,
game platform, or family of games sold by the same publisher or
offered on the same game platform.
Sec. 12.002. SCOPE. This chapter applies to virtual
currency.
Sec. 12.003. RIGHTS IN VIRTUAL CURRENCY. (a) In this
section:
(1) "Adverse claim" means a claim that a claimant has a
property interest in a virtual currency and that it is a violation
of the rights of the claimant for another person to hold, transfer,
or deal with the virtual currency.
(2) "Qualifying purchaser" means a purchaser that
obtains control of a virtual currency for value and without notice
of any adverse claim.
(b) Subject to Subsections (c) through (h), law other than
this chapter determines whether a person acquires rights in a
virtual currency and the rights that the person acquires.
(c) A purchaser of a virtual currency acquires all rights in
the virtual currency that the transferor had or had power to
transfer.
(d) A purchaser of a limited interest in a virtual currency
acquires rights only to the extent of the interest purchased.
(e) In addition to acquiring the rights of a purchaser, a
qualifying purchaser acquires the purchaser's rights in a virtual
currency free of any adverse claim.
(f) An action based on an adverse claim to a virtual
currency, whether framed in conversion, replevin, constructive
trust, equitable lien, or other theory, may not be asserted against
a qualifying purchaser that acquires the purchaser's interest in,
and obtains control of, the virtual currency for value and without
notice of the adverse claim.
(g) A person has notice of an adverse claim if:
(1) the person knows of the adverse claim; or
(2) the person is aware of facts sufficient to
indicate that there is a significant probability that the adverse
claim exists and deliberately avoids information that would
establish the existence of the adverse claim.
(h) Filing of a financing statement under Chapter 9 is not
notice of an adverse claim to a virtual currency.
Sec. 12.004. CONTROL OF VIRTUAL CURRENCY. (a) A person has
control of a virtual currency if the following conditions are met:
(1) the virtual currency or the system in which the
virtual currency is recorded, if any, gives the person:
(A) the power to derive substantially all the
benefit from the virtual currency;
(B) subject to Subsection (b), the exclusive
power to prevent others from deriving substantially all the benefit
from the virtual currency; and
(C) subject to Subsection (b), the exclusive
power to transfer control of the virtual currency to another person
or cause another person to obtain control of a virtual currency that
derives from the virtual currency; and
(2) the virtual currency, a record attached to or
logically associated with the virtual currency, or the system in
which the virtual currency is recorded, if any, enables the person
to readily identify the person as having the powers specified in
Subdivision (1).
(b) A power specified in Subsection (a)(1)(B) or (C) can be
exclusive, even if:
(1) the virtual currency or the system in which the
virtual currency is recorded, if any, limits the use to which the
virtual currency may be put or has protocols that are programmed to
result in a transfer of control; and
(2) the person has agreed to share the power with
another person.
(c) For the purposes of Subsection (a)(2), a person may be
identified in any way, including by name, identifying number,
cryptographic key, office, or account number.
SECTION 10. The changes in law made by this Act apply to a
transaction entered into on or after the effective date of this Act.
SECTION 11. The changes in law made by this Act apply only
to an action, case, or proceeding commenced on or after the
effective date of this Act.
SECTION 12. This Act takes effect September 1, 2021.