I
118THCONGRESS
1
STSESSION H. R. 6143
To provide for drone security.
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
NOVEMBER1, 2023
Mr. G
ALLAGHER(for himself, Mr. COURTNEY, Mr. KRISHNAMOORTHI, and
Mr. W
ITTMAN) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the
Committee on Oversight and Accountability, and in addition to the Com-
mittee on Armed Services, for a period to be subsequently determined by
the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall with-
in the jurisdiction of the committee concerned
A BILL
To provide for drone security.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-1
tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 2
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 3
This Act may be cited as the ‘‘American Security 4
Drone Act of 2023’’. 5
SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS. 6
In this Act: 7
(1) C
OVERED FOREIGN ENTITY .—The term 8
‘‘covered foreign entity’’ means an entity included on 9
a list developed and maintained by the Federal Ac-10
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quisition Security Council and published in the Sys-1
tem for Award Management (SAM). This list will in-2
clude entities in the following categories: 3
(A) An entity included on the Consolidated 4
Screening List. 5
(B) Any entity the Secretary of Homeland 6
Security, in coordination with the Secretary of 7
State, the Attorney General, Director of Na-8
tional Intelligence, and the Secretary of De-9
fense, determines poses a national security risk. 10
(C) Any entity domiciled in the People’s 11
Republic of China or subject to influence or 12
owned or controlled by the Government of the 13
People’s Republic of China or the Communist 14
Party of the People’s Republic of China, as de-15
termined by the Secretary of Homeland Secu-16
rity, in coordination with the Secretary of 17
State. 18
(D) Any subsidiary or affiliate of an entity 19
described in subparagraphs (A) through (D). 20
(2) C
OVERED UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEM .— 21
The term ‘‘covered unmanned aircraft system’’ has 22
the meaning given the term ‘‘unmanned aircraft sys-23
tem’’ in section 44801 of title 49, United States 24
Code. 25
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(3) INTELLIGENCE; INTELLIGENCE COMMU -1
NITY.—The terms ‘‘intelligence’’ and ‘‘intelligence 2
community’’ have the meanings given those terms in 3
section 3 of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 4
U.S.C. 3003). 5
SEC. 3. PROHIBITION ON PROCUREMENT OF COVERED UN-6
MANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS FROM COV-7
ERED FOREIGN ENTITIES. 8
(a) I
NGENERAL.—Except as provided under sub-9
sections (b) through (f), the head of an executive agency 10
may not procure any covered unmanned aircraft system 11
that is manufactured or assembled by a covered foreign 12
entity, which includes associated elements related to the 13
collection and transmission of sensitive information (con-14
sisting of communication links and the components that 15
control the unmanned aircraft) that enable the operator 16
to operate the aircraft in the National Airspace System. 17
The Federal Acquisition Security Council, in coordination 18
with the Secretary of Transportation, shall develop and 19
update a list of associated elements. 20
(b) E
XEMPTION.—The Secretary of Homeland Secu-21
rity, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, and 22
the Attorney General are exempt from the restriction 23
under subsection (a) if the procurement is required in the 24
national interest of the United States and— 25
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(1) is for the sole purposes of research, evalua-1
tion, training, testing, or analysis for electronic war-2
fare, information warfare operations, cybersecurity, 3
or development of unmanned aircraft system or 4
counter-unmanned aircraft system technology; 5
(2) is for the sole purposes of conducting 6
counterterrorism or counterintelligence activities, 7
protective missions, or Federal criminal or national 8
security investigations, including forensic examina-9
tions, or for electronic warfare, information warfare 10
operations, cybersecurity, or development of an un-11
manned aircraft system or counter-unmanned air-12
craft system technology; or 13
(3) is an unmanned aircraft system that, as 14
procured or as modified after procurement but be-15
fore operational use, can no longer transfer to, or 16
download data from, a covered foreign entity and 17
otherwise poses no national security cybersecurity 18
risks as determined by the exempting official. 19
(c) D
EPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AND FED-20
ERALAVIATIONADMINISTRATION EXEMPTION.—The 21
Secretary of Transportation is exempt from the restriction 22
under subsection (a) if the operation or procurement is 23
deemed to support the safe, secure, or efficient operation 24
of the National Airspace System or maintenance of public 25
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safety, including activities carried out under the Federal 1
Aviation Administration’s Alliance for System Safety of 2
UAS through Research Excellence (ASSURE) Center of 3
Excellence (COE) and any other activity deemed to sup-4
port the safe, secure, or efficient operation of the National 5
Airspace System or maintenance of public safety, as deter-6
mined by the Secretary or the Secretary’s designee. 7
(d) N
ATIONALTRANSPORTATION SAFETYBOARD 8
E
XEMPTION.—The National Transportation Safety 9
Board, in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Se-10
curity, is exempt from the restriction under subsection (a) 11
if the operation or procurement is necessary for the sole 12
purpose of conducting safety investigations. 13
(e) N
ATIONALOCEANIC ANDATMOSPHERICADMIN-14
ISTRATIONEXEMPTION.—The Administrator of the Na-15
tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 16
in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security, 17
is exempt from the restriction under subsection (a) if the 18
procurement is necessary for the purpose of meeting 19
NOAA’s science or management objectives or operational 20
mission. 21
(f) W
AIVER.—The head of an executive agency may 22
waive the prohibition under subsection (a) on a case-by- 23
case basis— 24
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(1) with the approval of the Director of the Of-1
fice of Management and Budget, after consultation 2
with the Federal Acquisition Security Council; and 3
(2) upon notification to— 4
(A) the Committee on Homeland Security 5
and Governmental Affairs of the Senate; 6
(B) the Committee on Oversight and Ac-7
countability in the House of Representatives; 8
and 9
(C) other appropriate congressional com-10
mittees of jurisdiction. 11
SEC. 4. PROHIBITION ON OPERATION OF COVERED UN-12
MANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS FROM COV-13
ERED FOREIGN ENTITIES. 14
(a) P
ROHIBITION.— 15
(1) I
N GENERAL.—Beginning on the date that 16
is two years after the date of the enactment of this 17
Act, no Federal department or agency may operate 18
a covered unmanned aircraft system manufactured 19
or assembled by a covered foreign entity. 20
(2) A
PPLICABILITY TO CONTRACTED SERV -21
ICES.—The prohibition under paragraph (1) applies 22
to any covered unmanned aircraft systems that are 23
being used by any executive agency through the 24
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method of contracting for the services of covered un-1
manned aircraft systems. 2
(b) E
XEMPTION.—The Secretary of Homeland Secu-3
rity, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, and 4
the Attorney General are exempt from the restriction 5
under subsection (a) if the operation is required in the 6
national interest of the United States and— 7
(1) is for the sole purposes of research, evalua-8
tion, training, testing, or analysis for electronic war-9
fare, information warfare operations, cybersecurity, 10
or development of unmanned aircraft system or 11
counter-unmanned aircraft system technology; 12
(2) is for the sole purposes of conducting 13
counterterrorism or counterintelligence activities, 14
protective missions, or Federal criminal or national 15
security investigations, including forensic examina-16
tions, or for electronic warfare, information warfare 17
operations, cybersecurity, or development of an un-18
manned aircraft system or counter-unmanned air-19
craft system technology; or 20
(3) is an unmanned aircraft system that, as 21
procured or as modified after procurement but be-22
fore operational use, can no longer transfer to, or 23
download data from, a covered foreign entity and 24
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otherwise poses no national security cybersecurity 1
risks as determined by the exempting official. 2
(c) D
EPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AND FED-3
ERALAVIATIONADMINISTRATION EXEMPTION.—The 4
Secretary of Transportation is exempt from the restriction 5
under subsection (a) if the operation is deemed to support 6
the safe, secure, or efficient operation of the National Air-7
space System or maintenance of public safety, including 8
activities carried out under the Federal Aviation Adminis-9
tration’s Alliance for System Safety of UAS through Re-10
search Excellence (ASSURE) Center of Excellence (COE) 11
and any other activity deemed to support the safe, secure, 12
or efficient operation of the National Airspace System or 13
maintenance of public safety, as determined by the Sec-14
retary or the Secretary’s designee. 15
(d) N
ATIONALTRANSPORTATION SAFETYBOARD 16
E
XEMPTION.—The National Transportation Safety 17
Board, in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Se-18
curity, is exempt from the restriction under subsection (a) 19
if the operation is necessary for the sole purpose of con-20
ducting safety investigations. 21
(e) N
ATIONALOCEANIC ANDATMOSPHERICADMIN-22
ISTRATIONEXEMPTION.—The Administrator of the Na-23
tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 24
in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security, 25
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is exempt from the restriction under subsection (a) if the 1
procurement is necessary for the purpose of meeting 2
NOAA’s science or management objectives or operational 3
mission. 4
(f) W
AIVER.—The head of an executive agency may 5
waive the prohibition under subsection (a) on a case-by- 6
case basis— 7
(1) with the approval of the Director of the Of-8
fice of Management and Budget, after consultation 9
with the Federal Acquisition Security Council; and 10
(2) upon notification to— 11
(A) the Committee on Homeland Security 12
and Governmental Affairs of the Senate; 13
(B) the Committee on Oversight and Ac-14
countability in the House of Representatives; 15
and 16
(C) other appropriate congressional com-17
mittees of jurisdiction. 18
(g) R
EGULATIONS AND GUIDANCE.—Not later than 19
180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the 20
Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the 21
Attorney General, the Secretary of State, and the Sec-22
retary of Transportation, shall prescribe regulations or 23
guidance to implement this section. 24
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SEC. 5. PROHIBITION ON USE OF FEDERAL FUNDS FOR 1
PROCUREMENT AND OPERATION OF COV-2
ERED UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS FROM 3
COVERED FOREIGN ENTITIES. 4
(a) I
NGENERAL.—Beginning on the date that is two 5
years after the date of the enactment of this Act, except 6
as provided in subsection (b), no Federal funds awarded 7
through a contract, grant, or cooperative agreement, or 8
otherwise made available may be used— 9
(1) to procure a covered unmanned aircraft sys-10
tem that is manufactured or assembled by a covered 11
foreign entity; or 12
(2) in connection with the operation of such a 13
drone or unmanned aircraft system. 14
(b) E
XEMPTION.—The Secretary of Homeland Secu-15
rity, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, and 16
the Attorney General are exempt from the restriction 17
under subsection (a) if the procurement or operation is 18
required in the national interest of the United States 19
and— 20
(1) is for the sole purposes of research, evalua-21
tion, training, testing, or analysis for electronic war-22
fare, information warfare operations, cybersecurity, 23
or development of unmanned aircraft system or 24
counter-unmanned aircraft system technology; 25
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(2) is for the sole purposes of conducting 1
counterterrorism or counterintelligence activities, 2
protective missions, or Federal criminal or national 3
security investigations, including forensic examina-4
tions, or for electronic warfare, information warfare 5
operations, cybersecurity, or development of an un-6
manned aircraft system or counter-unmanned air-7
craft system technology; or 8
(3) is an unmanned aircraft system that, as 9
procured or as modified after procurement but be-10
fore operational use, can no longer transfer to, or 11
download data from, a covered foreign entity and 12
otherwise poses no national security cybersecurity 13
risks as determined by the exempting official. 14
(c) D
EPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AND FED-15
ERALAVIATIONADMINISTRATION EXEMPTION.—The 16
Secretary of Transportation is exempt from the restriction 17
under subsection (a) if the operation or procurement is 18
deemed to support the safe, secure, or efficient operation 19
of the National Airspace System or maintenance of public 20
safety, including activities carried out under the Federal 21
Aviation Administration’s Alliance for System Safety of 22
UAS through Research Excellence (ASSURE) Center of 23
Excellence (COE) and any other activity deemed to sup-24
port the safe, secure, or efficient operation of the National 25
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Airspace System or maintenance of public safety, as deter-1
mined by the Secretary or the Secretary’s designee. 2
(d) N
ATIONALOCEANIC ANDATMOSPHERICADMIN-3
ISTRATIONEXEMPTION.—The Administrator of the Na-4
tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 5
in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security, 6
is exempt from the restriction under subsection (a) if the 7
operation or procurement is necessary for the purpose of 8
meeting NOAA’s science or management objectives or 9
operational mission. 10
(e) W
AIVER.—The head of an executive agency may 11
waive the prohibition under subsection (a) on a case-by- 12
case basis— 13
(1) with the approval of the Director of the Of-14
fice of Management and Budget, after consultation 15
with the Federal Acquisition Security Council; and 16
(2) upon notification to— 17
(A) the Committee on Homeland Security 18
and Governmental Affairs of the Senate; 19
(B) the Committee on Oversight and Ac-20
countability in the House of Representatives; 21
and 22
(C) other appropriate congressional com-23
mittees of jurisdiction. 24
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(f) REGULATIONS.—Not later than 180 days after 1
the date of the enactment of this Act, the Federal Acquisi-2
tion Regulatory Council shall prescribe regulations or 3
guidance, as necessary, to implement the requirements of 4
this section pertaining to Federal contracts. 5
SEC. 6. PROHIBITION ON USE OF GOVERNMENT-ISSUED 6
PURCHASE CARDS TO PURCHASE COVERED 7
UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS FROM COV-8
ERED FOREIGN ENTITIES. 9
Effective immediately, Government-issued Purchase 10
Cards may not be used to procure any covered unmanned 11
aircraft system from a covered foreign entity. 12
SEC. 7. MANAGEMENT OF EXISTING INVENTORIES OF COV-13
ERED UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS FROM 14
COVERED FOREIGN ENTITIES. 15
(a) I
NGENERAL.—All executive agencies must ac-16
count for existing inventories of covered unmanned air-17
craft systems manufactured or assembled by a covered for-18
eign entity in their personal property accounting systems, 19
within one year of the date of enactment of this Act, re-20
gardless of the original procurement cost, or the purpose 21
of procurement due to the special monitoring and account-22
ing measures necessary to track the items’ capabilities. 23
(b) C
LASSIFIEDTRACKING.—Due to the sensitive na-24
ture of missions and operations conducted by the United 25
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States Government, inventory data related to covered un-1
manned aircraft systems manufactured or assembled by 2
a covered foreign entity may be tracked at a classified 3
level, as determined by the Secretary of Homeland Secu-4
rity or the Secretary’s designee. 5
(c) E
XCEPTIONS.—The Department of Defense, the 6
Department of Homeland Security, the Department of 7
State, the Department of Justice, the Department of 8
Transportation, and the National Oceanic and Atmos-9
pheric Administration may exclude from the full inventory 10
process, covered unmanned aircraft systems that are 11
deemed expendable due to mission risk such as recovery 12
issues, or that are one-time-use covered unmanned aircraft 13
due to requirements and low cost. 14
(d) I
NTELLIGENCECOMMUNITYEXCEPTION.—Noth-15
ing in this section shall apply to any element of the intel-16
ligence community. 17
SEC. 8. COMPTROLLER GENERAL REPORT. 18
Not later than 275 days after the date of the enact-19
ment of this Act, the Comptroller General of the United 20
States shall submit to Congress a report on the amount 21
of commercial off-the-shelf drones and covered unmanned 22
aircraft systems procured by Federal departments and 23
agencies from covered foreign entities, except that nothing 24
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in this section shall apply to any element of the intel-1
ligence community. 2
SEC. 9. GOVERNMENT-WIDE POLICY FOR PROCUREMENT 3
OF UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS. 4
(a) I
NGENERAL.—Not later than 180 days after the 5
date of the enactment of this Act, the Director of the Of-6
fice of Management and Budget, in coordination with the 7
Department of Homeland Security, Department of Trans-8
portation, the Department of Justice, the Department of 9
State, and other Departments as determined by the Direc-10
tor of the Office of Management and Budget, and in con-11
sultation with the National Institute of Standards and 12
Technology, shall establish a government-wide policy for 13
the procurement of an unmanned aircraft system— 14
(1) for non-Department of Defense and non-in-15
telligence community operations; and 16
(2) through grants and cooperative agreements 17
entered into with non-Federal entities. 18
(b) I
NFORMATIONSECURITY.—The policy developed 19
under subsection (a) shall include the following specifica-20
tions, which to the extent practicable, shall be based on 21
industry standards and technical guidance from the Na-22
tional Institute of Standards and Technology, to address 23
the risks associated with processing, storing, and trans-24
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mitting Federal information in an unmanned aircraft sys-1
tem: 2
(1) Protections to ensure controlled access to 3
an unmanned aircraft system. 4
(2) Protecting software, firmware, and hard-5
ware by ensuring changes to an unmanned aircraft 6
system are properly managed, including by ensuring 7
an unmanned aircraft system can be updated using 8
a secure, controlled, and configurable mechanism. 9
(3) Cryptographically securing sensitive col-10
lected, stored, and transmitted data, including prop-11
er handling of privacy data and other controlled un-12
classified information. 13
(4) Appropriate safeguards necessary to protect 14
sensitive information, including during and after use 15
of an unmanned aircraft system. 16
(5) Appropriate data security to ensure that 17
data is not transmitted to or stored in non-approved 18
locations. 19
(6) The ability to opt out of the uploading, 20
downloading, or transmitting of data that is not re-21
quired by law or regulation and an ability to choose 22
with whom and where information is shared when it 23
is required. 24
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(c) REQUIREMENT.—The policy developed under sub-1
section (a) shall reflect an appropriate risk-based ap-2
proach to information security related to use of an un-3
manned aircraft system. 4
(d) R
EVISION OFACQUISITIONREGULATIONS.—Not 5
later than 180 days after the date on which the policy 6
required under subsection (a) is issued— 7
(1) the Federal Acquisition Regulatory Council 8
shall revise the Federal Acquisition Regulation, as 9
necessary, to implement the policy; and 10
(2) any Federal department or agency or other 11
Federal entity not subject to, or not subject solely 12
to, the Federal Acquisition Regulation shall revise 13
applicable policy, guidance, or regulations, as nec-14
essary, to implement the policy. 15
(e) E
XEMPTION.—In developing the policy required 16
under subsection (a), the Director of the Office of Man-17
agement and Budget shall— 18
(1) incorporate policies to implement the ex-19
emptions contained in this Act; and 20
(2) incorporate an exemption to the policy in 21
the case of a head of the procuring department or 22
agency determining, in writing, that no product that 23
complies with the information security requirements 24
described in subsection (b) is capable of fulfilling 25
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mission critical performance requirements, and such 1
determination— 2
(A) may not be delegated below the level of 3
the Deputy Secretary, or Administrator, of the 4
procuring department or agency; 5
(B) shall specify— 6
(i) the quantity of end items to which 7
the waiver applies and the procurement 8
value of those items; and 9
(ii) the time period over which the 10
waiver applies, which shall not exceed three 11
years; 12
(C) shall be reported to the Office of Man-13
agement and Budget following issuance of such 14
a determination; and 15
(D) not later than 30 days after the date 16
on which the determination is made, shall be 17
provided to the Committee on Homeland Secu-18
rity and Governmental Affairs of the Senate 19
and the Committee on Oversight and Account-20
ability of the House of Representatives. 21
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SEC. 10. STATE, LOCAL, AND TERRITORIAL LAW ENFORCE-1
MENT AND EMERGENCY SERVICE EXEMP-2
TION. 3
(a) R
ULE OFCONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this Act 4
shall prevent a State, local, or territorial law enforcement 5
or emergency service agency from procuring or operating 6
a covered unmanned aircraft system purchased with non- 7
Federal dollars. 8
(b) C
ONTINUITY OFARRANGEMENTS.—The Federal 9
Government may continue entering into contracts, grants, 10
and cooperative agreements or other Federal funding in-11
struments with State, local, or territorial law enforcement 12
or emergency service agencies under which a covered un-13
manned aircraft system will be purchased or operated if 14
the agency has received approval or waiver to purchase 15
or operate a covered unmanned aircraft system pursuant 16
to section 1095. 17
SEC. 11. STUDY. 18
(a) S
TUDY ON THESUPPLYCHAIN FORUNMANNED 19
A
IRCRAFTSYSTEMS ANDCOMPONENTS.— 20
(1) R
EPORT REQUIRED .—Not later than one 21
year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the 22
Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and 23
Sustainment shall provide to the appropriate con-24
gressional committees a report on the supply chain 25
for covered unmanned aircraft systems, including a 26
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discussion of current and projected future demand 1
for covered unmanned aircraft systems. 2
(2) E
LEMENTS.—The report under paragraph 3
(1) shall include the following: 4
(A) A description of the current and future 5
global and domestic market for covered un-6
manned aircraft systems that are not widely 7
commercially available except from a covered 8
foreign entity. 9
(B) A description of the sustainability, 10
availability, cost, and quality of secure sources 11
of covered unmanned aircraft systems domesti-12
cally and from sources in allied and partner 13
countries. 14
(C) The plan of the Secretary of Defense 15
to address any gaps or deficiencies identified in 16
subparagraph (B), including through the use of 17
funds available under the Defense Production 18
Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4501 et seq.) and part-19
nerships with the National Aeronautics and 20
Space Administration and other interested per-21
sons. 22
(D) Such other information as the Under 23
Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and 24
Sustainment determines to be appropriate. 25
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(3) APPROPRIATE CONGRESSIONAL COMMIT -1
TEES DEFINED.—In this section the term ‘‘appro-2
priate congressional committees’’ means: 3
(A) The Committees on Armed Services of 4
the Senate and the House of Representatives. 5
(B) The Committee on Homeland Security 6
and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the 7
Committee on Oversight and Accountability of 8
the House of Representatives. 9
(C) The Committee on Commerce, Science, 10
and Transportation of the Senate and the Com-11
mittee on Science, Space, and Technology of 12
the House of Representatives. 13
(D) The Select Committee on Intelligence 14
of the Senate and the Permanent Select Com-15
mittee on Intelligence of the House of Rep-16
resentatives. 17
(E) The Committee on Transportation and 18
Infrastructure of the House of Representatives. 19
(F) The Committee on Homeland Security 20
of the House of Representatives. 21
(G) The Committee on Foreign Relations 22
of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign 23
Affairs of the House of Representatives. 24
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SEC. 12. EXCEPTIONS. 1
(a) E
XCEPTION FORWILDFIREMANAGEMENTOPER-2
ATIONS ANDSEARCH ANDRESCUEOPERATIONS.—The 3
appropriate Federal agencies, in consultation with the Sec-4
retary of Homeland Security, are exempt from the pro-5
curement and operation restrictions under sections 3, 4, 6
and 5 to the extent the procurement or operation is nec-7
essary for the purpose of supporting the full range of wild-8
fire management operations or search and rescue oper-9
ations. 10
(b) E
XCEPTION FOR INTELLIGENCEACTIVITIES.— 11
Sections 3, 4, and 5 shall not apply to any activity subject 12
to the reporting requirements under title V of the National 13
Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 3091 et seq.), any au-14
thorized intelligence activities of the United States, or any 15
activity or procurement that supports an authorized intel-16
ligence activity. 17
(c) E
XCEPTION FORTRIBALLAWENFORCEMENT OR 18
E
MERGENCYSERVICEAGENCY.—Tribal law enforcement 19
or Tribal emergency service agencies, in consultation with 20
the Secretary of Homeland Security, are exempt from the 21
procurement, operation, and purchase restrictions under 22
sections 3, 4, and 5 to the extent the procurement or oper-23
ation is necessary for the purpose of supporting the full 24
range of law enforcement operations or search and rescue 25
operations on Indian lands. 26
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•HR 6143 IH
SEC. 13. SUNSET. 1
Sections 3, 4, and 5 shall cease to have effect on the 2
date that is five years after the date of the enactment of 3
this Act. 4
Æ
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