1 | 1 | | II |
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2 | 2 | | 118THCONGRESS |
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3 | 3 | | 1 |
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4 | 4 | | STSESSION S. 1878 |
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5 | 5 | | To increase the number of judgeships for the United States Court of Appeals |
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6 | 6 | | for the Ninth Circuit and certain district courts of the United States, |
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7 | 7 | | and for other purposes. |
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8 | 8 | | IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES |
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9 | 9 | | JUNE8, 2023 |
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10 | 10 | | Mr. S |
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11 | 11 | | ULLIVAN(for himself, Mr. CRAPO, Mr. DAINES, Ms. MURKOWSKI, and |
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12 | 12 | | Mr. R |
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13 | 13 | | ISCH) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and re- |
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14 | 14 | | ferred to the Committee on the Judiciary |
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15 | 15 | | A BILL |
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16 | 16 | | To increase the number of judgeships for the United States |
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17 | 17 | | Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and certain dis- |
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18 | 18 | | trict courts of the United States, and for other purposes. |
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19 | 19 | | Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-1 |
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20 | 20 | | tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 2 |
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21 | 21 | | SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 3 |
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22 | 22 | | This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Judicial Efficiency Im-4 |
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23 | 23 | | provement Act’’. 5 |
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24 | 24 | | SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS. 6 |
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25 | 25 | | In this Act: 7 |
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26 | 26 | | (1) F |
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27 | 27 | | ORMER NINTH CIRCUIT .—The term 8 |
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28 | 28 | | ‘‘former ninth circuit’’ means the ninth judicial cir-9 |
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30 | 30 | | kjohnson on DSK79L0C42PROD with BILLS 2 |
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31 | 31 | | •S 1878 IS |
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32 | 32 | | cuit of the United States as in existence on the day 1 |
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33 | 33 | | before the effective date of this Act. 2 |
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34 | 34 | | (2) N |
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35 | 35 | | EW NINTH CIRCUIT .—The term ‘‘new 3 |
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36 | 36 | | ninth circuit’’ means the ninth judicial circuit of the 4 |
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37 | 37 | | United States established by the amendment made 5 |
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38 | 38 | | by section 3(2)(A). 6 |
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39 | 39 | | (3) T |
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40 | 40 | | WELFTH CIRCUIT.—The term ‘‘twelfth cir-7 |
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41 | 41 | | cuit’’ means the twelfth judicial circuit of the United 8 |
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42 | 42 | | States established by the amendment made by sec-9 |
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43 | 43 | | tion 3(2)(B). 10 |
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44 | 44 | | SEC. 3. NUMBER AND COMPOSITION OF CIRCUITS. 11 |
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45 | 45 | | Section 41 of title 28, United States Code, is amend-12 |
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46 | 46 | | ed— 13 |
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47 | 47 | | (1) in the matter preceding the table, by strik-14 |
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48 | 48 | | ing ‘‘thirteen’’ and inserting ‘‘fourteen’’; and 15 |
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49 | 49 | | (2) in the table— 16 |
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50 | 50 | | (A) by striking the item relating to the 17 |
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51 | 51 | | ninth circuit and inserting the following: 18 |
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52 | 52 | | ‘‘Ninth ........................................... California, Guam, Hawaii, Northern |
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53 | 53 | | Mariana Islands.’’; |
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54 | 54 | | and 19 |
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55 | 55 | | (B) by inserting after the item relating to 20 |
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56 | 56 | | the eleventh circuit the following: 21 |
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57 | 57 | | ‘‘Twelfth ........................................ Alaska, Arizona, Idaho, Montana, Ne- |
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58 | 58 | | vada, Oregon, Washington.’’. |
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60 | 60 | | kjohnson on DSK79L0C42PROD with BILLS 3 |
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61 | 61 | | •S 1878 IS |
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62 | 62 | | SEC. 4. CIRCUIT COURT JUDGESHIPS. 1 |
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63 | 63 | | (a) N |
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64 | 64 | | EWJUDGESHIPS.—The President shall appoint, 2 |
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65 | 65 | | by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, 2 addi-3 |
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66 | 66 | | tional circuit judges for the new ninth circuit, whose offi-4 |
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67 | 67 | | cial duty station shall be in California. 5 |
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68 | 68 | | (b) E |
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69 | 69 | | FFECTIVEDATE.—This section shall take effect 6 |
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70 | 70 | | on the date of enactment of this Act. 7 |
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71 | 71 | | SEC. 5. NUMBER OF CIRCUIT JUDGES. 8 |
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72 | 72 | | The table in section 44(a) of title 28, United States 9 |
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73 | 73 | | Code, is amended— 10 |
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74 | 74 | | (1) by striking the item relating to the ninth 11 |
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75 | 75 | | circuit and inserting the following: 12 |
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76 | 76 | | ‘‘Ninth ..................................................................................................... 18’’; |
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77 | 77 | | and 13 |
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78 | 78 | | (2) by inserting after the item relating to the 14 |
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79 | 79 | | eleventh circuit the following: 15 |
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80 | 80 | | ‘‘Twelfth .................................................................................................. 13’’. |
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81 | 81 | | SEC. 6. PLACES OF CIRCUIT COURT. |
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82 | 82 | | 16 |
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83 | 83 | | The table in section 48(a) of title 28, United States 17 |
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84 | 84 | | Code, is amended— 18 |
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85 | 85 | | (1) by striking the item relating to the ninth 19 |
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86 | 86 | | circuit and inserting the following: 20 |
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87 | 87 | | ‘‘Ninth ........................................... Honolulu, Pasadena, San Fran- |
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88 | 88 | | cisco.’’; |
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89 | 89 | | and 21 |
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91 | 91 | | kjohnson on DSK79L0C42PROD with BILLS 4 |
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92 | 92 | | •S 1878 IS |
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93 | 93 | | (2) by inserting after the item relating to the 1 |
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94 | 94 | | eleventh circuit the following: 2 |
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95 | 95 | | ‘‘Twelfth ........................................ Las Vegas, Phoenix, Portland, Se- |
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96 | 96 | | attle.’’. |
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97 | 97 | | SEC. 7. LOCATION OF TWELFTH CIRCUIT HEADQUARTERS. |
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98 | 98 | | 3 |
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99 | 99 | | The offices of the Circuit Executive of the Twelfth 4 |
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100 | 100 | | Circuit and the Clerk of the Court of the Twelfth Circuit 5 |
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101 | 101 | | shall be located in Seattle, Washington. 6 |
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102 | 102 | | SEC. 8. ASSIGNMENT OF CIRCUIT JUDGES. 7 |
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103 | 103 | | Each circuit judge of the former ninth circuit who 8 |
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104 | 104 | | is in regular active service and whose official duty station 9 |
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105 | 105 | | on the day before the effective date of this Act— 10 |
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106 | 106 | | (1) is in California, Guam, Hawaii, or the 11 |
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107 | 107 | | Northern Mariana Islands shall be a circuit judge of 12 |
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108 | 108 | | the new ninth circuit as of that effective date; and 13 |
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109 | 109 | | (2) is in Alaska, Arizona, Idaho, Montana, Ne-14 |
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110 | 110 | | vada, Oregon, or Washington shall be a circuit judge 15 |
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111 | 111 | | of the twelfth circuit as of that effective date. 16 |
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112 | 112 | | SEC. 9. ELECTION OF ASSIGNMENT BY SENIOR JUDGES. 17 |
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113 | 113 | | Each judge who is a senior circuit judge of the former 18 |
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114 | 114 | | ninth circuit on the day before the effective date of this 19 |
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115 | 115 | | Act— 20 |
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116 | 116 | | (1) may elect to be assigned to the new ninth 21 |
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117 | 117 | | circuit or the twelfth circuit as of that effective date; 22 |
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118 | 118 | | and 23 |
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120 | 120 | | kjohnson on DSK79L0C42PROD with BILLS 5 |
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121 | 121 | | •S 1878 IS |
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122 | 122 | | (2) shall notify the Director of the Administra-1 |
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123 | 123 | | tive Office of the United States Courts of the elec-2 |
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124 | 124 | | tion made under paragraph (1). 3 |
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125 | 125 | | SEC. 10. SENIORITY OF JUDGES. 4 |
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126 | 126 | | The seniority of each judge who is assigned under 5 |
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127 | 127 | | section 8 or elects to be assigned under section 9 shall 6 |
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128 | 128 | | run from the date of commission of the judge as a judge 7 |
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129 | 129 | | of the former ninth circuit. 8 |
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130 | 130 | | SEC. 11. APPLICATION TO CASES. 9 |
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131 | 131 | | The following apply to any case in which, on the day 10 |
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132 | 132 | | before the effective date of this Act, an appeal or other 11 |
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133 | 133 | | proceeding has been filed with the former ninth circuit: 12 |
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134 | 134 | | (1) Except as provided in paragraph (3), if the 13 |
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135 | 135 | | matter has been submitted for decision, further pro-14 |
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136 | 136 | | ceedings with respect to the matter shall be had in 15 |
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137 | 137 | | the same manner and with the same effect as if this 16 |
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138 | 138 | | Act had not been enacted. 17 |
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139 | 139 | | (2) If the matter has not been submitted for de-18 |
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140 | 140 | | cision, the appeal or proceeding, together with the 19 |
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141 | 141 | | original papers, printed records, and record entries 20 |
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142 | 142 | | duly certified, shall, by appropriate orders, be trans-21 |
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143 | 143 | | ferred to the court to which the matter would have 22 |
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144 | 144 | | been submitted had this Act been in full force and 23 |
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145 | 145 | | effect on the date on which the appeal was taken or 24 |
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146 | 146 | | other proceeding commenced, and further pro-25 |
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148 | 148 | | kjohnson on DSK79L0C42PROD with BILLS 6 |
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149 | 149 | | •S 1878 IS |
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150 | 150 | | ceedings with respect to the case shall be had in the 1 |
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151 | 151 | | same manner and with the same effect as if the ap-2 |
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152 | 152 | | peal or other proceeding had been filed in that court. 3 |
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153 | 153 | | (3) If a petition for rehearing en banc is pend-4 |
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154 | 154 | | ing on or after the effective date of this Act, the pe-5 |
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155 | 155 | | tition shall be considered by the court of appeals to 6 |
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156 | 156 | | which the petition would have been submitted had 7 |
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157 | 157 | | this Act been in full force and effect on the date on 8 |
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158 | 158 | | which the appeal or other proceeding was filed with 9 |
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159 | 159 | | the court of appeals. 10 |
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160 | 160 | | SEC. 12. TEMPORARY ASSIGNMENT OF CIRCUIT JUDGES 11 |
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161 | 161 | | AMONG CIRCUITS. 12 |
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162 | 162 | | Section 291 of title 28, United States Code, is 13 |
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163 | 163 | | amended by adding at the end the following: 14 |
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164 | 164 | | ‘‘(c) The chief judge of the United States Court of 15 |
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165 | 165 | | Appeals for the Ninth Circuit may, in the public interest 16 |
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166 | 166 | | and upon request by the chief judge of the United States 17 |
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167 | 167 | | Court of Appeals for the Twelfth Circuit, designate and 18 |
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168 | 168 | | assign temporarily any circuit judge of the Ninth Circuit 19 |
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169 | 169 | | to act as circuit judge in the Twelfth Circuit. 20 |
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170 | 170 | | ‘‘(d) The chief judge of the United States Court of 21 |
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171 | 171 | | Appeals for the Twelfth Circuit may, in the public interest 22 |
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172 | 172 | | and upon request by the chief judge of the United States 23 |
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173 | 173 | | Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, designate and as-24 |
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175 | 175 | | kjohnson on DSK79L0C42PROD with BILLS 7 |
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176 | 176 | | •S 1878 IS |
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177 | 177 | | sign temporarily any circuit judge of the Twelfth Circuit 1 |
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178 | 178 | | to act as circuit judge in the Ninth Circuit.’’. 2 |
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179 | 179 | | SEC. 13. TEMPORARY ASSIGNMENT OF DISTRICT JUDGES 3 |
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180 | 180 | | AMONG CIRCUITS. 4 |
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181 | 181 | | Section 292 of title 28, United States Code, is 5 |
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182 | 182 | | amended by adding at the end the following: 6 |
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183 | 183 | | ‘‘(f) The chief judge of the United States Court of 7 |
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184 | 184 | | Appeals for the Ninth Circuit may in the public interest— 8 |
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185 | 185 | | ‘‘(1) upon request by the chief judge of the 9 |
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186 | 186 | | United States Court of Appeals for the Twelfth Cir-10 |
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187 | 187 | | cuit, designate and assign one or more district 11 |
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188 | 188 | | judges of the Ninth Circuit to sit upon the Court of 12 |
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189 | 189 | | Appeals of the Twelfth Circuit, or a division thereof, 13 |
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190 | 190 | | whenever the business of that court so requires; and 14 |
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191 | 191 | | ‘‘(2) designate and assign temporarily any dis-15 |
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192 | 192 | | trict judge of the Ninth Circuit to hold a district 16 |
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193 | 193 | | court in any district within the Twelfth Circuit. 17 |
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194 | 194 | | ‘‘(g) The chief judge of the United States Court of 18 |
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195 | 195 | | Appeals for the Twelfth Circuit may in the public inter-19 |
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196 | 196 | | est— 20 |
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197 | 197 | | ‘‘(1) upon request by the chief judge of the 21 |
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198 | 198 | | United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Cir-22 |
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199 | 199 | | cuit, designate and assign one or more district 23 |
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200 | 200 | | judges of the Twelfth Circuit to sit upon the Court 24 |
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201 | 201 | | of Appeals of the Ninth Circuit, or a division there-25 |
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203 | 203 | | kjohnson on DSK79L0C42PROD with BILLS 8 |
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204 | 204 | | •S 1878 IS |
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205 | 205 | | of, whenever the business of that court so requires; 1 |
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206 | 206 | | and 2 |
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207 | 207 | | ‘‘(2) designate and assign temporarily any dis-3 |
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208 | 208 | | trict judge of the Twelfth Circuit to hold a district 4 |
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209 | 209 | | court in any district within the Ninth Circuit. 5 |
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210 | 210 | | ‘‘(h) Any designation or assignment under subsection 6 |
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211 | 211 | | (f) or (g) shall be in conformity with the rules or orders 7 |
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212 | 212 | | of the court of appeals of, or the district within, as applica-8 |
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213 | 213 | | ble, the circuit to which the judge is designated or as-9 |
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214 | 214 | | signed.’’. 10 |
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215 | 215 | | SEC. 14. DISTRICT JUDGES FOR THE DISTRICT COURTS. 11 |
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216 | 216 | | (a) A |
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217 | 217 | | DDITIONALJUDGESHIPS.—The President shall 12 |
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218 | 218 | | appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Sen-13 |
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219 | 219 | | ate— 14 |
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220 | 220 | | (1) 2 additional district judges for the district 15 |
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221 | 221 | | of Arizona; 16 |
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222 | 222 | | (2) 9 additional district judges for the central 17 |
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223 | 223 | | district of California; 18 |
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224 | 224 | | (3) 4 additional district judges for the eastern 19 |
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225 | 225 | | district of California; 20 |
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226 | 226 | | (4) 6 additional district judges for the northern 21 |
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227 | 227 | | district of California; 22 |
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228 | 228 | | (5) 2 additional district judges for the southern 23 |
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229 | 229 | | district of California; 24 |
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231 | 231 | | kjohnson on DSK79L0C42PROD with BILLS 9 |
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232 | 232 | | •S 1878 IS |
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233 | 233 | | (6) 2 additional district judges for the district 1 |
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234 | 234 | | of Colorado; 2 |
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235 | 235 | | (7) 2 additional district judges for the district 3 |
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236 | 236 | | of Delaware; 4 |
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237 | 237 | | (8) 5 additional district judges for the middle 5 |
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238 | 238 | | district of Florida; 6 |
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239 | 239 | | (9) 1 additional district judge for the northern 7 |
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240 | 240 | | district of Florida; 8 |
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241 | 241 | | (10) 3 additional district judges for the south-9 |
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242 | 242 | | ern district of Florida; 10 |
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243 | 243 | | (11) 2 additional district judges for the north-11 |
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244 | 244 | | ern district of Georgia; 12 |
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245 | 245 | | (12) 1 additional district judge for the district 13 |
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246 | 246 | | of Idaho; 14 |
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247 | 247 | | (13) 1 additional district judge for the southern 15 |
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248 | 248 | | district of Indiana; 16 |
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249 | 249 | | (14) 1 additional district judge for the northern 17 |
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250 | 250 | | district of Iowa; 18 |
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251 | 251 | | (15) 1 additional district judge for the district 19 |
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252 | 252 | | of Nebraska; 20 |
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253 | 253 | | (16) 3 additional district judges for the district 21 |
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254 | 254 | | of New Jersey; 22 |
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255 | 255 | | (17) 2 additional district judges for the eastern 23 |
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256 | 256 | | district of New York; 24 |
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259 | 259 | | •S 1878 IS |
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260 | 260 | | (18) 2 additional district judges for the south-1 |
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261 | 261 | | ern district of New York; 2 |
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262 | 262 | | (19) 1 additional district judge for the western 3 |
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263 | 263 | | district of New York; 4 |
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264 | 264 | | (20) 2 additional district judges for the eastern 5 |
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265 | 265 | | district of Oklahoma; 6 |
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266 | 266 | | (21) 1 additional district judge for the northern 7 |
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267 | 267 | | district of Oklahoma; 8 |
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268 | 268 | | (22) 2 additional district judges for the eastern 9 |
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269 | 269 | | district of Texas; 10 |
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270 | 270 | | (23) 1 additional district judge for the northern 11 |
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271 | 271 | | district of Texas; 12 |
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272 | 272 | | (24) 4 additional district judges for the south-13 |
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273 | 273 | | ern district of Texas; and 14 |
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274 | 274 | | (25) 6 additional district judges for the western 15 |
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275 | 275 | | district of Texas. 16 |
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276 | 276 | | (b) E |
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277 | 277 | | XTENSION OFTEMPORARYJUDGESHIPS.—Sec-17 |
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278 | 278 | | tion 203(c) of the Judicial Improvements Act of 1990 18 |
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279 | 279 | | (Public Law 101–650; 28 U.S.C. 133 note) is amended, 19 |
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280 | 280 | | in second sentence of the matter following paragraph (12), 20 |
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281 | 281 | | by striking ‘‘31 years’’ and inserting ‘‘36 years’’. 21 |
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282 | 282 | | (c) C |
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283 | 283 | | ONVERSION OFTEMPORARYJUDGESHIPS.—The 22 |
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284 | 284 | | existing judgeship for the eastern district of Missouri au-23 |
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285 | 285 | | thorized by section 203(c) of the Judicial Improvements 24 |
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286 | 286 | | Act of 1990 (Public Law 101–650; 28 U.S.C. 133 note) 25 |
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289 | 289 | | •S 1878 IS |
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290 | 290 | | and the existing judgeships for the district of Arizona, the 1 |
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291 | 291 | | central district of California, the southern district of Flor-2 |
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292 | 292 | | ida, the district of New Mexico, the western district of 3 |
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293 | 293 | | North Carolina, and the eastern district of Texas author-4 |
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294 | 294 | | ized by section 312(c) of the 21st Century Department 5 |
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295 | 295 | | of Justice Appropriations Authorization Act (Public Law 6 |
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296 | 296 | | 107–273, 28 U.S.C. 133 note), as of the date of enact-7 |
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297 | 297 | | ment of this Act, shall be authorized under section 133 8 |
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298 | 298 | | of title 28, United States Code, and the incumbents in 9 |
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299 | 299 | | those offices shall hold the office under section 133 of title 10 |
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300 | 300 | | 28, United States Code, as amended by this Act. 11 |
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301 | 301 | | (d) T |
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302 | 302 | | ECHNICAL ANDCONFORMINGAMENDMENTS.— 12 |
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303 | 303 | | The table contained in section 133(a) of title 28, United 13 |
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304 | 304 | | States Code, is amended— 14 |
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305 | 305 | | (1) by striking the item relating to the district 15 |
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306 | 306 | | of Arizona and inserting the following: 16 |
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307 | 307 | | ‘‘Arizona ................................................................. 15’’; |
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308 | 308 | | (2) by striking the items relating to California 17 |
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309 | 309 | | and inserting the following: 18 |
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310 | 310 | | ‘‘California: |
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311 | 311 | | Northern ................................................................. 20 |
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312 | 312 | | Eastern ................................................................... 10 |
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313 | 313 | | Central .................................................................... 37 |
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314 | 314 | | Southern ................................................................. 15’’; |
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315 | 315 | | (3) by striking the item relating to the district 19 |
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316 | 316 | | of Colorado and inserting the following: 20 |
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317 | 317 | | ‘‘Colorado ............................................................... 9’’; |
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320 | 320 | | •S 1878 IS |
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321 | 321 | | (4) by striking the item relating to the district 1 |
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322 | 322 | | of Delaware and inserting the following: 2 |
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323 | 323 | | ‘‘Delaware ............................................................... 6’’; |
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324 | 324 | | (5) by striking the items relating to Florida and 3 |
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325 | 325 | | inserting the following: 4 |
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326 | 326 | | ‘‘Florida: |
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327 | 327 | | Northern ................................................................. 5 |
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328 | 328 | | Middle ..................................................................... 20 |
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329 | 329 | | Southern ................................................................. 21’’; |
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330 | 330 | | (6) by striking the items relating to Georgia 5 |
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331 | 331 | | and inserting the following: 6 |
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332 | 332 | | ‘‘Georgia: |
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333 | 333 | | Northern ................................................................. 13 |
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334 | 334 | | Middle ..................................................................... 4 |
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335 | 335 | | Southern ................................................................. 3’’; |
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336 | 336 | | (7) by striking the item relating to Idaho and 7 |
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337 | 337 | | inserting the following: 8 |
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338 | 338 | | ‘‘Idaho .................................................................... 3’’; |
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339 | 339 | | (8) by striking the items relating to Indiana 9 |
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340 | 340 | | and inserting the following: 10 |
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341 | 341 | | ‘‘Indiana: |
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342 | 342 | | Northern ................................................................. 5 |
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343 | 343 | | Southern ................................................................. 6’’; |
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344 | 344 | | (9) by striking the items relating to Indiana 11 |
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345 | 345 | | and inserting the following: 12 |
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346 | 346 | | ‘‘Iowa: |
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347 | 347 | | Northern ................................................................. 3 |
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348 | 348 | | Southern ................................................................. 3’’; |
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349 | 349 | | (10) by striking the items relating to Nebraska 13 |
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350 | 350 | | and inserting the following: 14 |
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353 | 353 | | •S 1878 IS |
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354 | 354 | | ‘‘Nebraska .............................................................. 4’’; |
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355 | 355 | | (11) by striking the item relating to New Jer-1 |
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356 | 356 | | sey and inserting the following: 2 |
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357 | 357 | | ‘‘New Jersey ........................................................... 20’’; |
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358 | 358 | | (12) by striking the items relating to New York 3 |
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359 | 359 | | and inserting the following: 4 |
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360 | 360 | | ‘‘New York: |
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361 | 361 | | Southern ................................................................. 30 |
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362 | 362 | | Eastern ................................................................... 17 |
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363 | 363 | | Western .................................................................. 5’’; |
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364 | 364 | | (13) by striking the items relating to Oklahoma 5 |
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365 | 365 | | and inserting the following: 6 |
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366 | 366 | | ‘‘North Carolina: |
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367 | 367 | | Eastern ................................................................... 3.5 |
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368 | 368 | | Northern ................................................................. 4.5’’; |
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369 | 369 | | and 7 |
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370 | 370 | | (14) by striking the items relating to Texas and 8 |
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371 | 371 | | inserting the following: 9 |
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372 | 372 | | ‘‘Texas: |
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373 | 373 | | Northern ................................................................. 13 |
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374 | 374 | | Southern ................................................................. 23 |
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375 | 375 | | Eastern ................................................................... 10 |
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376 | 376 | | Western .................................................................. 19’’. |
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377 | 377 | | SEC. 15. ADMINISTRATION. |
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378 | 378 | | 10 |
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379 | 379 | | (a) T |
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380 | 380 | | RANSITIONAUTHORITY.—The court of appeals 11 |
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381 | 381 | | for the ninth circuit as constituted on the day before the 12 |
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382 | 382 | | effective date of this Act may take any administrative ac-13 |
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383 | 383 | | tion that is required to carry out this Act and the amend-14 |
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384 | 384 | | ments made by this Act. 15 |
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385 | 385 | | VerDate Sep 11 2014 23:27 Jun 30, 2023 Jkt 039200 PO 00000 Frm 00013 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S1878.IS S1878 |
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386 | 386 | | kjohnson on DSK79L0C42PROD with BILLS 14 |
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387 | 387 | | •S 1878 IS |
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388 | 388 | | (b) ADMINISTRATIVETERMINATION.—The court de-1 |
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389 | 389 | | scribed in subsection (a) shall cease to exist for adminis-2 |
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390 | 390 | | trative purposes 2 years after the date of enactment of 3 |
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391 | 391 | | this Act. 4 |
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392 | 392 | | SEC. 16. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. 5 |
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393 | 393 | | There are authorized to be appropriated such sums 6 |
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394 | 394 | | as may be necessary to carry out this Act, including funds 7 |
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395 | 395 | | for additional court facilities. 8 |
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396 | 396 | | SEC. 17. EFFECTIVE DATE. 9 |
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397 | 397 | | Except as provided in section 4(c), this Act and the 10 |
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398 | 398 | | amendments made by this Act shall take effect 1 year 11 |
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399 | 399 | | after the date of enactment of this Act. 12 |
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400 | 400 | | Æ |
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