Us Congress 2025-2026 Regular Session

Us Congress House Bill HB168 Compare Versions

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Old	New	Differences
1	1	I
2	2	119THCONGRESS
3	3	1
4	4	STSESSION H. R. 168
5	5	To improve the ability of the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary
6	6	of the Interior to carry out forest management activities that reduce
7	7	the risk of catastrophic wildfires, and for other purposes.
8	8	IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
9	9	JANUARY3, 2025
10	10	Mr. L
11	11	AMALFAintroduced the following bill; which was referred to the Com-
12	12	mittee on Agriculture, and in addition to the Committee on Natural Re-
13	13	sources, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in
14	14	each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdic-
15	15	tion of the committee concerned
16	16	A BILL
17	17	To improve the ability of the Secretary of Agriculture and
18	18	the Secretary of the Interior to carry out forest manage-
19	19	ment activities that reduce the risk of catastrophic
20	20	wildfires, and for other purposes.
21	21	Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-1
22	22	tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 2
23	23	SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 3
24	24	(a) S
25	25	HORTTITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 4
26	26	‘‘Targeted Operations to Remove Catastrophic Hazards 5
27	27	Act’’ or the ‘‘TORCH Act’’. 6
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30	30	•HR 168 IH
31	31	(b) TABLE OFCONTENTS.—The table of contents for 1
32	32	this Act is as follows: 2
33	33	Sec. 1. Short title.
34	34	TITLE I—HAZARDOUS FUEL REDUCTION ACTIVITIES
35	35	Sec. 101. Categorical exclusion for high priority hazard tree activities.
36	36	Sec. 102. Utilizing timber sales on National Forest System land for extreme
37	37	risk reduction.
38	38	Sec. 103. Utilizing grazing for wildfire risk reduction.
39	39	Sec. 104. Amendments to the Healthy Forest Restoration Act of 2003 to im-
40	40	prove wildfire mitigation.
41	41	Sec. 105. Amendment to fuel breaks in forests and other wildland vegetation.
42	42	TITLE II—GOOD NEIGHBOR AUTHORITY
43	43	Sec. 201. Modification of the treatment of certain revenue and payments under
44	44	good neighbor agreements.
45	45	TITLE III—ELECTRICAL UTILITY LINES RIGHTS-OF-WAYS AND
46	46	RELATED VEGETATION MANAGEMENT
47	47	Sec. 301. Vegetation management, facility inspection, and operation and main-
48	48	tenance relating to electric transmission and distribution facil-
49	49	ity rights-of-way.
50	50	Sec. 302. Categorical exclusion for electric utility lines rights-of-way.
51	51	Sec. 303. Permits and agreements with electrical utilities.
52	52	TITLE IV—REFORM OF CERTAIN ADMINISTRATIVE
53	53	REQUIREMENTS
54	54	Sec. 401. Nonapplicability of certain additional consultation requirements of
55	55	the Endangered Species Act of 1973.
56	56	Sec. 402. Amendment to categorical exclusion for collaborative restoration
57	57	projects.
58	58	TITLE I—HAZARDOUS FUEL 3
59	59	REDUCTION ACTIVITIES 4
60	60	SEC. 101. CATEGORICAL EXCLUSION FOR HIGH PRIORITY 5
61	61	HAZARD TREE ACTIVITIES. 6
62	62	(a) C
63	63	ATEGORICALEXCLUSION.— 7
64	64	(1) I
65	65	N GENERAL.—Not later than 1 year after 8
66	66	the date of enactment of this section, the Secretary 9
67	67	of Agriculture shall develop a categorical exclusion 10
68	68	(as defined in section 1508.4 of title 40, Code of 11
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71	71	•HR 168 IH
72	72	Federal Regulations (or a successor regulation)) for 1
73	73	high priority hazard tree activities. 2
74	74	(2) A
75	75	DMINISTRATION.—In developing and ad-3
76	76	ministering the categorical exclusion under para-4
77	77	graph (1), the Secretary shall— 5
78	78	(A) comply with the National Environ-6
79	79	mental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et 7
80	80	seq.); and 8
81	81	(B) apply the extraordinary circumstances 9
82	82	procedures under section 220.6 of title 36, Code 10
83	83	of Federal Regulations (or successor regula-11
84	84	tions), in determining whether to use the cat-12
85	85	egorical exclusion. 13
86	86	(b) P
87	87	ROJECTSIZELIMITATIONS.—A project to carry 14
88	88	out high priority hazard tree activities to which a categor-15
89	89	ical exclusion under subsection (a) is applied may not ex-16
90	90	ceed 3,000 acres. 17
91	91	(c) D
92	92	EFINITIONS.—In this section: 18
93	93	(1) H
94	94	IGH-PRIORITY HAZARD TREE .—The term 19
95	95	‘‘high-priority hazard tree’’ means a standing tree 20
96	96	that— 21
97	97	(A) presents a visible hazard to people or 22
98	98	Federal property due to conditions such as de-23
99	99	terioration of or damage to the root system, 24
100	100	trunk, stem, or limbs of the tree, or the direc-25
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103	103	•HR 168 IH
104	104	tion or lean of the tree, as determined by the 1
105	105	Secretary; 2
106	106	(B) is determined by the Secretary to be 3
107	107	highly likely to fail and, if it failed, would be 4
108	108	highly likely to cause injury to people or dam-5
109	109	age to Federal property; and 6
110	110	(C) is within 300 feet of a National Forest 7
111	111	System road with a maintenance level of 3, 4, 8
112	112	or 5, a National Forest System trail, or a devel-9
113	113	oped recreation site on National Forest System 10
114	114	lands that is operated and maintained by the 11
115	115	Secretary. 12
116	116	(2) H
117	117	IGH-PRIORITY HAZARD TREE ACTIVI -13
118	118	TIES.—The term ‘‘high priority hazard tree activi-14
119	119	ties’’— 15
120	120	(A) means forest management activities 16
121	121	that mitigate the risks associated with high-pri-17
122	122	ority hazard trees, including pruning, felling, 18
123	123	and disposal of those trees; and 19
124	124	(B) does not include any activity— 20
125	125	(i) conducted in a wilderness area or 21
126	126	wilderness study area; 22
127	127	(ii) for the construction of a perma-23
128	128	nent road or permanent trail; 24
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131	131	•HR 168 IH
132	132	(iii) conducted on Federal land on 1
133	133	which, by Act of Congress or Presidential 2
134	134	proclamation, the removal of vegetation is 3
135	135	restricted or prohibited; 4
136	136	(iv) that would be inconsistent with 5
137	137	the applicable land and resource manage-6
138	138	ment plan; or 7
139	139	(v) conducted in an inventoried 8
140	140	roadless area. 9
141	141	SEC. 102. UTILIZING TIMBER SALES ON NATIONAL FOREST 10
142	142	SYSTEM LAND FOR EXTREME RISK REDUC-11
143	143	TION. 12
144	144	Section 14 of the National Forest Management Act 13
145	145	of 1976 (16 U.S.C. 472a) is amended— 14
146	146	(1) in subsection (d) by striking ‘‘$10,000’’ and 15
147	147	inserting ‘‘$50,000’’; and 16
148	148	(2) by adding at the end the following new sub-17
149	149	section: 18
150	150	‘‘(j) In the event of extreme risks to a unit of Na-19
151	151	tional Forest System land, including catastrophic wildfire, 20
152	152	insect and disease outbreak, wind, hurricane, flood, 21
153	153	drought, or to avoid impacts from such extreme events, 22
154	154	the Secretary may, without an appraisal and under such 23
155	155	rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretary, dispose 24
156	156	of by sale or otherwise, portions of trees, or forest prod-25
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159	159	•HR 168 IH
160	160	ucts located on such unit of National Forest System 1
161	161	lands.’’. 2
162	162	SEC. 103. UTILIZING GRAZING FOR WILDFIRE RISK REDUC-3
163	163	TION. 4
164	164	The Secretary of Agriculture, acting through the 5
165	165	Chief of the U.S. Forest Service, in coordination with 6
166	166	holders of permits to graze livestock on Federal land, shall 7
167	167	develop a strategy to increase opportunities to utilize live-8
168	168	stock grazing as wildfire risk reduction strategy, includ-9
169	169	ing— 10
170	170	(1) completion of reviews (as required under the 11
171	171	National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (U.S.C. 12
172	172	4321 et seq.)) to allow permitted grazing on vacant 13
173	173	grazing allotments during instances of drought, wild-14
174	174	fire or other natural disasters that disrupt grazing 15
175	175	on allotments already permitted; 16
176	176	(2) use of targeted grazing; 17
177	177	(3) increase use of temporary permits to pro-18
178	178	mote targeted fuels reduction and reduction of 19
179	179	invasive annual grasses; 20
180	180	(4) increased use of grazing as a postfire recov-21
181	181	ery and restoration strategy, where appropriate; and 22
182	182	(5) use all applicable authorities under the law. 23
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185	185	•HR 168 IH
186	186	SEC. 104. AMENDMENTS TO THE HEALTHY FOREST RES-1
187	187	TORATION ACT OF 2003 TO IMPROVE WILD-2
188	188	FIRE MITIGATION. 3
189	189	(a) P
190	190	ROMOTINGCROSS-BOUNDARYWILDFIREMITI-4
191	191	GATION.—Section 103(e)(5) of the Healthy Forests Res-5
192	192	toration Act of 2003 (16 U.S.C. 6513(e)(5)) is amended 6
193	193	by striking ‘‘2023’’ and inserting ‘‘2030’’. 7
194	194	(b) W
195	195	ILDFIRERESILIENCEPROJECTSIZE.—Section 8
196	196	605(c)(1) of the Healthy Forests Restoration Act of 2003 9
197	197	(16 U.S.C. 6591d(c)(1)) is amended by striking ‘‘3000 10
198	198	acres’’ and inserting ‘‘10,000 acres’’. 11
199	199	SEC. 105. AMENDMENT TO FUEL BREAKS IN FORESTS AND 12
200	200	OTHER WILDLAND VEGETATION. 13
201	201	Section 40806(d)(1) of the Infrastructure Investment 14
202	202	and Jobs Act (16 U.S.C. 6592b(d)(1)) is amended by 15
203	203	striking ‘‘3,000 acres’’ and inserting ‘‘10,000 acres’’. 16
204	204	TITLE II—GOOD NEIGHBOR 17
205	205	AUTHORITY 18
206	206	SEC. 201. MODIFICATION OF THE TREATMENT OF CERTAIN 19
207	207	REVENUE AND PAYMENTS UNDER GOOD 20
208	208	NEIGHBOR AGREEMENTS. 21
209	209	(a) G
210	210	OODNEIGHBORAUTHORITY.—Section 8206 of 22
211	211	the Agricultural Act of 2014 (16 U.S.C. 2113a) is amend-23
212	212	ed— 24
213	213	(1) in subsection (a)(6), by striking ‘‘or Indian 25
214	214	tribe’’; and 26
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217	217	•HR 168 IH
218	218	(2) in subsection (b)— 1
219	219	(A) in paragraph (1)(A), by inserting ‘‘, 2
220	220	Indian tribe,’’ after ‘‘Governor’’; 3
221	221	(B) in paragraph (2)(C), by striking clause 4
222	222	(i) and inserting the following: 5
223	223	‘‘(i) I
224	224	N GENERAL.—Funds received 6
225	225	from the sale of timber by a Governor, an 7
226	226	Indian tribe, or a county under a good 8
227	227	neighbor agreement shall be retained and 9
228	228	used by the Governor, Indian tribe, or 10
229	229	county, as applicable— 11
230	230	‘‘(I) to carry out authorized res-12
231	231	toration services under the good 13
232	232	neighbor agreement; and 14
233	233	‘‘(II) if there are funds remain-15
234	234	ing after carrying out subclause (I), 16
235	235	to carry out authorized restoration 17
236	236	services under other good neighbor 18
237	237	agreements.’’; and 19
238	238	(C) in paragraph (3), by inserting ‘‘, In-20
239	239	dian tribe,’’ after ‘‘Governor’’; and 21
240	240	(D) by striking paragraph (4). 22
241	241	(b) C
242	242	ONFORMINGAMENDMENTS.—Section 8206(a) 23
243	243	of the Agricultural Act of 2014 (16 U.S.C. 2113a(a)) is 24
244	244	amended— 25
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247	247	•HR 168 IH
248	248	(1) in paragraph (1)(B), by inserting ‘‘, Indian 1
249	249	tribe,’’ after ‘‘Governor’’; and 2
250	250	(2) in paragraph (5), by inserting ‘‘, Indian 3
251	251	tribe,’’ after ‘‘Governor’’. 4
252	252	(c) E
253	253	FFECTIVEDATE.—The amendments made by 5
254	254	this Act apply to any project initiated pursuant to a good 6
255	255	neighbor agreement (as defined in section 8206(a) of the 7
256	256	Agricultural Act of 2014 (16 U.S.C. 2113a(a)))— 8
257	257	(1) before the date of enactment of this Act, if 9
258	258	the project was initiated after the date of enactment 10
259	259	of the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 (Public 11
260	260	Law 115–334; 132 Stat. 4490); or 12
261	261	(2) on or after the date of enactment of this 13
262	262	Act. 14
263	263	TITLE III—ELECTRICAL UTILITY 15
264	264	LINES RIGHTS-OF-WAYS AND 16
265	265	RELATED VEGETATION MAN-17
266	266	AGEMENT 18
267	267	SEC. 301. VEGETATION MANAGEMENT, FACILITY INSPEC-19
268	268	TION, AND OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 20
269	269	RELATING TO ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION AND 21
270	270	DISTRIBUTION FACILITY RIGHTS-OF-WAY. 22
271	271	(a) H
272	272	AZARDTREESWITHIN50 FEET OFELECTRIC 23
273	273	P
274	274	OWERLINE.—Section 512(a)(1)(B)(ii) of the Federal 24
275	275	Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 25
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278	278	•HR 168 IH
279	279	1772(a)(1)(B)(ii)) is amended by striking ‘‘10’’ and in-1
280	280	serting ‘‘50’’. 2
281	281	(b) C
282	282	ONSULTATIONWITHPRIVATELANDOWNERS.— 3
283	283	Section 512(c)(3)(E) of the Federal Land Policy and 4
284	284	Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1772(c)(3)(E)) is 5
285	285	amended— 6
286	286	(1) in clause (i), by striking ‘‘and’’ at the end; 7
287	287	(2) in clause (ii), by striking the period and in-8
288	288	serting ‘‘; and’’; and 9
289	289	(3) by adding at the end the following: 10
290	290	‘‘(iii) consulting with private land-11
291	291	owners with respect to any hazard trees 12
292	292	identified for removal from land owned by 13
293	293	such private landowners.’’. 14
294	294	(c) R
295	295	EVIEW ANDAPPROVALPROCESS.—Clause (iv) 15
296	296	of section 512(c)(4)(A) of the Federal Land Policy and 16
297	297	Management Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1772(c)(4)(A)) is 17
298	298	amended to read as follows: 18
299	299	‘‘(iv) ensures that— 19
300	300	‘‘(I) a plan submitted without a 20
301	301	modification under clause (iii) shall be 21
302	302	automatically approved 60 days after 22
303	303	review; and 23
304	304	‘‘(II) a plan submitted with a 24
305	305	modification under clause (iii) shall be 25
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308	308	•HR 168 IH
309	309	automatically approved 67 days after 1
310	310	review.’’. 2
311	311	SEC. 302. CATEGORICAL EXCLUSION FOR ELECTRIC UTIL-3
312	312	ITY LINES RIGHTS-OF-WAY. 4
313	313	(a) C
314	314	ATEGORICALEXCLUSIONESTABLISHED.—For-5
315	315	est management activities described in subsection (c) are 6
316	316	a category of activities designated as being categorically 7
317	317	excluded from the preparation of an environmental assess-8
318	318	ment or an environmental impact statement under section 9
319	319	102 of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 10
320	320	U.S.C. 4332). 11
321	321	(b) F
322	322	ORESTMANAGEMENTACTIVITIESDESIGNATED 12
323	323	FORCATEGORICALEXCLUSION.—The forest management 13
324	324	activities designated as being categorically excluded under 14
325	325	subsection (b) are— 15
326	326	(1) the development and approval of a vegeta-16
327	327	tion management, facility inspection, and operation 17
328	328	and maintenance plan submitted under section 18
329	329	512(c)(1) of the Federal Land Policy and Manage-19
330	330	ment Act of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1772(c)(1)) by the 20
331	331	Secretary concerned; and 21
332	332	(2) the implementation of routine activities con-22
333	333	ducted under the plan referred to in paragraph (1). 23
334	334	(c) A
335	335	VAILABILITY OFCATEGORICALEXCLUSION.— 24
336	336	On and after the date of the enactment of this Act, the 25
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339	339	•HR 168 IH
340	340	Secretary concerned may use the categorical exclusion es-1
341	341	tablished under subsection (b) in accordance with this sec-2
342	342	tion. 3
343	343	(d) E
344	344	XTRAORDINARY CIRCUMSTANCES.—Use of the 4
345	345	categorical exclusion established under subsection (b) shall 5
346	346	not be subject to the extraordinary circumstances proce-6
347	347	dures in section 220.6, title 36, Code of Federal Regula-7
348	348	tions, or section 1508.4, title 40, Code of Federal Regula-8
349	349	tions. 9
350	350	(e) E
351	351	XCLUSION OFCERTAINAREAS.—The categor-10
352	352	ical exclusion established under subsection (b) shall not 11
353	353	apply to any forest management activity conducted— 12
354	354	(1) in a component of the National Wilderness 13
355	355	Preservation System; or 14
356	356	(2) on National Forest System lands on which, 15
357	357	by Act of Congress, the removal of vegetation is re-16
358	358	stricted or prohibited. 17
359	359	(f) P
360	360	ERMANENTROADS.— 18
361	361	(1) P
362	362	ROHIBITION ON ESTABLISHMENT .—A for-19
363	363	est management activity designated under subsection 20
364	364	(c) shall not include the establishment of a perma-21
365	365	nent road. 22
366	366	(2) E
367	367	XISTING ROADS.—The Secretary con-23
368	368	cerned may carry out necessary maintenance and re-24
369	369	pair on an existing permanent road for the purposes 25
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372	372	•HR 168 IH
373	373	of conducting a forest management activity des-1
374	374	ignated under subsection (c). 2
375	375	(3) T
376	376	EMPORARY ROADS .—The Secretary con-3
377	377	cerned shall decommission any temporary road con-4
378	378	structed for a forest management activity designated 5
379	379	under subsection (c) not later than 3 years after the 6
380	380	date on which the action is completed. 7
381	381	(g) A
382	382	PPLICABLELAWS.—A forest management activ-8
383	383	ity designated under subsection (c) shall not be subject 9
384	384	to section 7 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 10
385	385	U.S.C. 1536), section 106 of the National Historic Preser-11
386	386	vation Act, or any other applicable law. 12
387	387	(h) S
388	388	ECRETARYCONCERNEDDEFINED.—In this sec-13
389	389	tion, the term ‘‘Secretary concerned’’ means— 14
390	390	(1) the Secretary of Agriculture, with respect to 15
391	391	National Forest System lands; and 16
392	392	(2) the Secretary of the Interior, with respect 17
393	393	to public lands. 18
394	394	SEC. 303. PERMITS AND AGREEMENTS WITH ELECTRICAL 19
395	395	UTILITIES. 20
396	396	(a) I
397	397	NGENERAL.—In any special use permit or ease-21
398	398	ment on National Forest System lands provided to an elec-22
399	399	tric utility company (as defined in section 1262 of the En-23
400	400	ergy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16451)) the Secretary 24
401	401	of Agriculture may provide permission to cut and remove 25
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405	405	trees or other vegetation from within the vicinity of dis-1
406	406	tribution lines or transmission lines, including hazardous 2
407	407	vegetation that increases fire risk, without requiring a sep-3
408	408	arate timber sale if that cutting and removal is consistent 4
409	409	with the applicable land management plan. 5
410	410	(b) U
411	411	SE OFPROCEEDS.—A special use permit or 6
412	412	easement that includes permission for the cutting and re-7
413	413	moval of trees or other vegetation described in subsection 8
414	414	(a), shall include a requirement that, if the applicable elec-9
415	415	trical utility sells any portion of the material removed 10
416	416	under the permit or easement, the electrical utility shall 11
417	417	provide to the Secretary, acting through the Chief of the 12
418	418	Forest Service, any proceeds received from the sale, less 13
419	419	any transportation costs incurred in the sale. 14
420	420	(c) R
421	421	ULE OFCONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this sec-15
422	422	tion shall be construed to require the sale of any material 16
423	423	removed under a special use permit or easement that in-17
424	424	cludes permission for the cutting and removal of trees or 18
425	425	other vegetation described in subsection (a). 19
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429	429	TITLE IV—REFORM OF CERTAIN 1
430	430	ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIRE-2
431	431	MENTS 3
432	432	SEC. 401. NONAPPLICABILITY OF CERTAIN ADDITIONAL 4
433	433	CONSULTATION REQUIREMENTS OF THE EN-5
434	434	DANGERED SPECIES ACT OF 1973. 6
435	435	(a) F
436	436	ORESTSERVICEPLANS.—Section 6(d)(2) of the 7
437	437	Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act 8
438	438	of 1974 (16 U.S.C. 1604(d)(2)) is amended to read as 9
439	439	follows: 10
440	440	‘‘(2) N
441	441	O ADDITIONAL CONSULTATION RE -11
442	442	QUIRED UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES .—Not-12
443	443	withstanding any other provision of law, the Sec-13
444	444	retary shall not be required to reinitiate consultation 14
445	445	under section 7(a)(2) of the Endangered Species Act 15
446	446	of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1536(a)(2)) or section 402.16 of 16
447	447	title 50, Code of Federal Regulations (or a successor 17
448	448	regulation), on a land management plan approved, 18
449	449	amended, or revised under this section when— 19
450	450	‘‘(A) a new species is listed or critical habi-20
451	451	tat is designated under the Endangered Species 21
452	452	Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.); or 22
453	453	‘‘(B) new information reveals effects of the 23
454	454	land management plan that may affect a spe-24
455	455	cies listed or critical habitat designated under 25
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458	458	•HR 168 IH
459	459	that Act in a manner or to an extent not pre-1
460	460	viously considered.’’. 2
461	461	(b) B
462	462	UREAU OFLANDMANAGEMENTPLANS.—Sec-3
463	463	tion 202 of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act 4
464	464	of 1976 (43 U.S.C. 1712) is amended by adding at the 5
465	465	end the following: 6
466	466	‘‘(g) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the 7
467	467	Secretary shall not be required to reinitiate consultation 8
468	468	under section 7(a)(2) of the Endangered Species Act of 9
469	469	1973 (16 U.S.C. 1536(a)(2)) or section 402.16 of title 50, 10
470	470	Code of Federal Regulations (or a successor regulation), 11
471	471	on a land use plan approved, amended, or revised under 12
472	472	this section when— 13
473	473	‘‘(1) a new species is listed or critical habitat 14
474	474	is designated under the Endangered Species Act of 15
475	475	1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.); or 16
476	476	‘‘(2) new information reveals effects of the land 17
477	477	use plan that may affect a species listed or critical 18
478	478	habitat designated under that Act in a manner or to 19
479	479	an extent not previously considered.’’. 20
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482	482	•HR 168 IH
483	483	SEC. 402. AMENDMENT TO CATEGORICAL EXCLUSION FOR 1
484	484	COLLABORATIVE RESTORATION PROJECTS. 2
485	485	Section 603(c)(1) of the Healthy Forests Restoration 3
486	486	Act of 2003 (16 U.S.C. 6591b(c)(1)) is amended by strik-4
487	487	ing ‘‘3000 acres’’ and inserting ‘‘10,000 acres’’. 5
488	488	Æ
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490	490	ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS