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Us Congress House Bill HB2770

Us Congress 2025-2026 Regular Session

Us Congress House Bill HB2770 Compare Versions

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11 I
22 119THCONGRESS
33 1
44 STSESSION H. R. 2770
55 To direct the use of artificial intelligence by National Oceanic and Atmos-
66 pheric Administration to adapt to extreme weather, and for other pur-
77 poses.
88 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
99 APRIL9, 2025
1010 Mr. S
1111 COTTFRANKLINof Florida introduced the following bill; which was
1212 referred to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology
1313 A BILL
1414 To direct the use of artificial intelligence by National Oceanic
1515 and Atmospheric Administration to adapt to extreme
1616 weather, and for other purposes.
1717 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-1
1818 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 2
1919 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. 3
2020 (a) S
2121 HORTTITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 4
2222 ‘‘Transformational Artificial intelligence to Modernize the 5
2323 Economy against Extreme Weather and Wildfires Act’’ or 6
2424 the ‘‘TAME Extreme Weather and Wildfires Act’’. 7
2525 (b) T
2626 ABLE OFCONTENTS.—The table of contents for 8
2727 this Act is as follows: 9
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3131 Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
3232 Sec. 2. Definitions.
3333 Sec. 3. Earth system forecasting and information delivery.
3434 Sec. 4. Advanced artificial intelligence applications for weather and information
3535 delivery.
3636 Sec. 5. Technical assistance on use of artificial intelligence weather models.
3737 Sec. 6. Fire environment modeling program.
3838 Sec. 7. Partnerships for transformational innovation.
3939 Sec. 8. Federal Government workforce expertise.
4040 Sec. 9. Data access.
4141 SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS.
4242 1
4343 In this Act: 2
4444 (1) A
4545 RTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE.— 3
4646 (A) I
4747 N GENERAL.—The term ‘‘artificial in-4
4848 telligence’’ means a machine-based system that 5
4949 can, for a given set of human-defined objectives, 6
5050 make predictions, recommendations, or deci-7
5151 sions influencing real or virtual environments, 8
5252 including by using machine-based and human- 9
5353 based inputs— 10
5454 (i) to abstract such objectives into 11
5555 models through analysis in an automated 12
5656 manner; and 13
5757 (ii) to use model inferences to gen-14
5858 erate information or formulate options for 15
5959 action. 16
6060 (B) I
6161 NCLUSIONS.—The term ‘‘artificial in-17
6262 telligence’’ includes machine learning, neural 18
6363 networks, and natural language processing. 19
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6767 (2) ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE WEATHER 1
6868 MODEL.—The term ‘‘artificial intelligence weather 2
6969 model’’ means a weather model based primarily on 3
7070 artificial intelligence to project future Earth system 4
7171 conditions based on machine learning from an Earth 5
7272 system reanalysis dataset. 6
7373 (3) C
7474 URATE.—The term ‘‘curate’’ means to col-7
7575 lect, maintain, and update periodically a dataset— 8
7676 (A) to ensure and document its quality; 9
7777 and 10
7878 (B) to provide metadata on its provenance. 11
7979 (4) N
8080 UMERICAL WEATHER MODEL .—The term 12
8181 ‘‘numerical weather model’’ means a weather model 13
8282 based primarily on coupled Earth system processes 14
8383 and that uses numerical computation to forecast fu-15
8484 ture Earth system conditions. 16
8585 (5) O
8686 BSERVATIONAL DATA .—The term ‘‘obser-17
8787 vational data’’ means data from actual observations 18
8888 of environmental conditions, including remote sens-19
8989 ing and in situ platforms. 20
9090 (6) O
9191 PEN LICENSE.—The term ‘‘open license’’ 21
9292 has the meaning given that term in section 3502(21) 22
9393 of title 44, United States Code. 23
9494 (7) R
9595 EFORECAST ANALYSIS.—The term ‘‘refore-24
9696 cast analysis’’ means the assessment of a numerical 25
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100100 weather model or artificial intelligence weather 1
101101 model by comparing model output and observational 2
102102 data over a period of time in the past. 3
103103 (8) S
104104 YNTHETIC DATA.—The term ‘‘synthetic 4
105105 data’’ means data produced from a model or statis-5
106106 tical method in order to fill gaps in observational 6
107107 data. 7
108108 (9) T
109109 RAINING DATASET.—The term ‘‘training 8
110110 dataset’’ means a dataset used to train an artificial 9
111111 intelligence model. 10
112112 (10) U
113113 NDER SECRETARY .—The term ‘‘Under 11
114114 Secretary’’ means the Under Secretary of Commerce 12
115115 for Oceans and Atmosphere. 13
116116 (11) W
117117 EATHER ENTERPRISE .—The term 14
118118 ‘‘weather enterprise’’ has the meaning given such 15
119119 term in section 2 of the Weather Research and 16
120120 Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 (15 U.S.C. 17
121121 8501). 18
122122 SEC. 3. EARTH SYSTEM FORECASTING AND INFORMATION 19
123123 DELIVERY. 20
124124 (a) I
125125 NGENERAL.—Not later than two years after the 21
126126 date of the enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary, 22
127127 in consultation with the Secretary of Energy, the Adminis-23
128128 trator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administra-24
129129 tion, the Director of the National Science Foundation, any 25
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132132 •HR 2770 IH
133133 appropriate Federal Advisory Committee, and such other 1
134134 technical experts as the Under Secretary considers appro-2
135135 priate, shall develop and curate comprehensive weather 3
136136 forecasting training datasets with relevant Earth system 4
137137 data, quality information, and metadata necessary for 5
138138 weather forecasting dataset that develops a long-term 6
139139 record of past weather in support of the following: 7
140140 (1) Furthering the understanding of weather, 8
141141 water, and space weather modeling and data. 9
142142 (2) Advancing the science of weather fore-10
143143 casting, including seasonal and subseasonal fore-11
144144 casting. 12
145145 (3) Developing artificial intelligence weather 13
146146 forecasting applications. 14
147147 (b) U
148148 SE OFEXISTINGDATASETS.—In order to speed 15
149149 the development of the weather forecasting training 16
150150 dataset required under subsection (a), the Under Sec-17
151151 retary shall assess, and to the greatest extent practicable 18
152152 build on, existing weather forecasting training datasets of 19
153153 the Federal Government. 20
154154 (c) A
155155 RTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEWEATHERMODEL.— 21
156156 (1) I
157157 N GENERAL.—In carrying out this section, 22
158158 the Under Secretary, in consultation with any appro-23
159159 priate Federal Advisory Committees, may develop 24
160160 and test a global weather model based on artificial 25
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164164 intelligence, to be referred to as an ‘‘artificial intel-1
165165 ligence weather model’’. 2
166166 (2) W
167167 EATHER READY NATION .—In coordination 3
168168 with the activities carried out under paragraph (1), 4
169169 the Under Secretary may explore using artificial in-5
170170 telligence to enhance the dissemination of informa-6
171171 tion and evaluation of effectiveness for improved 7
172172 public understanding, preparedness, and resilience. 8
173173 (3) R
174174 EPORTS.—Not later than two years after 9
175175 the date of the enactment of this Act and not less 10
176176 frequently than annually thereafter, the Under Sec-11
177177 retary shall submit to the Committee on Commerce, 12
178178 Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the 13
179179 Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the 14
180180 House of Representatives a report on the activities 15
181181 conducted under paragraph (1). 16
182182 (d) C
183183 OOPERATIVEINSTITUTES AND CONTRACTING 17
184184 A
185185 UTHORITY.—In carrying out this section, subject to the 18
186186 availability of appropriations, the Under Secretary may 19
187187 competitively award contracts and funding opportunities, 20
188188 increase the scope of existing cooperative institutes of the 21
189189 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or 22
190190 competitively award a new cooperative institute. 23
191191 (e) E
192192 NVIRONMENTAL IMPACT.—The Under Secretary 24
193193 shall develop and disseminate best practices to minimize 25
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197197 environmental impacts from the use of artificial intel-1
198198 ligence to carry out this section. 2
199199 (f) C
200200 ONTINUEDSUPPORT FOROBSERVATIONS, BASIC 3
201201 R
202202 ESEARCH, ANDNUMERICALWEATHERMODELS.—Not-4
203203 withstanding the requirements of this section, the Under 5
204204 Secretary shall continue to support and advance the activi-6
205205 ties of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra-7
206206 tion carry out the following: 8
207207 (1) Collect and acquire traditional and novel ob-9
208208 servational data relevant for artificial intelligence 10
209209 and numerical weather models. 11
210210 (2) Advance research on the Earth system and 12
211211 numerical weather models. 13
212212 (3) Develop and advance numerical Earth sys-14
213213 tem modeling for predictions. 15
214214 (4) Develop weather model data post-processing 16
215215 techniques. 17
216216 (5) Improve data assimilation techniques. 18
217217 SEC. 4. ADVANCED ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICA-19
218218 TIONS FOR WEATHER AND INFORMATION DE-20
219219 LIVERY. 21
220220 The Under Secretary shall explore advanced applica-22
221221 tions of artificial intelligence to improve weather forecasts 23
222222 and information delivery, such as by carrying out the fol-24
223223 lowing: 25
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227227 (1) Improving data assimilation techniques. 1
228228 (2) Using artificial intelligence weather models 2
229229 to quickly emulate running numerical weather mod-3
230230 els to assess and improve the confidence in and reli-4
231231 ability of weather forecasts and information delivery. 5
232232 (3) Improving impact-based decision support to 6
233233 communities for greater societal benefits based on 7
234234 weather forecasts. 8
235235 SEC. 5. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ON USE OF ARTIFICIAL IN-9
236236 TELLIGENCE WEATHER MODELS. 10
237237 (a) I
238238 NGENERAL.—The Under Secretary shall regu-11
239239 larly inventory and assess major non-Federal Government 12
240240 artificial intelligence weather models in order to provide 13
241241 the following: 14
242242 (1) Technical evaluation and assistance on 15
243243 using such models. 16
244244 (2) Best practices on providing forecasts based 17
245245 on outputs from both artificial intelligence weather 18
246246 models and numerical weather models, or a combina-19
247247 tion thereof. 20
248248 (3) Support for forecasters and social scientists 21
249249 to test and evaluate the use and effectiveness of arti-22
250250 ficial intelligence models, including within National 23
251251 Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration testbeds. 24
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255255 (4) Support for emergency managers to make 1
256256 operational decisions based on outputs from both ar-2
257257 tificial intelligence weather models and numerical 3
258258 weather models, or a combination thereof. 4
259259 (b) R
260260 EFORECASTANALYSIS.— 5
261261 (1) I
262262 N GENERAL.—The Under Secretary shall 6
263263 support the development of a common framework for 7
264264 the assessment of numerical weather models and ar-8
265265 tificial intelligence weather models through refore-9
266266 cast analysis and related methodologies as the 10
267267 Under Secretary considers appropriate. 11
268268 (2) B
269269 EST PRACTICES.—In carrying out this 12
270270 subsection, the Under Secretary may develop and 13
271271 disseminate best practices in collaboration with the 14
272272 following: 15
273273 (A) The National Institute for Standards 16
274274 and Technology. 17
275275 (B) The National Aeronautics and Space 18
276276 Administration. 19
277277 (C) The National Science Foundation. 20
278278 (D) The Department of Energy. 21
279279 (E) Academic and research institutions. 22
280280 (F) The private sector. 23
281281 (3) R
282282 EPORT ON USE OF ANALYSIS TO IMPROVE 24
283283 MODELS.—Not later than one year after the date of 25
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287287 the enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary shall 1
288288 submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and 2
289289 Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on 3
290290 Science, Space, and Technology of the House of 4
291291 Representatives a report on the feasibility of using 5
292292 reforecast analysis techniques to improve seasonal 6
293293 and subseasonal models. 7
294294 (c) W
295295 EATHERFORECASTOFFICES.—In carrying out 8
296296 this section, the Under Secretary shall provide technical 9
297297 assistance, best practices, and support required under sub-10
298298 section (a) through weather forecast offices of the Na-11
299299 tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 12
300300 (d) I
301301 NDEPENDENTSTUDY ON THEIMPACTS OFARTI-13
302302 FICIALINTELLIGENCEWEATHER, WATER, ANDSPACE 14
303303 W
304304 EATHERMODELS.—The Under Secretary may enter 15
305305 into an agreement with the National Academy of Sciences 16
306306 or any other entity determined appropriate by the Under 17
307307 Secretary to assess the impacts of artificial intelligence 18
308308 weather models on the weather enterprise and make rec-19
309309 ommendations to improve the integration of such models 20
310310 in operational forecasting. 21
311311 SEC. 6. FIRE ENVIRONMENT MODELING PROGRAM. 22
312312 (a) I
313313 NGENERAL.—Not later than one year after the 23
314314 date of the enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary, 24
315315 in coordination with the Secretary of the Interior, the Sec-25
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318318 •HR 2770 IH
319319 retary of Agriculture, and the Secretary of Homeland Se-1
320320 curity, and in consultation with the Administrator of the 2
321321 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Sec-3
322322 retary of Energy, the Director of the National Science 4
323323 Foundation, any appropriate Federal advisory committees, 5
324324 and such other technical experts as the Under Secretary 6
325325 considers appropriate, shall develop a program to use arti-7
326326 ficial intelligence to analyze available observational data 8
327327 and synthetic data on the built and natural environments 9
328328 in order to carry out the following: 10
329329 (1) Warn at-risk communities, firefighters, and 11
330330 other responders, including by integrating social 12
331331 science informed research and development. 13
332332 (2) Predict and detect wildfires to the max-14
333333 imum extent practicable. 15
334334 (3) Forecast wildland and built environment 16
335335 fire propagation and potential impacts based on an 17
336336 analysis of the elements influencing fire behavior, 18
337337 weather conditions, terrain, and observations of the 19
338338 fire environment. 20
339339 (4) Detect, monitor, and forecast smoke and 21
340340 other hazards associated with wildfires. 22
341341 (b) T
342342 RAININGDATASET.—In carrying out this sec-23
343343 tion, the Under Secretary may acquire observational data 24
344344 and synthetic data on the built and natural environments 25
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348348 collected across the United States to develop and curate 1
349349 a related artificial intelligence-ready training dataset for 2
350350 purposes of training the artificial intelligence used in fur-3
351351 therance of this section. 4
352352 (c) D
353353 ATAACQUISITION.—In carrying out this section, 5
354354 the Under Secretary may enter into contracts to acquire 6
355355 relevant data referred to in this section. 7
356356 (d) W
357357 EATHERINTEGRATION.—In carrying out this 8
358358 section, the Under Secretary shall integrate outputs from 9
359359 weather and other environmental models and observational 10
360360 data and synthetic data referred to in subsection (a). 11
361361 (e) E
362362 NVIRONMENTAL IMPACT.—The Under Secretary 12
363363 shall develop and disseminate best practices to minimize 13
364364 environmental impacts from the use of artificial intel-14
365365 ligence to carry out this section. 15
366366 SEC. 7. PARTNERSHIPS FOR TRANSFORMATIONAL INNOVA-16
367367 TION. 17
368368 (a) I
369369 NGENERAL.—The Under Secretary shall explore 18
370370 novel structures for partnerships with private entities and 19
371371 academic entities for transformative innovation in weather 20
372372 forecasting and other environmental forecasts in order to 21
373373 carry out the following: 22
374374 (1) Further the understanding of weather, 23
375375 water, wildfires, and space weather, and associated 24
376376 societal impact. 25
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380380 (2) Advance the science of weather and water 1
381381 forecasting, including seasonal and subseasonal fore-2
382382 casting. 3
383383 (3) Develop, evaluate, and transition artificial 4
384384 intelligence weather, water, and hazard forecasting 5
385385 applications for operations. 6
386386 (b) C
387387 O-INVESTMENT.—In carrying out this section, 7
388388 subject to applicable law, the Under Secretary shall con-8
389389 sider and adopt novel co-investment strategies with the 9
390390 private sector and academic sector, including the fol-10
391391 lowing: 11
392392 (1) Non-Federal Government contributions to 12
393393 resource and support high-risk, high-return research 13
394394 and development in environmental forecasting, data 14
395395 science, artificial intelligence, and related fields. 15
396396 (2) Shared rights to intellectual property from 16
397397 research and development activities under this sec-17
398398 tion. 18
399399 (3) Other approaches to sharing resources and 19
400400 results under this section. 20
401401 SEC. 8. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WORKFORCE EXPERTISE. 21
402402 (a) I
403403 NGENERAL.—The Under Secretary, to the max-22
404404 imum extent practicable, shall develop, recruit, and sus-23
405405 tain a professional workforce for weather forecasting ap-24
406406 plications of artificial intelligence. 25
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410410 (b) COLLABORATION.—The Under Secretary shall le-1
411411 verage robust public-private partnership models to collabo-2
412412 rate with private sector experts and provide employees 3
413413 with access to training, experience, and long-term develop-4
414414 ment of workforce and infrastructure in order to utilize 5
415415 artificial intelligence to improve weather forecasts. 6
416416 SEC. 9. DATA ACCESS. 7
417417 (a) I
418418 NGENERAL.—The Under Secretary may make 8
419419 available to the public, as the Under Secretary determines 9
420420 appropriate, at no cost and with no restrictions on copy-10
421421 ing, publishing, distributing, citing, adapting, or otherwise 11
422422 using under an open license, any data or code developed 12
423423 under this Act. 13
424424 (b) A
425425 CCOMMODATIONS.—The Under Secretary may 14
426426 make such accommodations as the Under Secretary con-15
427427 siders appropriate to ensure that the public release of any 16
428428 model, information, documentation, or data pursuant to 17
429429 this Act does not jeopardize any of the following: 18
430430 (1) National security. 19
431431 (2) Intellectual property or redistribution 20
432432 rights, including under titles 17 and 35, United 21
433433 States Code. 22
434434 (3) Any trade secret or commercial or financial 23
435435 information subject to section 552(b)(4) of title 5, 24
436436 United States Code. 25
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439439 •HR 2770 IH
440440 (4) Any models or data that are otherwise re-1
441441 stricted by contract or other written agreement. 2
442442 (5) The mission of the National Oceanic and 3
443443 Atmospheric Administration to protect lives and 4
444444 property. 5
445445 (c) R
446446 ULE OFCONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this Act 6
447447 may be construed to supersede any other provision of law 7
448448 governing the protection of the national security interests 8
449449 of the United States. 9
450450 Æ
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