| 1 | 1 | | II |
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| 2 | 2 | | 119THCONGRESS |
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| 3 | 3 | | 1 |
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| 4 | 4 | | STSESSION S. 1208 |
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| 5 | 5 | | To amend title 5, United States Code, to address records maintained on |
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| 6 | 6 | | individuals, and for other purposes. |
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| 7 | 7 | | IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES |
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| 8 | 8 | | MARCH31, 2025 |
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| 9 | 9 | | Mr. W |
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| 10 | 10 | | YDEN(for himself, Mr. MARKEY, Mr. MERKLEY, and Mr. VANHOL- |
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| 11 | 11 | | LEN) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to |
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| 12 | 12 | | the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs |
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| 13 | 13 | | A BILL |
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| 14 | 14 | | To amend title 5, United States Code, to address records |
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| 15 | 15 | | maintained on individuals, and for other purposes. |
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| 16 | 16 | | Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-1 |
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| 17 | 17 | | tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 2 |
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| 18 | 18 | | SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 3 |
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| 19 | 19 | | This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Privacy Act Mod-4 |
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| 20 | 20 | | ernization Act of 2025’’. 5 |
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| 21 | 21 | | SEC. 2. MODERNIZING PRIVACY ACT DEFINITIONS. 6 |
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| 22 | 22 | | (a) R |
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| 23 | 23 | | ECORDS.—Section 552a(a) of title 5, United 7 |
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| 24 | 24 | | States Code, is amended— 8 |
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| 25 | 25 | | (1) in paragraph (2), by striking ‘‘a citizen of 9 |
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| 26 | 26 | | the United States or an alien lawfully admitted for 10 |
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| 29 | 29 | | •S 1208 IS |
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| 30 | 30 | | permanent residence’’ and inserting the following: ‘‘a 1 |
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| 31 | 31 | | natural person who is— 2 |
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| 32 | 32 | | ‘‘(A) a United States person, as defined in 3 |
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| 33 | 33 | | section 101 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveil-4 |
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| 34 | 34 | | lance Act of 1978 (50 U.S.C. 1801); or 5 |
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| 35 | 35 | | ‘‘(B) in the United States;’’; 6 |
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| 36 | 36 | | (2) by striking paragraphs (4) and (5) and in-7 |
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| 37 | 37 | | serting the following: 8 |
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| 38 | 38 | | ‘‘(4) the term ‘record’ means any personally 9 |
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| 39 | 39 | | identifiable information processed by an agency; 10 |
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| 40 | 40 | | ‘‘(5) the term ‘system of records’ means a 11 |
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| 41 | 41 | | group of any records maintained by or for, or other-12 |
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| 42 | 42 | | wise under the control of, any agency;’’; 13 |
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| 43 | 43 | | (3) in paragraph (12), by striking ‘‘and’’ at the 14 |
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| 44 | 44 | | end; 15 |
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| 45 | 45 | | (4) in paragraph (13), by striking the period at 16 |
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| 46 | 46 | | the end and inserting a semicolon; and 17 |
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| 47 | 47 | | (5) by adding at the end the following: 18 |
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| 48 | 48 | | ‘‘(14) the term ‘personally identifiable informa-19 |
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| 49 | 49 | | tion’ means any information that identifies, or is 20 |
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| 50 | 50 | | linked or reasonably linkable, alone or in combina-21 |
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| 51 | 51 | | tion with other data, to— 22 |
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| 52 | 52 | | ‘‘(A) an individual; or 23 |
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| 53 | 53 | | ‘‘(B) a device that identifies, or is linked 24 |
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| 54 | 54 | | or reasonably linkable to, an individual; and 25 |
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| 57 | 57 | | •S 1208 IS |
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| 58 | 58 | | ‘‘(15) the term ‘process’, with respect to per-1 |
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| 59 | 59 | | sonally identifiable information, means to perform 2 |
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| 60 | 60 | | an operation or set of operations on the personally 3 |
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| 61 | 61 | | identifiable information, including by storing, ana-4 |
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| 62 | 62 | | lyzing, organizing, structuring, using, modifying, or 5 |
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| 63 | 63 | | otherwise handling the personally identifiable infor-6 |
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| 64 | 64 | | mation, whether or not by automated means.’’. 7 |
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| 65 | 65 | | (b) M |
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| 66 | 66 | | ATCHINGPROGRAMS.—Section 552a(a)(8)(A) 8 |
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| 67 | 67 | | of title 5, United States Code, is amended— 9 |
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| 68 | 68 | | (1) in the matter preceding clause (i), by strik-10 |
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| 69 | 69 | | ing ‘‘of’’; 11 |
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| 70 | 70 | | (2) in clause (i), in the matter preceding sub-12 |
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| 71 | 71 | | clause (I), by striking ‘‘two or more automated sys-13 |
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| 72 | 72 | | tems of records or a system of records with non- 14 |
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| 73 | 73 | | Federal records’’ and inserting the following: ‘‘in-15 |
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| 74 | 74 | | volving any data from 1 or more systems of 16 |
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| 75 | 75 | | records’’; and 17 |
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| 76 | 76 | | (3) in clause (ii), by striking ‘‘two or more’’ and 18 |
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| 77 | 77 | | inserting ‘‘of 2 or more’’. 19 |
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| 78 | 78 | | (c) G |
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| 79 | 79 | | OVERNMENT CONTRACTORS.—Section 20 |
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| 80 | 80 | | 552a(m)(1) of title 5, United States Code, is amended by 21 |
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| 81 | 81 | | striking ‘‘for the operation by or on behalf of the agency 22 |
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| 82 | 82 | | of a system of records to accomplish an agency function’’ 23 |
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| 83 | 83 | | and inserting ‘‘or other agreement, including with another 24 |
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| 86 | 86 | | •S 1208 IS |
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| 87 | 87 | | agency, for the operation by or on behalf of the agency 1 |
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| 88 | 88 | | of a system of records’’. 2 |
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| 89 | 89 | | (d) T |
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| 90 | 90 | | ECHNICALAMENDMENTS.—Section 552a of 3 |
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| 91 | 91 | | title 5, United States Code, is amended— 4 |
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| 92 | 92 | | (1) in subsection (a)— 5 |
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| 93 | 93 | | (A) in paragraph (1), by striking ‘‘section 6 |
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| 94 | 94 | | 552(e)’’ and inserting ‘‘section 552(f)’’; and 7 |
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| 95 | 95 | | (B) in paragraph (8)(B)— 8 |
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| 96 | 96 | | (i) in clause (iv)(III), by striking ‘‘sec-9 |
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| 97 | 97 | | tion 404(e), 464, or 1137’’ and inserting 10 |
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| 98 | 98 | | ‘‘section 464 or 1137’’; and 11 |
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| 99 | 99 | | (ii) in clause (x), by striking ‘‘section 12 |
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| 100 | 100 | | 3(d)(4) of the Achieving a Better Life Ex-13 |
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| 101 | 101 | | perience Act of 2014’’ and inserting ‘‘sec-14 |
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| 102 | 102 | | tion 529A(d)(4) of the Internal Revenue 15 |
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| 103 | 103 | | Code of 1986’’; and 16 |
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| 104 | 104 | | (2) in subsection (l), by striking ‘‘National Ar-17 |
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| 105 | 105 | | chives of the United States’’ each place that term 18 |
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| 106 | 106 | | appears and inserting ‘‘National Archives and 19 |
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| 107 | 107 | | Records Administration’’. 20 |
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| 108 | 108 | | SEC. 3. STRENGTHENING PROTECTIONS FOR INDIVIDUALS. 21 |
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| 109 | 109 | | (a) A |
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| 110 | 110 | | DDITIONALPROTECTIONS FOR COLLECTIONS, 22 |
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| 111 | 111 | | U |
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| 112 | 112 | | SES, ANDDISCLOSURES.—Section 552a of title 5, 23 |
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| 113 | 113 | | United States Code, is amended— 24 |
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| 116 | 116 | | •S 1208 IS |
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| 117 | 117 | | (1) in subsection (a)(7), by inserting ‘‘and is 1 |
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| 118 | 118 | | appropriate and reasonably necessary for the effi-2 |
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| 119 | 119 | | cient and effective conduct of the Government’’ be-3 |
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| 120 | 120 | | fore the semicolon at the end; 4 |
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| 121 | 121 | | (2) in subsection (b)(1), by inserting ‘‘and that 5 |
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| 122 | 122 | | disclosure is consistent with, and related to, a pur-6 |
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| 123 | 123 | | pose described under subsection (e)(4)(D) of this 7 |
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| 124 | 124 | | section’’ before the semicolon at the end; and 8 |
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| 125 | 125 | | (3) in subsection (e)— 9 |
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| 126 | 126 | | (A) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), 10 |
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| 127 | 127 | | by striking ‘‘that maintains a system of 11 |
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| 128 | 128 | | records’’; 12 |
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| 129 | 129 | | (B) in paragraph (2), by striking ‘‘under 13 |
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| 130 | 130 | | Federal programs’’; 14 |
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| 131 | 131 | | (C) in paragraph (4)— 15 |
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| 132 | 132 | | (i) by amending subparagraph (D) to 16 |
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| 133 | 133 | | read as follows: 17 |
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| 134 | 134 | | ‘‘(D) any purpose for which the informa-18 |
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| 135 | 135 | | tion is intended to be used, including each rou-19 |
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| 136 | 136 | | tine use;’’; 20 |
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| 137 | 137 | | (ii) in subparagraph (H), by striking 21 |
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| 138 | 138 | | ‘‘and’’ at the end; 22 |
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| 139 | 139 | | (iii) in subparagraph (I), by inserting 23 |
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| 140 | 140 | | ‘‘and’’ after the semicolon; and 24 |
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| 143 | 143 | | •S 1208 IS |
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| 144 | 144 | | (iv) by adding at the end the fol-1 |
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| 145 | 145 | | lowing: 2 |
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| 146 | 146 | | ‘‘(J) the legal authority for each purpose 3 |
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| 147 | 147 | | for which the records contained in the system 4 |
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| 148 | 148 | | are used, which shall contain a citation to the 5 |
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| 149 | 149 | | applicable law, executive order, or other author-6 |
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| 150 | 150 | | ity;’’; 7 |
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| 151 | 151 | | (D) in paragraph (11), by striking ‘‘and’’ 8 |
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| 152 | 152 | | at the end; 9 |
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| 153 | 153 | | (E) in paragraph (12), by striking the pe-10 |
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| 154 | 154 | | riod at the end and inserting a semicolon; and 11 |
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| 155 | 155 | | (F) by adding at the end the following: 12 |
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| 156 | 156 | | ‘‘(13) use records only for a legally authorized 13 |
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| 157 | 157 | | purpose; and 14 |
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| 158 | 158 | | ‘‘(14) take reasonable efforts to ensure that a 15 |
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| 159 | 159 | | record that is disclosed contains the minimum 16 |
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| 160 | 160 | | amount of information necessary to accomplish the 17 |
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| 161 | 161 | | purpose of the disclosure.’’. 18 |
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| 162 | 162 | | (b) A |
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| 163 | 163 | | DDITIONALPROTECTIONS FORMATCHINGPRO-19 |
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| 164 | 164 | | GRAMS.—Section 552a(a)(8)(B) of title 5, United States 20 |
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| 165 | 165 | | Code, is amended— 21 |
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| 166 | 166 | | (1) by amending clause (ii) to read as follows: 22 |
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| 167 | 167 | | ‘‘(ii) matches performed to support 23 |
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| 168 | 168 | | any research or statistical project, if the 24 |
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| 170 | 170 | | ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS 7 |
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| 171 | 171 | | •S 1208 IS |
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| 172 | 172 | | results of the match are not intended to be 1 |
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| 173 | 173 | | used, and are not used, to— 2 |
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| 174 | 174 | | ‘‘(I) make decisions concerning 3 |
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| 175 | 175 | | the rights, benefits, or privileges of 4 |
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| 176 | 176 | | specific individuals; or 5 |
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| 177 | 177 | | ‘‘(II) take any adverse financial, 6 |
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| 178 | 178 | | personnel, or disciplinary action, or 7 |
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| 179 | 179 | | any other adverse action, against Fed-8 |
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| 180 | 180 | | eral personnel;’’; 9 |
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| 181 | 181 | | (2) in clause (viii), by inserting ‘‘or’’ after the 10 |
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| 182 | 182 | | semicolon at the end; 11 |
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| 183 | 183 | | (3) by striking clause (ix); and 12 |
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| 184 | 184 | | (4) by redesignating clause (x) as clause (ix). 13 |
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| 185 | 185 | | (c) A |
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| 186 | 186 | | DDITIONALCIVILREMEDIES.—Section 552a(g) 14 |
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| 187 | 187 | | of title 5, United States Code, is amended— 15 |
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| 188 | 188 | | (1) in paragraph (1)— 16 |
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| 189 | 189 | | (A) by amending subparagraph (D) to read 17 |
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| 190 | 190 | | as follows: 18 |
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| 191 | 191 | | ‘‘(D) fails to comply with any other provi-19 |
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| 192 | 192 | | sion of this section, or any rule promulgated 20 |
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| 193 | 193 | | thereunder, in such a way as to have, or that 21 |
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| 194 | 194 | | could reasonably lead to, an adverse effect on 22 |
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| 195 | 195 | | any person (including any State or territory (or 23 |
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| 196 | 196 | | any political subdivision of any State or terri-24 |
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| 197 | 197 | | tory) or any Indian Tribe),’’; and 25 |
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| 200 | 200 | | •S 1208 IS |
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| 201 | 201 | | (B) in the flush text following subpara-1 |
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| 202 | 202 | | graph (D), by inserting ‘‘or person, as applica-2 |
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| 203 | 203 | | ble,’’ after ‘‘the individual’’; and 3 |
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| 204 | 204 | | (2) by amending paragraph (4) to read as fol-4 |
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| 205 | 205 | | lows: 5 |
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| 206 | 206 | | ‘‘(4) In any suit brought under the provisions of sub-6 |
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| 207 | 207 | | section (g)(1)(C) or (D) of this section— 7 |
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| 208 | 208 | | ‘‘(A) the court may provide such preliminary 8 |
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| 209 | 209 | | and other equitable or declaratory relief as may be 9 |
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| 210 | 210 | | appropriate; and 10 |
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| 211 | 211 | | ‘‘(B) if the court determines that the agency 11 |
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| 212 | 212 | | acted in a manner that was intentional or willful, the 12 |
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| 213 | 213 | | United States shall be liable to the individual or per-13 |
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| 214 | 214 | | son, as applicable, in an amount equal to the sum 14 |
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| 215 | 215 | | of— 15 |
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| 216 | 216 | | ‘‘(i) actual damages, including nonpecu-16 |
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| 217 | 217 | | niary damages, sustained by the individual or 17 |
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| 218 | 218 | | person as a result of the refusal or failure, but 18 |
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| 219 | 219 | | in no case shall an individual or person entitled 19 |
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| 220 | 220 | | to recovery receive less than the sum of $1,000; 20 |
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| 221 | 221 | | ‘‘(ii) the costs of the action together with 21 |
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| 222 | 222 | | reasonable attorney fees as determined by the 22 |
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| 223 | 223 | | court; and 23 |
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| 224 | 224 | | ‘‘(iii) punitive damages in an amount de-24 |
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| 225 | 225 | | termined appropriate by the court.’’. 25 |
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| 228 | 228 | | •S 1208 IS |
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| 229 | 229 | | (d) ADDITIONALCRIMINALPENALTIES.—Section 1 |
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| 230 | 230 | | 552a(i) of title 5, United States Code, is amended— 2 |
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| 231 | 231 | | (1) in paragraph (1), by adding at the end the 3 |
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| 232 | 232 | | following: ‘‘A person who commits an offense de-4 |
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| 233 | 233 | | scribed in the previous sentence with the intent to 5 |
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| 234 | 234 | | sell, transfer, use, or disclose a record described in 6 |
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| 235 | 235 | | that sentence for commercial advantage, personal 7 |
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| 236 | 236 | | gain, or malicious harm shall be guilty of a felony 8 |
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| 237 | 237 | | and fined not more than $250,000, imprisoned for 9 |
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| 238 | 238 | | not more than 10 years, or both.’’; and 10 |
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| 239 | 239 | | (2) in paragraph (3), by striking ‘‘misdemeanor 11 |
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| 240 | 240 | | and fined not more than $5,000’’ and inserting ‘‘fel-12 |
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| 241 | 241 | | ony and fined not more than $100,000’’. 13 |
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| 242 | 242 | | SEC. 4. EFFECTIVE DATES. 14 |
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| 243 | 243 | | (a) D |
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| 244 | 244 | | EFINITIONS.—In this section: 15 |
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| 245 | 245 | | (1) A |
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| 246 | 246 | | GENCY; MATCHING PROGRAM ; RECIPIENT 16 |
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| 247 | 247 | | AGENCY; RECORD; SOURCE AGENCY ; SYSTEM OF 17 |
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| 248 | 248 | | RECORDS.—The terms ‘‘agency’’, ‘‘matching pro-18 |
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| 249 | 249 | | gram’’, ‘‘recipient agency’’, ‘‘record’’, ‘‘source agen-19 |
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| 250 | 250 | | cy’’, and ‘‘system of records’’ have the meanings 20 |
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| 251 | 251 | | given those terms in section 552a of title 5, United 21 |
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| 252 | 252 | | States Code, as amended by section 2. 22 |
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| 253 | 253 | | (2) S |
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| 254 | 254 | | PECIAL GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEE .—The 23 |
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| 255 | 255 | | term ‘‘special Government employee’’ has the mean-24 |
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| 258 | 258 | | •S 1208 IS |
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| 259 | 259 | | ing given the term in section 202(a) of title 18, 1 |
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| 260 | 260 | | United States Code. 2 |
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| 261 | 261 | | (3) T |
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| 262 | 262 | | EMPORARY OR INTERMITTENT EXPERT OR 3 |
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| 263 | 263 | | CONSULTANT.—The term ‘‘temporary or intermit-4 |
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| 264 | 264 | | tent expert or consultant’’ means an expert or con-5 |
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| 265 | 265 | | sultant or an organization thereof, the services of 6 |
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| 266 | 266 | | which are procured pursuant to section 3109 of title 7 |
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| 267 | 267 | | 5, United States Code. 8 |
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| 268 | 268 | | (4) T |
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| 269 | 269 | | EMPORARY TRANSITIONAL SCHEDULE C 9 |
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| 270 | 270 | | POSITION.—The term ‘‘temporary transitional 10 |
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| 271 | 271 | | Schedule C position’’ means a position established 11 |
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| 272 | 272 | | under section 213.3302 of title 5, Code of Federal 12 |
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| 273 | 273 | | Regulations, or any successor regulation. 13 |
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| 274 | 274 | | (b) G |
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| 275 | 275 | | ENERALEFFECTIVEDATE.—Except as pro-14 |
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| 276 | 276 | | vided in subsection (c), the amendments made by sections 15 |
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| 277 | 277 | | 2 and 3 shall take effect on the date that is 2 years after 16 |
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| 278 | 278 | | the date of enactment of this Act. 17 |
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| 279 | 279 | | (c) E |
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| 280 | 280 | | XCEPTIONS.—The amendments made by sec-18 |
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| 281 | 281 | | tions 2 and 3 shall take effect on the date of enactment 19 |
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| 282 | 282 | | of this Act with respect to each of the following: 20 |
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| 283 | 283 | | (1) Any use of a record by, any disclosure of a 21 |
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| 284 | 284 | | record by or to, any maintenance of a system of 22 |
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| 285 | 285 | | records by or for, any control of a system of records 23 |
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| 286 | 286 | | by, the taking of any other action that is governed 24 |
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| 287 | 287 | | by section 552a of title 5, United States Code (as 25 |
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| 290 | 290 | | •S 1208 IS |
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| 291 | 291 | | amended by this Act) by, or the taking of any of the 1 |
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| 292 | 292 | | preceding actions that is caused by any action by 2 |
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| 293 | 293 | | any of the following: 3 |
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| 294 | 294 | | (A) The United States DOGE Service, or 4 |
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| 295 | 295 | | any successor organization. 5 |
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| 296 | 296 | | (B) The U.S. DOGE Service Temporary 6 |
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| 297 | 297 | | Organization, or any successor organization. 7 |
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| 298 | 298 | | (C) Any special Government employee, any 8 |
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| 299 | 299 | | temporary or intermittent expert or consultant, 9 |
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| 300 | 300 | | or any individual occupying a temporary transi-10 |
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| 301 | 301 | | tional Schedule C position. 11 |
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| 302 | 302 | | (D) Any agency not described in subpara-12 |
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| 303 | 303 | | graph (A) or (B) that is headed by, or subject 13 |
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| 304 | 304 | | to the control of— 14 |
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| 305 | 305 | | (i) the head of the entity described in 15 |
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| 306 | 306 | | subparagraph (A); 16 |
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| 307 | 307 | | (ii) the head of the entity described in 17 |
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| 308 | 308 | | subparagraph (B); or 18 |
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| 309 | 309 | | (iii) any person described in subpara-19 |
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| 310 | 310 | | graph (C). 20 |
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| 311 | 311 | | (E) Any DOGE Team (as described in Ex-21 |
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| 312 | 312 | | ecutive Order 14158 (90 Fed. Reg. 8441), re-22 |
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| 313 | 313 | | lating to establishing and implementing the 23 |
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| 314 | 314 | | President’s ‘‘Department of Government Effi-24 |
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| 315 | 315 | | ciency’’), or any successor organization. 25 |
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| 318 | 318 | | •S 1208 IS |
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| 319 | 319 | | (F) Any agency that is within, or subject 1 |
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| 320 | 320 | | to the review of, an entity described in subpara-2 |
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| 321 | 321 | | graph (A), (B), (D), or (E). 3 |
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| 322 | 322 | | (G) Any officer, employee, expert, consult-4 |
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| 323 | 323 | | ant, contractor, volunteer, or other individual, 5 |
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| 324 | 324 | | without regard to title or compensation, of, 6 |
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| 325 | 325 | | within, or providing services to an entity de-7 |
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| 326 | 326 | | scribed in subparagraph (A), (B), (D), (E), or 8 |
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| 327 | 327 | | (F). 9 |
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| 328 | 328 | | (2) Any matching program in which— 10 |
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| 329 | 329 | | (A) an entity or person described in any 11 |
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| 330 | 330 | | subparagraph of paragraph (1) is the source 12 |
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| 331 | 331 | | agency or recipient agency; or 13 |
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| 332 | 332 | | (B) a system of records is maintained by 14 |
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| 333 | 333 | | or for, or otherwise under the control of, an en-15 |
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| 334 | 334 | | tity or person described in any subparagraph of 16 |
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| 335 | 335 | | paragraph (1). 17 |
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| 336 | 336 | | (d) A |
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| 337 | 337 | | PPLICABILITY.—If a person described in any 18 |
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| 338 | 338 | | subparagraph of paragraph (1) or (2) of subsection (c), 19 |
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| 339 | 339 | | outside of the capacity of the person as described in the 20 |
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| 340 | 340 | | applicable subparagraph, discloses a record, maintains a 21 |
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| 341 | 341 | | system of records, controls a system of records, partici-22 |
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| 342 | 342 | | pates in a matching program, takes any other action that 23 |
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| 343 | 343 | | is governed by section 552a of title 5, United States Code 24 |
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| 344 | 344 | | (as amended by this Act), or causes any other person to 25 |
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| 345 | 345 | | VerDate Sep 11 2014 06:15 Apr 10, 2025 Jkt 059200 PO 00000 Frm 00012 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S1208.IS S1208 |
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| 346 | 346 | | ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS 13 |
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| 347 | 347 | | •S 1208 IS |
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| 348 | 348 | | take any of the preceding actions, the exception under sub-1 |
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| 349 | 349 | | section (c) shall still apply with respect to that action by 2 |
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| 350 | 350 | | that person. 3 |
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| 351 | 351 | | SEC. 5. RULE OF CONSTRUCTION. 4 |
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| 352 | 352 | | (a) D |
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| 353 | 353 | | EFINITION.—In this section, the term ‘‘Privacy 5 |
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| 354 | 354 | | Act’’ means section 552a of title 5, United States Code, 6 |
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| 355 | 355 | | as in effect at any time before the date of enactment of 7 |
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| 356 | 356 | | this Act. 8 |
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| 357 | 357 | | (b) R |
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| 358 | 358 | | ULE.—Nothing in this Act, or any amendment 9 |
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| 359 | 359 | | made by this Act, may be construed to create an inference 10 |
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| 360 | 360 | | with respect to the interpretation of any provision of the 11 |
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| 361 | 361 | | Privacy Act, any regulation promulgated under the Pri-12 |
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| 362 | 362 | | vacy Act, or any application of such a provision or regula-13 |
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| 363 | 363 | | tion, including with respect to the scope of activity covered 14 |
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| 364 | 364 | | under the Privacy Act, the legality of any activity under 15 |
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| 365 | 365 | | the Privacy Act, or the availability of any remedy or award 16 |
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| 366 | 366 | | of damages with respect to a violation of the Privacy Act. 17 |
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| 367 | 367 | | Æ |
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| 369 | 369 | | ssavage on LAPJG3WLY3PROD with BILLS |
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