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Us Congress Senate Bill SB25

Us Congress 2025-2026 Regular Session

Us Congress Senate Bill SB25 Compare Versions

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11 II
22 119THCONGRESS
33 1
44 STSESSION S. 25
55 To impose an assessment related to fossil fuel emissions, to establish the
66 Polluters Pay Climate Fund, and for other purposes.
77 IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
88 JANUARY7, 2025
99 Mr. V
1010 ANHOLLEN(for himself, Mr. SANDERS, Mr. MERKLEY, Mr. MARKEY,
1111 and Ms. W
1212 ARREN) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and
1313 referred to the Committee on Finance
1414 A BILL
1515 To impose an assessment related to fossil fuel emissions,
1616 to establish the Polluters Pay Climate Fund, and for
1717 other purposes.
1818 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-1
1919 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 2
2020 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 3
2121 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Polluters Pay Climate 4
2222 Fund Act of 2025’’. 5
2323 SEC. 2. FINDINGS. 6
2424 Congress finds that— 7
2525 (1) climate change, resulting primarily from the 8
2626 combustion of fossil fuels, is an immediate, grave 9
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3030 threat to the communities, environment, and econ-1
3131 omy of the United States; 2
3232 (2) severe consequences of climate change have 3
3333 already materialized in the United States, including 4
3434 rising sea levels, increasing temperatures, extreme 5
3535 weather events, flooding, heat waves, loss of bio-6
3636 diversity, and other climate change-driven ecosystem 7
3737 threats; 8
3838 (3) the Federal government jointly with States 9
3939 and localities must develop and implement protective 10
4040 measures to counteract the adverse effects of climate 11
4141 change, protect communities, and build resilience to 12
4242 extreme weather; 13
4343 (4) the government response must include pro-14
4444 tections for communities that are most vulnerable to 15
4545 climate change impacts, especially communities of 16
4646 color, low-income communities, and Tribal and In-17
4747 digenous communities that are also more likely to 18
4848 have experienced systemic disinvestment and be 19
4949 overburdened by fossil fuel pollution; 20
5050 (5) the protective measures necessary to re-21
5151 spond to the adverse effects of climate change in the 22
5252 United States will require trillions of dollars of new 23
5353 investment during the decade after the date of en-24
5454 actment of this Act; 25
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5858 (6) climate change related extreme weather 1
5959 events, such as those described in paragraph (2), 2
6060 cost the United States at least $150,000,000,000 3
6161 each year and disproportionately affect underserved 4
6262 and overburdened communities, according to the 5
6363 Fifth National Climate Assessment; 6
6464 (7) the $100,000,000,000 each year that fossil 7
6565 fuel companies are collectively assessed for the Pol-8
6666 luters Pay Climate Fund established in this Act rep-9
6767 resents only a small portion of the total cost to the 10
6868 Federal government to respond to climate change re-11
6969 lated extreme weather events and make needed cli-12
7070 mate change adaptation and resilience investments; 13
7171 (8) peer-reviewed research can now determine 14
7272 with great accuracy the share of carbon dioxide re-15
7373 leased into the atmosphere by the operations and 16
7474 products of specific fossil fuel companies, which is 17
7575 what informs the formulas to determine carbon diox-18
7676 ide emissions that are used in the amendments made 19
7777 by this Act; 20
7878 (9) the fossil fuel industry has been aware of 21
7979 the central role that their product plays in causing 22
8080 climate change since before the year 2000; 23
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8484 (10) the fossil fuel industry must now increase 1
8585 their contribution to government expenditures to 2
8686 protect the Nation from climate disaster; and 3
8787 (11) this Act and assessments under the 4
8888 amendments made by this Act are not intended— 5
8989 (A) to be a determination of fault; or 6
9090 (B) to have any impact on the ability of 7
9191 any person or other government to hold pol-8
9292 luters accountable for harms caused. 9
9393 SEC. 3. TAX RELATING TO CURRENT STOCK OF GREEN-10
9494 HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS. 11
9595 (a) I
9696 NGENERAL.—Chapter 38 of the Internal Rev-12
9797 enue Code of 1986 is amended by adding at the end the 13
9898 following new subchapter: 14
9999 ‘‘Subchapter E—Certain Fossil Fuel 15
100100 Emissions 16
101101 ‘‘Sec. 4691. Imposition of tax.
102102 ‘‘SEC. 4691. IMPOSITION OF TAX.
103103 17
104104 ‘‘(a) I
105105 MPOSITION.—Each assessable person shall pay 18
106106 to the Secretary of the Treasury not later than the appli-19
107107 cable payment date a tax in an amount determined under 20
108108 subsection (b). 21
109109 ‘‘(b) D
110110 ETERMINATION OFAMOUNT.— 22
111111 ‘‘(1) I
112112 N GENERAL.—With respect to each as-23
113113 sessable person, the tax under this section shall be 24
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117117 equal to an amount that bears the same ratio to 1
118118 $1,000,000,000,000 as— 2
119119 ‘‘(A) the assessable person’s applicable 3
120120 share of covered carbon dioxide emissions taken 4
121121 into account under this section, bears to 5
122122 ‘‘(B) the aggregate applicable shares of 6
123123 covered carbon dioxide emissions of all assess-7
124124 able persons taken into account under this sec-8
125125 tion. 9
126126 ‘‘(2) D
127127 ETERMINATION OF APPLICABLE 10
128128 SHARE.— 11
129129 ‘‘(A) I
130130 N GENERAL.—The applicable share 12
131131 of covered carbon dioxide emissions taken into 13
132132 account under this section for any assessable 14
133133 person shall be the excess (if any) of— 15
134134 ‘‘(i) the covered carbon dioxide emis-16
135135 sions attributable to such person (deter-17
136136 mined in metric tons), as determined by 18
137137 the Secretary based on product-related car-19
138138 bon dioxide emissions of such person, over 20
139139 ‘‘(ii) 1,000,000,000 metric tons. 21
140140 ‘‘(B) A
141141 DJUSTMENT.—The Secretary may 22
142142 adjust the amount determined under subpara-23
143143 graph (A)(i) with respect to an assessable per-24
144144 son who is described in subsection (c)(2)(B)(ii) 25
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148148 (or who is a successor in interest to a person 1
149149 described in such subsection) if such person es-2
150150 tablishes to the satisfaction of the Secretary 3
151151 that a portion of such amount was— 4
152152 ‘‘(i) attributable to the extraction of 5
153153 crude oil by another assessable person who 6
154154 is described in subsection (c)(2)(B)(i) (or a 7
155155 successor in interest to a person described 8
156156 in such subsection), and 9
157157 ‘‘(ii) taken into account in deter-10
158158 mining such amount for such other assess-11
159159 able person. 12
160160 ‘‘(c) A
161161 SSESSABLEPERSON.—For purposes of this 13
162162 section— 14
163163 ‘‘(1) I
164164 N GENERAL.—The term ‘assessable per-15
165165 son’ means— 16
166166 ‘‘(A) any person that is described in para-17
167167 graph (2), or 18
168168 ‘‘(B) any successor in interest to a person 19
169169 described in paragraph (2). 20
170170 ‘‘(2) P
171171 ERSON DESCRIBED .—A person is de-21
172172 scribed in this paragraph if such person— 22
173173 ‘‘(A) is a United States person or is en-23
174174 gaged in a trade or business within the United 24
175175 States during the period beginning on the date 25
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179179 of the enactment of this Act and ending on De-1
180180 cember 31, 2025, 2
181181 ‘‘(B) during any part of the covered pe-3
182182 riod, was engaged in the trade or business of— 4
183183 ‘‘(i) extracting any fossil fuel, or 5
184184 ‘‘(ii) refining any crude oil, and 6
185185 ‘‘(C) is determined by the Secretary to be 7
186186 responsible for more than 1,000,000,000 metric 8
187187 tons of covered carbon dioxide emissions. 9
188188 ‘‘(3) C
189189 ONTROLLED GROUPS .— 10
190190 ‘‘(A) I
191191 N GENERAL.—For purposes of this 11
192192 subsection, all persons treated as a single em-12
193193 ployer under subsection (a) or (b) of section 52 13
194194 or subsection (m) or (o) of section 414 shall be 14
195195 treated as a single assessable person. 15
196196 ‘‘(B) I
197197 NCLUSION OF FOREIGN CORPORA -16
198198 TIONS.—For purposes of subparagraph (A), in 17
199199 applying subsections (a) and (b) of section 52 18
200200 to this section, section 1563 shall be applied 19
201201 without regard to subsection (b)(2)(C) thereof. 20
202202 ‘‘(4) J
203203 OINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY .—If more 21
204204 than one person is liable for payment of the tax 22
205205 under subsection (a) with respect to a single assess-23
206206 able person by reason of the application of para-24
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210210 graph (3), all such persons shall be jointly and sev-1
211211 erally liable for payment of such tax. 2
212212 ‘‘(d) O
213213 THERDEFINITIONS ANDRULES.—For pur-3
214214 poses of this section— 4
215215 ‘‘(1) A
216216 PPLICABLE PAYMENT DATE .—The term 5
217217 ‘applicable payment date’ means September 30, 6
218218 2026. 7
219219 ‘‘(2) C
220220 OVERED CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS .— 8
221221 The term ‘covered carbon dioxide emissions’ means, 9
222222 with respect to any person, the total quantity of car-10
223223 bon dioxide released into the atmosphere during the 11
224224 covered period by reason such person engaging in 12
225225 the trade or business of extracting fossil fuels or of 13
226226 refining crude oil. 14
227227 ‘‘(3) C
228228 OVERED PERIOD.—The term ‘covered pe-15
229229 riod’ means the period that— 16
230230 ‘‘(A) began on January 1, 2000, and 17
231231 ‘‘(B) ended on December 31, 2023. 18
232232 ‘‘(4) F
233233 OSSIL FUEL.—The term ‘fossil fuel’ 19
234234 means coal, crude oil, and fuel gases. 20
235235 ‘‘(5) C
236236 OAL.—The term ‘coal’ means anthracite, 21
237237 bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite coal. 22
238238 ‘‘(6) C
239239 RUDE OIL.—The term ‘crude oil’ means 23
240240 oil or petroleum of any kind and in any form, includ-24
241241 ing bitumen, oil sands, heavy oil, conventional and 25
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245245 unconventional oil, shale oil, natural gas liquids, con-1
246246 densates, and related fossil fuel liquids. 2
247247 ‘‘(7) F
248248 UEL GASES.—The term ‘fuel gases’ 3
249249 means natural gas, associated natural gas, conven-4
250250 tional and unconventional gas, shale gas, and related 5
251251 methane gas production. 6
252252 ‘‘(8) D
253253 ETERMINATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE 7
254254 EMISSIONS.—In determining the amount of carbon 8
255255 dioxide emissions with respect to any assessable per-9
256256 son— 10
257257 ‘‘(A) an amount equivalent to 942.5 metric 11
258258 tons of carbon dioxide shall be treated as re-12
259259 leased for every 1,000,000 pounds of coal, 13
260260 ‘‘(B) an amount equivalent to 432,180 14
261261 metric tons of carbon dioxide shall be treated as 15
262262 released for every 1,000,000 barrels of crude 16
263263 oil, and 17
264264 ‘‘(C) an amount equivalent to 54,440 met-18
265265 ric tons of carbon dioxide shall be treated as re-19
266266 leased for every 1,000,000,000 cubic feet of fuel 20
267267 gases. 21
268268 ‘‘(e) E
269269 LECTIONTOPAYLIABILITY ININSTALL-22
270270 MENTS.— 23
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274274 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—An assessable person may 1
275275 elect to pay the tax under this section in 9 annual 2
276276 installments of the following amounts: 3
277277 ‘‘(A) 20 percent of the tax under this sec-4
278278 tion in the case of the first installment. 5
279279 ‘‘(B) 10 percent of the tax under this sec-6
280280 tion in each of the following 8 installments. 7
281281 ‘‘(2) D
282282 ATE FOR PAYMENT OF INSTALLMENTS .— 8
283283 If an election is made under paragraph (1), the first 9
284284 installment shall be paid on the applicable payment 10
285285 date and each succeeding installment shall be paid 11
286286 on the same date as the applicable payment date for 12
287287 each calendar year following the calendar year with 13
288288 respect to which the preceding installment was 14
289289 made. 15
290290 ‘‘(3) A
291291 CCELERATION OF PAYMENT .—If there is 16
292292 an addition to tax for failure to timely pay any in-17
293293 stallment required under this subsection, a liquida-18
294294 tion or sale of substantially all the assets of the as-19
295295 sessable person (including in a title 11 or similar 20
296296 case), a cessation of business by the assessable per-21
297297 son, or any similar circumstance, then the unpaid 22
298298 portion of all remaining installments shall be due on 23
299299 the date of such event (or in the case of a title 11 24
300300 or similar case, the day before the petition is filed). 25
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304304 The preceding sentence shall not apply to the sale 1
305305 of substantially all the assets of an assessable person 2
306306 to a buyer if such buyer enters into an agreement 3
307307 with the Secretary under which such buyer is liable 4
308308 for the remaining installments due under this sub-5
309309 section in the same manner as if such buyer were 6
310310 the assessable person. 7
311311 ‘‘(4) P
312312 RORATION OF DEFICIENCY TO INSTALL -8
313313 MENTS.—If an election is made under paragraph (1) 9
314314 to pay the tax under this section in installments and 10
315315 a deficiency has been assessed with respect to such 11
316316 tax, the deficiency shall be prorated to the install-12
317317 ments payable under paragraph (1). The part of the 13
318318 deficiency so prorated to any installment the date 14
319319 for payment of which has not arrived shall be col-15
320320 lected at the same time as, and as a part of, such 16
321321 installment. The part of the deficiency so prorated 17
322322 to any installment the date for payment of which 18
323323 has arrived shall be paid upon notice and demand 19
324324 from the Secretary. This subsection shall not apply 20
325325 if the deficiency is due to negligence, to intentional 21
326326 disregard of rules and regulations, or to fraud with 22
327327 intent to evade tax. 23
328328 ‘‘(5) E
329329 LECTION.—Any election under paragraph 24
330330 (1) shall be made not later than the applicable pay-25
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334334 ment date and shall be made in such manner as the 1
335335 Secretary shall provide. 2
336336 ‘‘(6) I
337337 NSTALLMENTS NOT TO PREVENT CREDIT 3
338338 OR REFUND OF OVERPAYMENTS OR INCREASE ESTI -4
339339 MATED TAXES.—If an election is made under para-5
340340 graph (1) to pay the tax under this section in in-6
341341 stallments— 7
342342 ‘‘(A) no installment of such tax shall— 8
343343 ‘‘(i) in the case of a request for credit 9
344344 or refund, be taken into account as a li-10
345345 ability for purposes of determining whether 11
346346 an overpayment exists for purposes of sec-12
347347 tion 6402 before the date on which such 13
348348 installment is due, or 14
349349 ‘‘(ii) for purposes of sections 6425, 15
350350 6654, and 6655, be treated as a tax im-16
351351 posed by section 1, section 11, or sub-17
352352 chapter L of chapter 1, and 18
353353 ‘‘(B) the first sentence of section 6403 19
354354 shall not apply with respect to any such install-20
355355 ment. 21
356356 ‘‘(f) R
357357 EGULATIONS.—Not later than 18 months after 22
358358 the date of enactment of this section, the Secretary shall 23
359359 promulgate such regulations as are necessary to carry out 24
360360 this section.’’. 25
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364364 (b) NODEDUCTION.—Section 275(a) of such Code 1
365365 is amended by adding at the end the following new para-2
366366 graph: 3
367367 ‘‘(7) Taxes imposed by subchapter E of chapter 4
368368 38.’’. 5
369369 (c) C
370370 LERICALAMENDMENT.—The table of sub-6
371371 chapters for chapter 38 of such Code is amended by add-7
372372 ing at the end the following new item: 8
373373 ‘‘SUBCHAPTER E—CERTAIN FOSSIL FUEL EMISSIONS ’’.
374374 SEC. 4. POLLUTER PAYS CLIMATE CHANGE FUND.
375375 9
376376 (a) E
377377 STABLISHMENT OF FUND.— 10
378378 (1) I
379379 N GENERAL.—Subchapter A of chapter 98 11
380380 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by 12
381381 adding at the end the following new section: 13
382382 ‘‘SEC. 9512. POLLUTERS PAY CLIMATE FUND. 14
383383 ‘‘(a) E
384384 STABLISHMENT.—There is established in the 15
385385 Treasury of the United States a trust fund, to be known 16
386386 as the ‘Polluters Pay Climate Fund’ (hereinafter in this 17
387387 section referred to as the ‘Fund’), consisting of amounts 18
388388 as are appropriated or credited to such Trust Fund as 19
389389 provided in this section and section 9602(b). 20
390390 ‘‘(b) T
391391 RANSFERS.—There are hereby appropriated to 21
392392 the Fund amounts equivalent to the taxes received in the 22
393393 Treasury under section 4691. 23
394394 ‘‘(c) E
395395 XPENDITURESFROM THEFUND.—Amounts in 24
396396 the fund shall be available, as provided in appropriations 25
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400400 Acts, for the purpose of making expenditures to carry out 1
401401 the purposes of section 4(b) of the Polluters Pay Climate 2
402402 Fund Act of 2025.’’. 3
403403 (2) C
404404 LERICAL AMENDMENT .—The table of sec-4
405405 tions for subchapter A of chapter 98 of such Code 5
406406 is amended by adding at the end the following new 6
407407 item: 7
408408 ‘‘Sec. 9512. Polluters Pay Climate Fund.’’.
409409 (b) EXPENDITURESFROMFUND.— 8
410410 (1) D
411411 EFINITIONS.—In this subsection: 9
412412 (A) A
413413 DMINISTRATOR.—The term ‘‘Admin-10
414414 istrator’’ means the Administrator of the Envi-11
415415 ronmental Protection Agency. 12
416416 (B) E
417417 NVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE COMMU -13
418418 NITY.—The term ‘‘environmental justice com-14
419419 munity’’ means a community with significant 15
420420 representation of communities of color, low-in-16
421421 come communities, or Tribal and Indigenous 17
422422 communities that experiences, or is at risk of 18
423423 experiencing, higher or more adverse human 19
424424 health or environmental effects as compared to 20
425425 other communities. 21
426426 (C) F
427427 UND.—The term ‘‘Fund’’ means the 22
428428 Polluters Pay Climate Change Fund established 23
429429 under section 9512 of the Internal Revenue 24
430430 Code of 1986. 25
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434434 (D) SECRETARY.—The term ‘‘Secretary’’ 1
435435 means the Secretary of the Treasury. 2
436436 (2) U
437437 SE OF FUND AMOUNTS .— 3
438438 (A) G
439439 ENERAL PURPOSES.—The Secretary, 4
440440 in consultation with the Administrator and the 5
441441 heads of other relevant agencies, shall use 6
442442 amounts in the Fund for the purposes of fur-7
443443 thering a comprehensive and equitable Federal 8
444444 response to climate change impacts through in-9
445445 vestments in climate resilience, adaptation, dis-10
446446 aster response, and environmental justice, in-11
447447 cluding— 12
448448 (i) climate-related disaster recovery 13
449449 and mitigation support; 14
450450 (ii) climate change adaptation support 15
451451 through climate and disaster planning as-16
452452 sistance, funding for climate-resilient infra-17
453453 structure, and improved climate and ex-18
454454 treme weather prediction capabilities; 19
455455 (iii) initiatives that increase the cli-20
456456 mate resilience of energy systems through 21
457457 energy efficiency, grid resilience, and dis-22
458458 tributed electricity generation initiatives; 23
459459 (iv) initiatives that increase the cli-24
460460 mate resilience of the food system through 25
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464464 support for climate-resilient farming prac-1
465465 tices; 2
466466 (v) initiatives that increase the cli-3
467467 mate resilience of the transportation sys-4
468468 tem through planning and climate change 5
469469 adaptation support; 6
470470 (vi) initiatives that increase the cli-7
471471 mate resilience of ecosystems through con-8
472472 servation, restoration, and wildfire man-9
473473 agement activities; 10
474474 (vii) support for climate-related public 11
475475 health initiatives, including efforts to ad-12
476476 dress extreme heat; and 13
477477 (viii) initiatives that increase the cli-14
478478 mate resiliency of drinking water and 15
479479 stormwater infrastructure. 16
480480 (B) S
481481 PECIFIED USES.—In carrying out 17
482482 subparagraph (A) each fiscal year and to the 18
483483 greatest extent practicable, the Secretary shall 19
484484 use amounts in the Fund— 20
485485 (i) to provide funding of not less than 21
486486 $15,000,000,000 to the Federal Emer-22
487487 gency Management Agency for response 23
488488 and resilience programs of the Federal 24
489489 Emergency Management Agency to ad-25
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493493 dress climate-related disasters, including 1
494494 hurricanes, flooding, extreme heat, and 2
495495 wildfires, of which not less than 3
496496 $3,000,000,000 shall be used to carry out 4
497497 the Building Resilient Infrastructure and 5
498498 Communities program under section 203 6
499499 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief 7
500500 and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 8
501501 5133); and 9
502502 (ii) to provide funding of not less than 10
503503 $6,000,000,000 for grants and technical 11
504504 assistance under section 138 of the Clean 12
505505 Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7438), subject to the 13
506506 condition that the Administrator may de-14
507507 termine the appropriate amounts to be 15
508508 used for those grants and that technical 16
509509 assistance. 17
510510 (C) E
511511 NVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE SET 18
512512 ASIDE.—Of the amounts appropriated from the 19
513513 Fund each fiscal year, 40 percent shall be used 20
514514 for investments that benefit environmental jus-21
515515 tice communities. 22
516516 (D) S
517517 ELECTION.—For the purpose of de-23
518518 termining how to award amounts appropriated 24
519519 from the Fund in excess of the amounts re-25
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523523 quired to be used under subparagraph (B), the 1
524524 Secretary, in coordination with the Adminis-2
525525 trator and the heads of other relevant agencies, 3
526526 shall establish selection criteria, which shall give 4
527527 the highest priority to projects or other activi-5
528528 ties that are most impactful in achieving the 6
529529 purposes described in subparagraph (A), as de-7
530530 termined by the Secretary, in coordination with 8
531531 the Administrator and the heads of other rel-9
532532 evant agencies. 10
533533 SEC. 5. AVAILABILITY OF REMEDIES. 11
534534 (a) I
535535 NGENERAL.—Nothing in this Act or the amend-12
536536 ments made by this Act shall be construed to relieve any 13
537537 person from liability at common law or under any State 14
538538 or Federal law. 15
539539 (b) E
540540 FFECT ON CLAIMSRELATED TO CLIMATE 16
541541 C
542542 HANGE.—Nothing in this Act or the amendments made 17
543543 by this Act, the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.), 18
544544 or Federal common law preempts, displaces, or restricts 19
545545 any right or remedy of any person, State, unit of local 20
546546 government, or Tribal government under any State or 21
547547 local law (including common law) relating to an allegation 22
548548 of— 23
549549 (1) deception concerning the effects of fossil 24
550550 fuel on climate change; 25
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553553 •S 25 IS
554554 (2) damage or injury resulting from the role of 1
555555 fossil fuel in contributing to climate change; or 2
556556 (3) the failure to avoid damage or injury re-3
557557 lated to climate change, including claims for nui-4
558558 sance, trespass, design defect, negligence, failure to 5
559559 warn, or deceptive or unfair practices and claims for 6
560560 injunctive, declaratory, monetary, or other relief. 7
561561 (c) R
562562 ULE OFCONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this Act 8
563563 or the amendments made by this Act shall— 9
564564 (1) require the repayment of any funds made 10
565565 available from the Polluter Pays Climate Change 11
566566 Fund established under section 9512 of the Internal 12
567567 Revenue Code of 1986 and used pursuant to section 13
568568 4(b) as a result of any award of damages imposed 14
569569 by a court of law relating to any causes of action or 15
570570 allegations described in subsection (b); or 16
571571 (2) permit the use of any such funds— 17
572572 (A) as evidence in such an action or allega-18
573573 tion; or 19
574574 (B) to offset any award of damages in 20
575575 such an action or allegation. 21
576576 SEC. 6. NON-PREEMPTION OF AUTHORITIES. 22
577577 Nothing in this Act or the amendments made by this 23
578578 Act shall be construed to preempt or supersede any State 24
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581581 •S 25 IS
582582 or local law, regulation, policy, or program, including laws, 1
583583 regulations, polices, and programs that— 2
584584 (1) limit, set, or enforce standards for green-3
585585 house gas emissions; 4
586586 (2) monitor, report, and keep records of green-5
587587 house gas emissions; 6
588588 (3) provide cost recovery for climate adaptation, 7
589589 mitigation, or resilience; or 8
590590 (4) conduct or support investigations. 9
591591 Æ
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