| 1 | 1 | | II |
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| 2 | 2 | | 119THCONGRESS |
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| 3 | 3 | | 1 |
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| 4 | 4 | | STSESSION S. 60 |
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| 5 | 5 | | To end the unconstitutional delegation of legislative power which was exclu- |
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| 6 | 6 | | sively vested in the Senate and House of Representatives by article |
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| 7 | 7 | | I, section 1 of the Constitution of the United States, and to direct |
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| 8 | 8 | | the Comptroller General of the United States to issue a report to Con- |
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| 9 | 9 | | gress detailing the extent of the problem of unconstitutional delegation |
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| 10 | 10 | | to the end that such delegations can be phased out, thereby restoring |
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| 11 | 11 | | the constitutional principle of separation of powers set forth in the |
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| 12 | 12 | | first sections of the Constitution of the United States. |
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| 13 | 13 | | IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES |
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| 14 | 14 | | JANUARY9, 2025 |
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| 15 | 15 | | Mr. P |
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| 16 | 16 | | AULintroduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to |
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| 17 | 17 | | the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs |
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| 18 | 18 | | A BILL |
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| 19 | 19 | | To end the unconstitutional delegation of legislative power |
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| 20 | 20 | | which was exclusively vested in the Senate and House |
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| 21 | 21 | | of Representatives by article I, section 1 of the Constitu- |
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| 22 | 22 | | tion of the United States, and to direct the Comptroller |
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| 23 | 23 | | General of the United States to issue a report to Con- |
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| 24 | 24 | | gress detailing the extent of the problem of unconstitu- |
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| 25 | 25 | | tional delegation to the end that such delegations can |
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| 26 | 26 | | be phased out, thereby restoring the constitutional prin- |
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| 27 | 27 | | ciple of separation of powers set forth in the first sec- |
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| 28 | 28 | | tions of the Constitution of the United States. |
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| 32 | 32 | | Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-1 |
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| 33 | 33 | | tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 2 |
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| 34 | 34 | | SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 3 |
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| 35 | 35 | | This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Write the Laws Act’’. 4 |
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| 36 | 36 | | SEC. 2. CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY STATEMENT. 5 |
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| 37 | 37 | | (a) I |
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| 38 | 38 | | NGENERAL.—This Act is enacted pursuant to 6 |
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| 39 | 39 | | the powers conferred by the Constitution of the United 7 |
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| 40 | 40 | | States upon Congress by— 8 |
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| 41 | 41 | | (1) article I, section 1, which vests in Congress 9 |
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| 42 | 42 | | all legislative powers granted under the Constitution; 10 |
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| 43 | 43 | | and 11 |
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| 44 | 44 | | (2) article I, section 8, clause 18, which vests 12 |
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| 45 | 45 | | in Congress the power to make all laws that shall be 13 |
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| 46 | 46 | | necessary and proper for executing the legislative 14 |
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| 47 | 47 | | power granted to Congress in the Constitution. 15 |
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| 48 | 48 | | (b) O |
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| 49 | 49 | | THERAUTHORITY.—This Act is also enacted to 16 |
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| 50 | 50 | | bring the enforcement of Federal law into compliance with 17 |
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| 51 | 51 | | the guarantee under the Fifth Amendment to the Con-18 |
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| 52 | 52 | | stitution of the United States that no person be deprived 19 |
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| 53 | 53 | | of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. 20 |
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| 54 | 54 | | SEC. 3. FINDINGS. 21 |
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| 55 | 55 | | Congress finds the following: 22 |
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| 56 | 56 | | (1) Article I, section 1 of the Constitution of 23 |
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| 57 | 57 | | the United States vests the legislative powers enu-24 |
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| 58 | 58 | | merated therein in Congress, consisting of a Senate 25 |
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| 62 | 62 | | and a House of Representatives, subject only to the 1 |
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| 63 | 63 | | veto power of the President as provided in article I, 2 |
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| 64 | 64 | | section 7, clause 2. 3 |
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| 65 | 65 | | (2) Article II, section 1 of the Constitution of 4 |
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| 66 | 66 | | the United States vests the Executive power of the 5 |
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| 67 | 67 | | United States in a President. 6 |
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| 68 | 68 | | (3) Article III, section 1 of the Constitution of 7 |
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| 69 | 69 | | the United States vests the judicial power of the 8 |
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| 70 | 70 | | United States in ‘‘one supreme Court, and in such 9 |
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| 71 | 71 | | inferior courts as the Congress may from time to 10 |
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| 72 | 72 | | time ordain and establish’’, subject only to the juris-11 |
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| 73 | 73 | | dictional limitations set forth in article III, section 12 |
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| 74 | 74 | | 2. 13 |
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| 75 | 75 | | (4) As the Supreme Court of the United States 14 |
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| 76 | 76 | | has stated, ‘‘In the main, [the Constitution of the 15 |
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| 77 | 77 | | United States] has blocked out with singular preci-16 |
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| 78 | 78 | | sion, and in bold lines, in its three primary Articles, 17 |
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| 79 | 79 | | the allotment of power to the executive, the legisla-18 |
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| 80 | 80 | | tive, and judicial departments of the government 19 |
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| 81 | 81 | | [and] the powers confided by the Constitution to one 20 |
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| 82 | 82 | | of these departments cannot be exercised by an-21 |
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| 83 | 83 | | other.’’. Kilbourn v. Thompson, 103 U.S. 168, 191 22 |
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| 84 | 84 | | (1881). 23 |
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| 85 | 85 | | (5) ‘‘It is . . . essential to the successful work-24 |
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| 86 | 86 | | ing of this system, that the persons entrusted with 25 |
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| 89 | 89 | | •S 60 IS |
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| 90 | 90 | | power in any one of these branches shall not be per-1 |
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| 91 | 91 | | mitted to encroach upon the powers confided to oth-2 |
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| 92 | 92 | | ers, but that each shall by the law of its creation be 3 |
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| 93 | 93 | | limited to the exercise of the powers . . . of its own 4 |
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| 94 | 94 | | department and no other.’’. Id. 5 |
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| 95 | 95 | | (6) ‘‘The increase in the number of States, in 6 |
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| 96 | 96 | | their population and wealth, and in the amount of 7 |
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| 97 | 97 | | power . . . [has] present[ed] powerful and growing 8 |
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| 98 | 98 | | temptations to those to whom that exercise is 9 |
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| 99 | 99 | | intrusted, to overstep the just boundaries of their 10 |
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| 100 | 100 | | own department, and enter upon the domain of one 11 |
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| 101 | 101 | | of the others, or to assume powers not intrusted to 12 |
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| 102 | 102 | | either of them.’’. Id. at 191–192. 13 |
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| 103 | 103 | | (7) Succumbing to these ‘‘powerful and grow-14 |
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| 104 | 104 | | ing’’ temptations, and beginning in the late nine-15 |
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| 105 | 105 | | teenth century with the Interstate Commerce Com-16 |
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| 106 | 106 | | mission and continuing to the present time, Con-17 |
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| 107 | 107 | | gress has unconstitutionally created numerous ad-18 |
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| 108 | 108 | | ministrative agencies with blended powers, namely— 19 |
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| 109 | 109 | | (A) the exercise of legislative power vested 20 |
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| 110 | 110 | | by the Constitution of the United States in 21 |
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| 111 | 111 | | Congress; 22 |
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| 112 | 112 | | (B) the exercise of Executive power vested 23 |
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| 113 | 113 | | by the Constitution of the United States in the 24 |
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| 114 | 114 | | President; and 25 |
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| 118 | 118 | | (C) the exercise of judicial power vested by 1 |
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| 119 | 119 | | the Constitution of the United States in the Su-2 |
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| 120 | 120 | | preme Court and lower Federal courts. 3 |
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| 121 | 121 | | (8) By delegating legislative, executive, and ju-4 |
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| 122 | 122 | | dicial power to the various administrative agencies, 5 |
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| 123 | 123 | | Congress has departed from the separation of pow-6 |
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| 124 | 124 | | ers structure of the Constitution of the United 7 |
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| 125 | 125 | | States, and ignored the warning of the framers of 8 |
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| 126 | 126 | | that instrument that ‘‘The accumulation of all pow-9 |
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| 127 | 127 | | ers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the same 10 |
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| 128 | 128 | | hands, whether of one, a few, or many, and whether 11 |
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| 129 | 129 | | hereditary, self-appointed, or elective, may justly be 12 |
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| 130 | 130 | | pronounced the very definition of tyranny.’’. James 13 |
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| 131 | 131 | | Madison, The Federalist No. 47. 14 |
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| 132 | 132 | | (9) Further, by delegating legislative, executive, 15 |
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| 133 | 133 | | and judicial powers to various administrative agen-16 |
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| 134 | 134 | | cies, Congress has unconstitutionally established a 17 |
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| 135 | 135 | | Star Chamber-like system of rules promulgated, exe-18 |
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| 136 | 136 | | cuted, and adjudicated by administrative agencies 19 |
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| 137 | 137 | | that are functionally a part of the Executive branch 20 |
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| 138 | 138 | | of the Federal Government in violation of the due 21 |
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| 139 | 139 | | process guarantee of the Fifth Amendment to the 22 |
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| 140 | 140 | | Constitution of the United States. 23 |
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| 141 | 141 | | (10) By the very nature of legislative power, 24 |
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| 142 | 142 | | and by the express terms of article I, section 1 of 25 |
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| 146 | 146 | | the Constitution of the United States, Congress may 1 |
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| 147 | 147 | | not delegate any legislative power to any other 2 |
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| 148 | 148 | | branch of the Federal Government or other entity, 3 |
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| 149 | 149 | | including any administrative agency. As Chief Jus-4 |
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| 150 | 150 | | tice John Marshall stated: ‘‘It will not be contended 5 |
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| 151 | 151 | | that congress can delegate to the courts, or to any 6 |
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| 152 | 152 | | other tribunals, powers which are strictly and exclu-7 |
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| 153 | 153 | | sively legislative.’’. Wayman v. Southard, 10 Wheat. 8 |
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| 154 | 154 | | (23 U.S.) 1, 42 (1825). 9 |
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| 155 | 155 | | (11) As Chief Justice Melville Fuller explained, 10 |
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| 156 | 156 | | a ‘‘criminal offense’’ created or clarified by an agen-11 |
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| 157 | 157 | | cy in the Executive branch is not valid unless the of-12 |
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| 158 | 158 | | fense ‘‘is fully and completely defined by the act’’ of 13 |
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| 159 | 159 | | Congress. In re Kollock, 165 U.S. 526, 533 (1897). 14 |
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| 160 | 160 | | (12) By vesting legislative power in the Con-15 |
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| 161 | 161 | | gress, the Constitution requires the Senate and the 16 |
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| 162 | 162 | | House of Representatives to enact statutes con-17 |
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| 163 | 163 | | taining general rules to be executed by the Presi-18 |
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| 164 | 164 | | dent, as provided in article II, section 1 of the Con-19 |
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| 165 | 165 | | stitution of the United States, and to be adjudicated 20 |
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| 166 | 166 | | in a case or controversy by such inferior courts as 21 |
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| 167 | 167 | | Congress may from time to time establish, or in the 22 |
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| 168 | 168 | | Supreme Court, as provided in article III, sections 23 |
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| 169 | 169 | | 1 and 2. 24 |
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| 173 | 173 | | (13) By abdicating its constitutional legislative 1 |
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| 174 | 174 | | responsibility to write the laws whereby the people 2 |
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| 175 | 175 | | are governed, and having unconstitutionally dele-3 |
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| 176 | 176 | | gated that power to unelected bureaucrats, Congress 4 |
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| 177 | 177 | | has undermined the constitutional protections of— 5 |
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| 178 | 178 | | (A) the checks and balances of a bicameral 6 |
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| 179 | 179 | | legislative body; and 7 |
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| 180 | 180 | | (B) a Presidential veto. 8 |
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| 181 | 181 | | (14) As a direct consequence of Congress hav-9 |
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| 182 | 182 | | ing abdicated its responsibility to properly exercise 10 |
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| 183 | 183 | | the legislative power vested by the Constitution of 11 |
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| 184 | 184 | | the United States, Congress has— 12 |
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| 185 | 185 | | (A) imposed onerous and unreasonable 13 |
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| 186 | 186 | | burdens upon the American people; and 14 |
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| 187 | 187 | | (B) violated the constitutional principle of 15 |
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| 188 | 188 | | the separation of the legislative, executive, and 16 |
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| 189 | 189 | | judicial processes and functions. 17 |
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| 190 | 190 | | SEC. 4. RESTORING THE SEPARATION OF POWERS. 18 |
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| 191 | 191 | | (a) I |
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| 192 | 192 | | NGENERAL.—Title 1 of the United States Code, 19 |
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| 193 | 193 | | is amended by inserting after chapter 2 the following: 20 |
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| 194 | 194 | | ‘‘CHAPTER 2A—SEPARATION OF POWERS 21 |
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| 195 | 195 | | ‘‘Sec. |
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| 196 | 196 | | ‘‘151. Nondelegation of legislative power. |
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| 197 | 197 | | ‘‘152. Enforcement clause. |
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| 198 | 198 | | ‘‘153. Effective date. |
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| 202 | 202 | | ‘‘§ 151. Nondelegation of legislative power 1 |
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| 203 | 203 | | ‘‘(a) D |
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| 204 | 204 | | EFINITION.—In this section, the term ‘delega-2 |
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| 205 | 205 | | tion of legislative powers’— 3 |
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| 206 | 206 | | ‘‘(1) includes— 4 |
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| 207 | 207 | | ‘‘(A) the creation or clarification of any 5 |
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| 208 | 208 | | criminal or civil offense; and 6 |
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| 209 | 209 | | ‘‘(B) the creation or clarification of any 7 |
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| 210 | 210 | | non-criminal regulation, prohibition, or limita-8 |
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| 211 | 211 | | tion applicable to the public, or some subset 9 |
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| 212 | 212 | | thereof, that is not fully and completely defined 10 |
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| 213 | 213 | | in an Act of Congress, except that the Execu-11 |
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| 214 | 214 | | tive branch of Government may be delegated 12 |
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| 215 | 215 | | authority to make factual findings that will de-13 |
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| 216 | 216 | | termine the date upon which such an Act is im-14 |
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| 217 | 217 | | plemented, suspended, or revived; and 15 |
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| 218 | 218 | | ‘‘(2) does not include the issuance of any Presi-16 |
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| 219 | 219 | | dential proclamation, or the issuance of any rule or 17 |
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| 220 | 220 | | regulation governing the internal operation of any 18 |
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| 221 | 221 | | agency, or conditions made upon grants or contracts 19 |
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| 222 | 222 | | issued by any agency. 20 |
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| 223 | 223 | | ‘‘(b) P |
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| 224 | 224 | | ROHIBITION.—An Act of Congress may not 21 |
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| 225 | 225 | | contain any delegation of legislative powers, whether to— 22 |
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| 226 | 226 | | ‘‘(1) any component within the legislative 23 |
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| 227 | 227 | | branch of the Federal Government; 24 |
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| 228 | 228 | | ‘‘(2) the President or any other member of the 25 |
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| 229 | 229 | | Executive branch of the Federal Government; 26 |
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| 233 | 233 | | ‘‘(3) the judicial branch of the Federal Govern-1 |
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| 234 | 234 | | ment; 2 |
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| 235 | 235 | | ‘‘(4) any agency; 3 |
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| 236 | 236 | | ‘‘(5) any quasi-public agency; 4 |
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| 237 | 237 | | ‘‘(6) any State or instrumentality thereof; or 5 |
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| 238 | 238 | | ‘‘(7) any other organization or individual. 6 |
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| 239 | 239 | | ‘‘(c) E |
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| 240 | 240 | | XECUTIVEACTIONS.—No new Presidential di-7 |
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| 241 | 241 | | rective, adjudicative decision, rule, or regulation, or 8 |
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| 242 | 242 | | change to an existing Presidential directive, adjudicative 9 |
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| 243 | 243 | | decision, rule, or regulation governing, limiting, imposing 10 |
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| 244 | 244 | | a penalty on, or otherwise regulating any activity of any 11 |
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| 245 | 245 | | individual or entity, other than an officer or employee of 12 |
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| 246 | 246 | | the Federal Government, may be promulgated or put into 13 |
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| 247 | 247 | | effect, unless the directive, decision, rule, or regulation is 14 |
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| 248 | 248 | | authorized by an Act of Congress that complies with sub-15 |
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| 249 | 249 | | section (b). 16 |
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| 250 | 250 | | ‘‘(d) R |
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| 251 | 251 | | EPORT.—Not later than 6 months after the 17 |
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| 252 | 252 | | date of enactment of this chapter, the Comptroller General 18 |
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| 253 | 253 | | of the United States shall submit to Congress a report 19 |
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| 254 | 254 | | identifying all statutes enacted before the date that is 90 20 |
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| 255 | 255 | | days after the date of enactment of this chapter which 21 |
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| 256 | 256 | | contain any delegation of legislative powers prohibited 22 |
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| 257 | 257 | | under this section. 23 |
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| 261 | 261 | | ‘‘§ 152. Enforcement clause 1 |
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| 262 | 262 | | ‘‘(a) I |
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| 263 | 263 | | NGENERAL.—An Act of Congress, Presidential 2 |
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| 264 | 264 | | directive, adjudicative decision, rule, or regulation that 3 |
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| 265 | 265 | | does not comply with section 151 shall have no force or 4 |
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| 266 | 266 | | effect and no legal, equitable, regulatory, civil, or criminal 5 |
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| 267 | 267 | | action may be brought under such an Act of Congress, 6 |
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| 268 | 268 | | Presidential directive, adjudicative decision, rule, or regu-7 |
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| 269 | 269 | | lation. 8 |
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| 270 | 270 | | ‘‘(b) C |
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| 271 | 271 | | AUSE OFACTION.—Any person aggrieved by 9 |
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| 272 | 272 | | any action of any officer or employee in the Executive 10 |
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| 273 | 273 | | branch of the Federal Government under any Act of Con-11 |
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| 274 | 274 | | gress that does not comply with section 151 may bring 12 |
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| 275 | 275 | | a cause of action under sections 2201 and 2202 of title 13 |
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| 276 | 276 | | 28 against the United States to seek appropriate relief, 14 |
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| 277 | 277 | | including an injunction against enforcement of any Act of 15 |
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| 278 | 278 | | Congress, Presidential directive, adjudicative decision, 16 |
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| 279 | 279 | | rule, or regulation that does not comply with section 151. 17 |
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| 280 | 280 | | ‘‘(c) S |
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| 281 | 281 | | TANDARD OFREVIEW.—In any action brought 18 |
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| 282 | 282 | | under subsection (b), the standard of review shall be de 19 |
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| 283 | 283 | | novo. 20 |
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| 284 | 284 | | ‘‘§ 153. Effective date 21 |
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| 285 | 285 | | ‘‘This chapter shall apply to any Act of Congress, 22 |
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| 286 | 286 | | Presidential directive, adjudicative decision, rule, or regu-23 |
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| 287 | 287 | | lation, or change to an existing Presidential directive, ad-24 |
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| 288 | 288 | | judicative decision, rule, or regulation, enacted or promul-25 |
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| 292 | 292 | | gated on or after the date that is 90 days after the date 1 |
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| 293 | 293 | | of enactment of this chapter.’’. 2 |
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| 294 | 294 | | (b) T |
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| 295 | 295 | | ECHNICAL AND CONFORMINGAMENDMENT.— 3 |
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| 296 | 296 | | The table of chapters for title 1, United States Code, is 4 |
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| 297 | 297 | | amended by inserting after the item relating to chapter 5 |
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| 298 | 298 | | 2 the following: 6 |
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| 299 | 299 | | ‘‘2A. Separation of powers...........................................................151’’. |
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| 300 | 300 | | SEC. 5. SEVERABILITY CLAUSE. |
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| 301 | 301 | | 7 |
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| 302 | 302 | | If any provision of this Act or an amendment made 8 |
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| 303 | 303 | | by this Act, or the application of a provision or amend-9 |
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| 304 | 304 | | ment to any person or circumstance, is held to be invalid 10 |
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| 305 | 305 | | for any reason in any court of competent jurisdiction, the 11 |
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| 306 | 306 | | remainder of this Act and amendments made by this Act, 12 |
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| 307 | 307 | | and the application of the provisions and amendment to 13 |
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| 308 | 308 | | any other person or circumstance, shall not be affected. 14 |
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| 309 | 309 | | Æ |
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