| 1 | 1 | | II |
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| 2 | 2 | | 119THCONGRESS |
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| 3 | 3 | | 1 |
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| 4 | 4 | | STSESSION S. 789 |
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| 5 | 5 | | To require reports on critical mineral and rare earth element resources around |
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| 6 | 6 | | the world and a strategy for the development of advanced mining, refin- |
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| 7 | 7 | | ing, separation, and processing technologies, and for other purposes. |
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| 8 | 8 | | IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES |
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| 9 | 9 | | FEBRUARY27, 2025 |
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| 10 | 10 | | Mr. C |
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| 11 | 11 | | ORNYN(for himself, Mr. WARNER, Mr. YOUNG, Mr. HICKENLOOPER, |
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| 12 | 12 | | and Mr. K |
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| 13 | 13 | | ING) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and |
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| 14 | 14 | | referred to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources |
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| 15 | 15 | | A BILL |
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| 16 | 16 | | To require reports on critical mineral and rare earth element |
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| 17 | 17 | | resources around the world and a strategy for the devel- |
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| 18 | 18 | | opment of advanced mining, refining, separation, and |
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| 19 | 19 | | processing technologies, and for other purposes. |
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| 20 | 20 | | Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa-1 |
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| 21 | 21 | | tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 2 |
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| 22 | 22 | | SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 3 |
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| 23 | 23 | | This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Critical Minerals Secu-4 |
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| 24 | 24 | | rity Act of 2025’’. 5 |
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| 25 | 25 | | SEC. 2. REPORTS ON CRITICAL MINERAL AND RARE EARTH 6 |
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| 26 | 26 | | ELEMENT RESOURCES. 7 |
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| 27 | 27 | | (a) D |
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| 28 | 28 | | EFINITIONS.—In this section: 8 |
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| 31 | 31 | | •S 789 IS |
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| 32 | 32 | | (1) COVERED NATION.—The term ‘‘covered na-1 |
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| 33 | 33 | | tion’’ has the meaning given the term in section 2 |
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| 34 | 34 | | 4872(d) of title 10, United States Code. 3 |
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| 35 | 35 | | (2) C |
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| 36 | 36 | | RITICAL MINERAL.—The term ‘‘critical 4 |
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| 37 | 37 | | mineral’’ has the meaning given the term in section 5 |
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| 38 | 38 | | 7002(a) of the Energy Act of 2020 (30 U.S.C. 6 |
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| 39 | 39 | | 1606(a)). 7 |
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| 40 | 40 | | (3) F |
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| 41 | 41 | | OREIGN ENTITY OF CONCERN .—The term 8 |
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| 42 | 42 | | ‘‘foreign entity of concern’’ has the meaning given 9 |
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| 43 | 43 | | the term in section 40207(a) of the Infrastructure 10 |
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| 44 | 44 | | Investment and Jobs Act (42 U.S.C. 18741(a)). 11 |
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| 45 | 45 | | (4) R |
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| 46 | 46 | | ARE EARTH ELEMENTS .—The term ‘‘rare 12 |
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| 47 | 47 | | earth elements’’ means cerium, dysprosium, erbium, 13 |
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| 48 | 48 | | europium, gadolinium, holmium, lanthanum, lute-14 |
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| 49 | 49 | | tium, neodymium, praseodymium, promethium, sa-15 |
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| 50 | 50 | | marium, scandium, terbium, thulium, ytterbium, and 16 |
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| 51 | 51 | | yttrium. 17 |
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| 52 | 52 | | (5) S |
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| 53 | 53 | | ECRETARY.—The term ‘‘Secretary’’ means 18 |
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| 54 | 54 | | the Secretary of the Interior 19 |
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| 55 | 55 | | (6) U |
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| 56 | 56 | | NITED STATES PERSON .—The term 20 |
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| 57 | 57 | | ‘‘United States person’’ means— 21 |
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| 58 | 58 | | (A) a United States citizen or an alien law-22 |
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| 59 | 59 | | fully admitted for permanent residence to the 23 |
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| 60 | 60 | | United States; or 24 |
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| 63 | 63 | | •S 789 IS |
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| 64 | 64 | | (B) an entity organized under the laws of 1 |
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| 65 | 65 | | the United States or of any jurisdiction within 2 |
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| 66 | 66 | | the United States, including a foreign branch of 3 |
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| 67 | 67 | | such an entity. 4 |
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| 68 | 68 | | (b) R |
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| 69 | 69 | | EPORTS ON CRITICALMINERAL AND RARE 5 |
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| 70 | 70 | | E |
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| 71 | 71 | | ARTHELEMENTRESOURCES.— 6 |
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| 72 | 72 | | (1) I |
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| 73 | 73 | | N GENERAL.—Not later than 1 year after 7 |
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| 74 | 74 | | the date of enactment of this Act, and every 2 years 8 |
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| 75 | 75 | | thereafter, the Secretary, in consultation with the 9 |
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| 76 | 76 | | Secretary of Energy and the heads of other relevant 10 |
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| 77 | 77 | | Federal agencies, shall submit to Congress a report 11 |
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| 78 | 78 | | on all critical mineral and rare earth element re-12 |
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| 79 | 79 | | sources (including recyclable or recycled materials 13 |
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| 80 | 80 | | containing those resources) around the world that 14 |
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| 81 | 81 | | includes— 15 |
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| 82 | 82 | | (A) an assessment of— 16 |
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| 83 | 83 | | (i) which of those resources are under 17 |
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| 84 | 84 | | the control of a foreign entity of concern, 18 |
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| 85 | 85 | | including through ownership, contract, or 19 |
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| 86 | 86 | | economic or political influence; 20 |
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| 87 | 87 | | (ii) which of those resources are 21 |
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| 88 | 88 | | owned by, controlled by, or subject to the 22 |
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| 89 | 89 | | jurisdiction or direction of the United 23 |
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| 90 | 90 | | States or a country that is an ally or part-24 |
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| 91 | 91 | | ner of the United States; 25 |
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| 94 | 94 | | •S 789 IS |
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| 95 | 95 | | (iii) which of those resources are not 1 |
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| 96 | 96 | | owned by, controlled by, or subject to the 2 |
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| 97 | 97 | | jurisdiction or direction of a foreign entity 3 |
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| 98 | 98 | | of concern or a country described in clause 4 |
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| 99 | 99 | | (ii); and 5 |
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| 100 | 100 | | (iv) in the case of those resources not 6 |
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| 101 | 101 | | undergoing commercial mining, the reasons 7 |
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| 102 | 102 | | for the lack of commercial mining; 8 |
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| 103 | 103 | | (B) for each mine from which significant 9 |
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| 104 | 104 | | quantities of critical minerals or rare earth ele-10 |
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| 105 | 105 | | ments are being extracted, as of the date that 11 |
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| 106 | 106 | | is 1 year before the date of the report— 12 |
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| 107 | 107 | | (i) an estimate of the annual volume 13 |
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| 108 | 108 | | of output of the mine as of that date; 14 |
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| 109 | 109 | | (ii) an estimate of the total volume of 15 |
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| 110 | 110 | | mineral or elements that remain in the 16 |
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| 111 | 111 | | mine as of that date; 17 |
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| 112 | 112 | | (iii)(I) an identification of the country 18 |
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| 113 | 113 | | and entity operating the mine; or 19 |
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| 114 | 114 | | (II) if the mine is operated by more 20 |
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| 115 | 115 | | than 1 country or entity, an estimate of 21 |
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| 116 | 116 | | the output of each mineral or element from 22 |
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| 117 | 117 | | the mine to which each such country or en-23 |
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| 118 | 118 | | tity has access; and 24 |
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| 121 | 121 | | •S 789 IS |
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| 122 | 122 | | (iv) an identification of the ultimate 1 |
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| 123 | 123 | | beneficial owners of the mine and the per-2 |
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| 124 | 124 | | centage of ownership held by each such 3 |
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| 125 | 125 | | owner; 4 |
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| 126 | 126 | | (C) for each mine not described in sub-5 |
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| 127 | 127 | | paragraph (B), to the extent practicable— 6 |
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| 128 | 128 | | (i) an estimate of the aggregate an-7 |
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| 129 | 129 | | nual volume of output of the mines as of 8 |
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| 130 | 130 | | the date that is 1 year before the date of 9 |
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| 131 | 131 | | the report; 10 |
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| 132 | 132 | | (ii) an estimate of the aggregate total 11 |
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| 133 | 133 | | volume of mineral or elements that remain 12 |
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| 134 | 134 | | in the mines as of that date; and 13 |
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| 135 | 135 | | (iii) an estimate of the aggregate total 14 |
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| 136 | 136 | | output of each mineral or element from the 15 |
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| 137 | 137 | | mine to which a foreign entity of concern 16 |
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| 138 | 138 | | has access; 17 |
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| 139 | 139 | | (D)(i) a list of key foreign entities of con-18 |
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| 140 | 140 | | cern involved in mining critical minerals and 19 |
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| 141 | 141 | | rare earth elements; 20 |
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| 142 | 142 | | (ii) a list of key entities in the United 21 |
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| 143 | 143 | | States and countries that are allies or partners 22 |
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| 144 | 144 | | of the United States involved in mining critical 23 |
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| 145 | 145 | | minerals and rare earth elements; and 24 |
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| 148 | 148 | | •S 789 IS |
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| 149 | 149 | | (iii) an assessment of the technical feasi-1 |
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| 150 | 150 | | bility of entities listed under clauses (i) and (ii) 2 |
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| 151 | 151 | | mining and processing resources identified 3 |
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| 152 | 152 | | under subparagraph (A)(iii) using existing ad-4 |
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| 153 | 153 | | vanced technology; 5 |
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| 154 | 154 | | (E) an assessment, prepared in consulta-6 |
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| 155 | 155 | | tion with the Secretary of State, of ways to col-7 |
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| 156 | 156 | | laborate with countries in which mines, mineral 8 |
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| 157 | 157 | | processing operations, or recycling operations 9 |
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| 158 | 158 | | (or any combination thereof) are located that 10 |
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| 159 | 159 | | are operated by other countries, or are operated 11 |
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| 160 | 160 | | by entities from other countries, to ensure on-12 |
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| 161 | 161 | | going access by the United States and countries 13 |
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| 162 | 162 | | that are allies and partners of the United 14 |
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| 163 | 163 | | States to those mines and processing or recy-15 |
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| 164 | 164 | | cling operations; 16 |
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| 165 | 165 | | (F) a list, prepared in consultation with 17 |
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| 166 | 166 | | the Secretary of Commerce, identifying, to the 18 |
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| 167 | 167 | | maximum extent practicable, all cases in which 19 |
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| 168 | 168 | | entities were forced to divest stock in mining, 20 |
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| 169 | 169 | | processing, or recycling operations (or any com-21 |
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| 170 | 170 | | bination thereof) for critical minerals and rare 22 |
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| 171 | 171 | | earth elements based on— 23 |
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| 172 | 172 | | (i) regulatory rulings of the govern-24 |
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| 173 | 173 | | ment of a covered nation; 25 |
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| 177 | 177 | | (ii) joint regulatory rulings of the gov-1 |
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| 178 | 178 | | ernment of a covered nation and the gov-2 |
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| 179 | 179 | | ernment of another country; or 3 |
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| 180 | 180 | | (iii) rulings of a relevant tribunal or 4 |
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| 181 | 181 | | other entity authorized to render binding 5 |
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| 182 | 182 | | decisions on divestiture; 6 |
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| 183 | 183 | | (G) a list of all cases in which the govern-7 |
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| 184 | 184 | | ment of a covered nation purchased an entity 8 |
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| 185 | 185 | | that was forced to divest stock as described in 9 |
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| 186 | 186 | | subparagraph (F); and 10 |
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| 187 | 187 | | (H) a list of all cases in which mining, 11 |
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| 188 | 188 | | processing, or recycling operations (or any com-12 |
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| 189 | 189 | | bination thereof) for critical minerals and rare 13 |
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| 190 | 190 | | earth elements that were not subject to a ruling 14 |
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| 191 | 191 | | described in subparagraph (F) were taken over 15 |
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| 192 | 192 | | by— 16 |
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| 193 | 193 | | (i) the government of a covered na-17 |
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| 194 | 194 | | tion; or 18 |
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| 195 | 195 | | (ii) an entity located in, or influenced 19 |
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| 196 | 196 | | or controlled by, the government of a cov-20 |
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| 197 | 197 | | ered nation. 21 |
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| 198 | 198 | | (2) F |
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| 199 | 199 | | ORM OF REPORT.—Each report required 22 |
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| 200 | 200 | | by paragraph (1) shall be submitted in unclassified 23 |
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| 201 | 201 | | form, but may include a classified annex, if nec-24 |
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| 202 | 202 | | essary. 25 |
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| 205 | 205 | | •S 789 IS |
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| 206 | 206 | | (c) PROCESS FORNOTIFYINGUNITEDSTATESGOV-1 |
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| 207 | 207 | | ERNMENT OFDIVESTMENT.—Not later than 1 year after 2 |
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| 208 | 208 | | the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary, in con-3 |
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| 209 | 209 | | sultation with the Secretary of State, shall establish a 4 |
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| 210 | 210 | | process under which— 5 |
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| 211 | 211 | | (1) a United States person seeking to divest 6 |
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| 212 | 212 | | stock in mining, processing, or recycling operations 7 |
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| 213 | 213 | | for critical minerals and rare earth elements in a 8 |
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| 214 | 214 | | foreign country may notify the Secretary of the in-9 |
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| 215 | 215 | | tention of the person to divest the stock; and 10 |
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| 216 | 216 | | (2) the Secretary may provide assistance to the 11 |
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| 217 | 217 | | person to find a purchaser that is not under the con-12 |
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| 218 | 218 | | trol of the government of a covered nation. 13 |
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| 219 | 219 | | (d) S |
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| 220 | 220 | | TRATEGY ON DEVELOPMENT OF ADVANCED 14 |
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| 221 | 221 | | M |
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| 222 | 222 | | INING, REFINING, SEPARATION, PROCESSING, ANDRE-15 |
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| 223 | 223 | | CYCLINGTECHNOLOGIES.— 16 |
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| 224 | 224 | | (1) I |
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| 225 | 225 | | N GENERAL.—Not later than 1 year after 17 |
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| 226 | 226 | | the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary, in 18 |
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| 227 | 227 | | consultation with the Secretary of Energy and the 19 |
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| 228 | 228 | | heads of other relevant Federal agencies, shall de-20 |
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| 229 | 229 | | velop— 21 |
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| 230 | 230 | | (A) a strategy to collaborate with the gov-22 |
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| 231 | 231 | | ernments of countries that are allies and part-23 |
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| 232 | 232 | | ners of the United States to develop advanced 24 |
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| 235 | 235 | | •S 789 IS |
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| 236 | 236 | | mining, refining, separation, processing, and re-1 |
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| 237 | 237 | | cycling technologies; and 2 |
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| 238 | 238 | | (B) a method for sharing the intellectual 3 |
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| 239 | 239 | | property resulting from the development of ad-4 |
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| 240 | 240 | | vanced mining, refining, separation, processing, 5 |
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| 241 | 241 | | and recycling technologies with the governments 6 |
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| 242 | 242 | | of countries that are allies and partners of the 7 |
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| 243 | 243 | | United States to enable those countries to li-8 |
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| 244 | 244 | | cense those technologies and mine, refine, sepa-9 |
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| 245 | 245 | | rate, process, and recycle the resources of those 10 |
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| 246 | 246 | | countries. 11 |
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| 247 | 247 | | (2) R |
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| 248 | 248 | | EPORTS REQUIRED .—Not later than 1 12 |
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| 249 | 249 | | year after the date of enactment of this Act, and an-13 |
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| 250 | 250 | | nually thereafter, the Secretary shall submit to Con-14 |
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| 251 | 251 | | gress a report on the progress made in developing 15 |
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| 252 | 252 | | the strategy and method described in paragraph (1). 16 |
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| 253 | 253 | | Æ |
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