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3 | 3 | | 2023 - 2024 LEGISLATURE |
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4 | 4 | | 2023 ASSEMBLY BILL 1157 |
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5 | 5 | | March 22, 2024 - Introduced by Representative GUNDRUM. Referred to Committee |
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6 | 6 | | on Criminal Justice and Public Safety. |
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7 | 7 | | AN ACT to repeal 823.02; to renumber and amend 823.01 and 823.015; to |
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8 | 8 | | amend 823.03, 823.04, 823.05 and 823.06; and to create subchapter I (title) |
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9 | 9 | | of chapter 823 [precedes 823.001], 823.001, 823.002, 823.01 (1), 823.012, |
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10 | 10 | | 823.013, 823.021, 823.024, subchapter II (title) of chapter 823 [precedes |
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11 | 11 | | 823.029] and subchapter III (title) of chapter 823 [precedes 823.065] of the |
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12 | 12 | | statutes; relating to: abrogating the common law and codifying the law of |
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13 | 13 | | public nuisance. |
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14 | 14 | | Analysis by the Legislative Reference Bureau |
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15 | 15 | | This bill abrogates the common law of public nuisance and codifies the law of |
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16 | 16 | | public nuisance. |
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17 | 17 | | The bill defines “public nuisance” to mean an unlawful condition that violates |
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18 | 18 | | a right common to the general public to use public real property, and the bill defines |
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19 | 19 | | “unlawful condition” to mean a condition, activity, or situation that is expressly |
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20 | 20 | | prohibited by the laws of this state. The bill provides that a person may be held liable |
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21 | 21 | | for creating or maintaining a public nuisance only if the person controls the public |
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22 | 22 | | nuisance at the time a cause of action for public nuisance arises. |
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23 | 23 | | The bill provides that only the following persons may maintain a public |
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24 | 24 | | nuisance action: |
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32 | 32 | | KRP:wlj |
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33 | 33 | | ASSEMBLY BILL 1157 |
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34 | 34 | | 1. The state or the city, village, town, or county (political subdivision) that has |
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35 | 35 | | a substantial ownership interest in or authority over the real property, or the |
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36 | 36 | | ancillary space related to the real property, to which the public nuisance relates. |
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37 | 37 | | 2. A nongovernmental person (private party) that suffers injuries peculiar to |
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38 | 38 | | the private party, so far as necessary to protect the private party's rights and to |
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39 | 39 | | obtain an injunction to prevent the same. |
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40 | 40 | | If the plaintiff is the state or a political subdivision (governmental body), all of |
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41 | 41 | | the following apply: |
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42 | 42 | | 1. The governmental body may maintain the public nuisance action only by an |
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43 | 43 | | attorney employed by the governmental body. |
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44 | 44 | | 2. If more than one governmental body is a plaintiff, there is a presumption that |
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45 | 45 | | only one governmental body has standing to maintain the action, and the court must, |
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46 | 46 | | on its own motion, determine which governmental bodies have standing. |
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47 | 47 | | 3. The governmental body may not maintain the public nuisance action solely |
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48 | 48 | | to recover a financial expenditure of the governmental body related to the |
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49 | 49 | | remediation, abatement, or injunction of an unlawful condition. |
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50 | 50 | | If the plaintiff is a private party, all of the following apply: |
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51 | 51 | | 1. The private party bears the burden of establishing by clear and convincing |
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52 | 52 | | evidence that the private party suffered an injury peculiar to the private party. |
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53 | 53 | | 2. The fact that public real property has a spiritual, cultural, emotional, or |
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54 | 54 | | otherwise personal significance to a private party is not, by itself, sufficient to |
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55 | 55 | | establish that the use of or damage to the real property is an injury peculiar to the |
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56 | 56 | | private party. |
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57 | 57 | | 3. The private party may not maintain both a public nuisance action and a |
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58 | 58 | | private nuisance action related to damages resulting from the same unlawful |
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59 | 59 | | condition. |
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60 | 60 | | The bill limits the remedies available in an action for public nuisance to only |
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61 | 61 | | the following: |
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62 | 62 | | 1. Injunctive relief sufficient to abate the public nuisance. |
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63 | 63 | | 2. Monetary damages in an amount reasonably necessary to abate the public |
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64 | 64 | | nuisance but not including a) speculative estimates of current needs, b) costs of |
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65 | 65 | | future remediation, c) costs of investigating and identifying the existence of an |
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66 | 66 | | unlawful condition, or d) costs of public services provided as a result of the public |
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67 | 67 | | nuisance. |
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68 | 68 | | 3. Compensatory damages for a private party's injury that is peculiar to the |
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69 | 69 | | private party. |
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70 | 70 | | For further information see the state and local fiscal estimate, which will be |
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71 | 71 | | printed as an appendix to this bill. |
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72 | 72 | | The people of the state of Wisconsin, represented in senate and assembly, do |
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73 | 73 | | enact as follows: - 3 -2023 - 2024 Legislature |
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75 | 75 | | KRP:wlj |
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76 | 76 | | SECTION 1 |
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77 | 77 | | ASSEMBLY BILL 1157 |
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78 | 78 | | SECTION 1. Subchapter I (title) of chapter 823 [precedes 823.001] of the statutes |
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79 | 79 | | is created to read: |
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80 | 80 | | CHAPTER 823 |
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81 | 81 | | SUBCHAPTER I |
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82 | 82 | | PUBLIC NUISANCES; GENERALL Y |
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83 | 83 | | SECTION 2. 823.001 of the statutes is created to read: |
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84 | 84 | | 823.001 Abrogation of common law. The common law of public nuisance |
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85 | 85 | | in this state is abolished. |
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86 | 86 | | SECTION 3. 823.002 of the statutes is created to read: |
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87 | 87 | | 823.002 Definitions. In this subchapter: |
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88 | 88 | | (1) “Government attorney” means an attorney regularly employed on a |
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89 | 89 | | salaried basis by this state or a political subdivision. “Government attorney” does |
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90 | 90 | | not include an attorney hired on a contingency fee or hourly basis or on a short-term |
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91 | 91 | | or temporary basis, including a legal fellow, special prosecutor, or other similar |
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92 | 92 | | provisional position. |
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93 | 93 | | (2) “Political subdivision" means a city, village, town, or county. |
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94 | 94 | | (3) “Public nuisance” means an unlawful condition that violates a right |
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95 | 95 | | common to the general public to use public real property. |
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96 | 96 | | (4) “Real property” includes the waters of the state, as defined under s. 281.01 |
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97 | 97 | | (18). |
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98 | 98 | | (5) “Unlawful condition” means a condition, activity, or situation that is |
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99 | 99 | | expressly prohibited by the laws of this state. |
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100 | 100 | | SECTION 4. 823.01 of the statutes is renumbered 823.01 (intro.) and amended |
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101 | 101 | | to read: |
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127 | 127 | | SECTION 4 ASSEMBLY BILL 1157 |
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128 | 128 | | 823.01 Jurisdiction over Causes of action for public nuisances. (intro.) |
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129 | 129 | | Any person, county, city, village or town of the following persons may maintain an |
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130 | 130 | | action to recover damages or to abate a public nuisance from which: |
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131 | 131 | | (2) PRIVATE ACTION. Subject to s. 823.013, a nongovernmental person that |
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132 | 132 | | suffers injuries peculiar to the complainant are suffered person, so far as necessary |
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133 | 133 | | to protect the complainant's person's rights and to obtain an injunction to prevent the |
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134 | 134 | | same. |
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135 | 135 | | SECTION 5. 823.01 (1) of the statutes is created to read: |
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136 | 136 | | 823.01 (1) GOVERNMENTAL ACTION. Subject to s. 823.012, the state or a political |
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137 | 137 | | subdivision that has a substantial ownership interest in or authority over the real |
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138 | 138 | | property, or the ancillary space related to the real property, to which the public |
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139 | 139 | | nuisance relates. |
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140 | 140 | | SECTION 6. 823.012 of the statutes is created to read: |
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141 | 141 | | 823.012 Enforcement by government. (1) The state or a political |
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142 | 142 | | subdivision that maintains a public nuisance action authorized under s. 823.01 (1) |
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143 | 143 | | may maintain the action only by a government attorney employed by the state or that |
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144 | 144 | | political subdivision. |
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145 | 145 | | (2) In a public nuisance action maintained under s. 823.01 (1) by more than one |
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146 | 146 | | political subdivision, or by the state and one or more political subdivisions, the court |
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147 | 147 | | shall, on its own motion, determine which governmental parties have standing to |
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148 | 148 | | maintain the action. There is a presumption under this subsection that only one |
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149 | 149 | | governmental party has standing, which may be rebutted with clear and convincing |
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150 | 150 | | evidence. |
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151 | 151 | | (3) The state or a political subdivision may not maintain a public nuisance |
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152 | 152 | | action under s. 823.01 (1) solely to recover a financial expenditure by the state or |
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180 | 180 | | SECTION 6 |
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181 | 181 | | ASSEMBLY BILL 1157 |
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182 | 182 | | political subdivision related to the remediation, abatement, or injunction of an |
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183 | 183 | | unlawful condition. |
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184 | 184 | | SECTION 7. 823.013 of the statutes is created to read: |
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185 | 185 | | 823.013 Enforcement by private parties. (1) In an action to enjoin a public |
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186 | 186 | | nuisance under s. 823.01 (2), a nongovernmental person bears the burden of |
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187 | 187 | | establishing by clear and convincing evidence that the person suffered an injury |
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188 | 188 | | peculiar to the person. |
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189 | 189 | | (2) The fact that public real property has a spiritual, cultural, emotional, or |
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190 | 190 | | otherwise personal significance to a nongovernmental person is not, by itself, |
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191 | 191 | | sufficient to establish that the use of or damage to the real property is an injury |
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192 | 192 | | peculiar to the person for purposes of s. 823.01. |
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193 | 193 | | (3) A nongovernmental person may not maintain both a public nuisance action |
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194 | 194 | | under s. 823.01 (2) and a private nuisance action related to damages resulting from |
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195 | 195 | | the same unlawful condition. |
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196 | 196 | | SECTION 8. 823.015 of the statutes is renumbered 823.029 and amended to |
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197 | 197 | | read: |
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198 | 198 | | 823.029 Action against condominium association. If a city, village, town, |
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199 | 199 | | or county has grounds under this chapter to abate a private nuisance occurring upon |
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200 | 200 | | the common elements of a condominium and the failure of a condominium |
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201 | 201 | | association under ch. 703 to perform its duties to maintain and control the common |
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202 | 202 | | elements is a reason the nuisance has not been abated, an action for a receivership |
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203 | 203 | | under ch. 823 may be brought against the condominium association whether it is |
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204 | 204 | | incorporated or unincorporated. This section does not authorize the seizure of |
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205 | 205 | | condominium buildings or units. |
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206 | 206 | | SECTION 9. 823.02 of the statutes is repealed. |
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233 | 233 | | SECTION 10 ASSEMBLY BILL 1157 |
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234 | 234 | | SECTION 10. 823.021 of the statutes is created to read: |
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235 | 235 | | 823.021 Liability for public nuisance. A person may be held liable for |
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236 | 236 | | creating or maintaining a public nuisance only if the person controls the public |
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237 | 237 | | nuisance at the time a cause of action under this subchapter arises. |
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238 | 238 | | SECTION 11. 823.024 of the statutes is created to read: |
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239 | 239 | | 823.024 Remedies for public nuisance. (1) In a public nuisance action |
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240 | 240 | | under this subchapter, a court may award only the following relief: |
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241 | 241 | | (a) Injunctive relief sufficient to abate the public nuisance. |
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242 | 242 | | (b) Monetary damages in an amount reasonably necessary to abate the public |
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243 | 243 | | nuisance. Damages under this paragraph do not include any of the following: |
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244 | 244 | | 1. Speculative estimates of current needs. |
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245 | 245 | | 2. Costs of future remediation. |
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246 | 246 | | 3. Costs of investigating and identifying the existence of an unlawful condition. |
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247 | 247 | | 4. Costs of public services provided as a result of the public nuisance. |
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248 | 248 | | (c) Compensatory damages for a nongovernmental plaintiff's injury that is |
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249 | 249 | | peculiar to the plaintiff as described under s. 823.01. |
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250 | 250 | | (2) The plaintiff shall establish the amount of any damages described under |
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251 | 251 | | sub. (1) (b) by clear and convincing evidence. |
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252 | 252 | | SECTION 12. Subchapter II (title) of chapter 823 [precedes 823.029] of the |
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253 | 253 | | statutes is created to read: |
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254 | 254 | | CHAPTER 823 |
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255 | 255 | | SUBCHAPTER II |
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256 | 256 | | PRIVATE NUISANCES; GENERALL Y |
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257 | 257 | | SECTION 13. 823.03 of the statutes is amended to read: |
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284 | 284 | | SECTION 13 |
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285 | 285 | | ASSEMBLY BILL 1157 |
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286 | 286 | | 823.03 Judgment. In such actions an action for private nuisance, when the |
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287 | 287 | | plaintiff prevails, the plaintiff shall, in addition to judgment for damages and costs, |
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288 | 288 | | also have judgment that the nuisance be abated unless the court shall otherwise |
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289 | 289 | | order orders. |
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290 | 290 | | SECTION 14. 823.04 of the statutes is amended to read: |
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291 | 291 | | 823.04 Execution and warrant. In case of judgment that the a private |
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292 | 292 | | nuisance be abated and removed, the plaintiff shall have execution in the common |
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293 | 293 | | form for the plaintiff's damages and costs and a separate warrant to the proper |
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294 | 294 | | officer requiring the officer to abate and remove the nuisance at the expense of the |
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295 | 295 | | defendant. |
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296 | 296 | | SECTION 15. 823.05 of the statutes is amended to read: |
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297 | 297 | | 823.05 Warrant may be stayed. The court may, on the application of the |
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298 | 298 | | defendant in an action for private nuisance, order a stay of such warrant for such |
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299 | 299 | | time as may be necessary, not exceeding 6 months, to give the defendant an |
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300 | 300 | | opportunity to remove the nuisance, upon the defendant's giving satisfactory |
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301 | 301 | | security to do so within the time specified in the order. |
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302 | 302 | | SECTION 16. 823.06 of the statutes is amended to read: |
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303 | 303 | | 823.06 Expense of abating, how collected. The expense of abating such a |
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304 | 304 | | private nuisance pursuant to such a warrant under s. 823.04 shall be collected by the |
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305 | 305 | | officer in the same manner as damages and costs are collected upon execution or may |
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306 | 306 | | be collected by finding the defendant personally liable for these expenses, as |
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307 | 307 | | provided in s. 74.53. The officer may sell any material of any fences, buildings, or |
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308 | 308 | | other things abated or removed as a private nuisance as personal property is sold |
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309 | 309 | | upon execution and apply the proceeds to pay the expenses of such abatement, |
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310 | 310 | | paying the residue, if any, to the defendant. |
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337 | 337 | | SECTION 17 ASSEMBLY BILL 1157 |
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338 | 338 | | SECTION 17. Subchapter III (title) of chapter 823 [precedes 823.065] of the |
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339 | 339 | | statutes is created to read: |
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340 | 340 | | CHAPTER 823 |
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341 | 341 | | SUBCHAPTER III |
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342 | 342 | | NUISANCES; SPECIFIC ACTIONS |
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343 | 343 | | SECTION 18.0Initial applicability. |
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344 | 344 | | (1) This act first applies to a cause of action for public nuisance that accrues |
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345 | 345 | | on the effective date of this subsection. |
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346 | 346 | | (END) |
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