1 | 1 | | LRB-3349/1 |
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2 | 2 | | SWB&JPC:wlj&emw |
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3 | 3 | | 2023 - 2024 LEGISLATURE |
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4 | 4 | | 2023 ASSEMBLY BILL 366 |
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5 | 5 | | July 27, 2023 - Introduced by Representatives SUBECK, DRAKE, C. ANDERSON, J. |
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6 | 6 | | ANDERSON, ANDRACA, BALDEH, BARE, BILLINGS, CABRERA, CLANCY, CONLEY, |
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7 | 7 | | CONSIDINE, DOYLE, EMERSON, GOYKE, HAYWOOD, HONG, JACOBSON, JOERS, |
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8 | 8 | | MADISON, MCGUIRE, MOORE OMOKUNDE, MYERS, NEUBAUER, OHNSTAD, |
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9 | 9 | | ORTIZ-VELEZ, PALMERI, RATCLIFF, RIEMER, SHANKLAND, SHELTON, SINICKI, |
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10 | 10 | | SNODGRASS, STUBBS and VINING, cosponsored by Senators HESSELBEIN, ROYS, |
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11 | 11 | | PFAFF, AGARD, CARPENTER, L. JOHNSON, LARSON, SMITH, SPREITZER, TAYLOR and |
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12 | 12 | | WIRCH. Referred to Committee on State Affairs. |
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13 | 13 | | ***AUTHORS SUBJECT TO CHANGE*** |
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14 | 14 | | AN ACT to create 253.078 of the statutes; relating to: statutory right to |
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15 | 15 | | contraception. |
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16 | 16 | | Analysis by the Legislative Reference Bureau |
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17 | 17 | | This bill establishes that a person has a statutory right to obtain contraceptives |
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18 | 18 | | and to engage in contraception and, further, that a health care provider has a |
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19 | 19 | | corresponding right to provide contraceptives, contraception, and |
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20 | 20 | | contraception-related information. Under the bill, these rights may not be limited |
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21 | 21 | | or otherwise infringed through any limitation or requirement that 1) expressly, |
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22 | 22 | | effectively, implicitly, or as implemented singles out the provision of contraceptives, |
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23 | 23 | | contraception, or contraception-related information; health care providers who |
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24 | 24 | | provide contraceptives, contraception, or contraception-related information; or |
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25 | 25 | | facilities in which contraceptives, contraception, or contraception-related |
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26 | 26 | | information is provided; and 2) impedes access to contraceptives, contraception, or |
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27 | 27 | | contraception-related information. The bill provides that a party may defend |
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28 | 28 | | against a claim that a limitation or requirement violates the rights established under |
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29 | 29 | | the bill by establishing, by clear and convincing evidence, both that the limitation or |
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30 | 30 | | requirement significantly advances the safety of contraceptives, contraception, and |
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31 | 31 | | contraception-related information and that the safety of contraceptives, |
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32 | 32 | | contraception, and contraception-related information or the health of patients |
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33 | 33 | | cannot be advanced by a less restrictive alternative measure or action. |
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34 | 34 | | The bill specifically provides that neither the state nor any political subdivision |
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35 | 35 | | of the state may administer, implement, or enforce any law, rule, regulation, |
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36 | 36 | | standard, or other provision having the force and effect of law in a manner that 1) |
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38 | 38 | | 2 - 2 -2023 - 2024 Legislature LRB-3349/1 |
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39 | 39 | | SWB&JPC:wlj&emw |
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40 | 40 | | ASSEMBLY BILL 366 |
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41 | 41 | | prohibits or restricts the sale, provision, or use of any contraceptives that have been |
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42 | 42 | | approved by the federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for contraceptive |
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43 | 43 | | purposes; 2) prohibits or restricts any person from aiding another person in |
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44 | 44 | | obtaining any contraceptives approved by the FDA or contraceptive methods; or 3) |
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45 | 45 | | exempts any contraceptives approved by the FDA from any other generally |
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46 | 46 | | applicable law in a way that would make it more difficult to sell, provide, obtain, or |
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47 | 47 | | use those contraceptives or contraceptive methods. The bill allows the attorney |
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48 | 48 | | general on behalf of the state or any individual or entity, including any health care |
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49 | 49 | | provider or patient, to bring a cause of action for a violation of the provisions of the |
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50 | 50 | | bill. |
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51 | 51 | | The people of the state of Wisconsin, represented in senate and assembly, do |
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52 | 52 | | enact as follows: |
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53 | 53 | | SECTION 1. 253.078 of the statutes is created to read: |
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54 | 54 | | 253.078 Right to contraception. (1) SHORT TITLE. This section shall be |
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55 | 55 | | known as the “Right to Contraception Act.” |
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56 | 56 | | (2) DEFINITIONS. In this section: |
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57 | 57 | | (a) “Contraception” means an action taken to prevent pregnancy, including the |
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58 | 58 | | use of contraceptives or fertility-awareness-based methods and sterilization |
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59 | 59 | | procedures. |
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60 | 60 | | (b) “Contraceptive” means any drug, device, or biological product intended for |
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61 | 61 | | use in the prevention of pregnancy, whether specifically intended to prevent |
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62 | 62 | | pregnancy or for other health needs, that is legally marketed under the federal Food, |
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63 | 63 | | Drug, and Cosmetic Act, such as oral contraceptives, long-acting reversible |
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64 | 64 | | contraceptives, emergency contraceptives, internal and external condoms, |
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65 | 65 | | injectables, vaginal barrier methods, transdermal patches, and vaginal rings, or |
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66 | 66 | | other contraceptives. |
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67 | 67 | | (c) “Health care provider” has the meaning given in s. 146.81 (1). |
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68 | 68 | | (d) “Political subdivision" means a city, village, town, or county. |
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84 | 84 | | 16 - 3 -2023 - 2024 Legislature |
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85 | 85 | | LRB-3349/1 |
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86 | 86 | | SWB&JPC:wlj&emw |
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87 | 87 | | SECTION 1 |
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88 | 88 | | ASSEMBLY BILL 366 |
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89 | 89 | | (3) PERMITTED SERVICES. (a) A person has a statutory right under this section |
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90 | 90 | | to obtain contraceptives and to engage in contraception, and a health care provider |
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91 | 91 | | has a corresponding right to provide contraceptives, contraception, and |
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92 | 92 | | contraception-related information. |
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93 | 93 | | (b) The statutory rights specified in par. (a) may not be limited or otherwise |
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94 | 94 | | infringed through any limitation or requirement that does all of the following: |
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95 | 95 | | 1. Expressly, effectively, implicitly, or as implemented singles out the provision |
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96 | 96 | | of contraceptives, contraception, or contraception-related information; health care |
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97 | 97 | | providers who provide contraceptives, contraception, or contraception-related |
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98 | 98 | | information; or facilities in which contraceptives, contraception, or |
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99 | 99 | | contraception-related information is provided. |
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100 | 100 | | 2. Impedes access to contraceptives, contraception, or contraception-related |
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101 | 101 | | information. |
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102 | 102 | | (c) To defend against a claim that a limitation or requirement violates a health |
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103 | 103 | | care provider's or patient's statutory rights under par. (b), a party must establish, by |
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104 | 104 | | clear and convincing evidence, all of the following: |
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105 | 105 | | 1. The limitation or requirement significantly advances the safety of |
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106 | 106 | | contraceptives, contraception, and contraception-related information. |
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107 | 107 | | 2. The safety of contraceptives, contraception, and contraception-related |
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108 | 108 | | information or the health of patients cannot be advanced by a less restrictive |
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109 | 109 | | alternative measure or action. |
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110 | 110 | | (4) APPLICABILITY. (a) Neither the state nor any political subdivision of the state |
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111 | 111 | | may administer, implement, or enforce any law, rule, regulation, standard, or other |
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112 | 112 | | provision having the force and effect of law in a manner that does any of the following: |
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136 | 136 | | 24 - 4 -2023 - 2024 Legislature LRB-3349/1 |
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137 | 137 | | SWB&JPC:wlj&emw |
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138 | 138 | | SECTION 1 ASSEMBLY BILL 366 |
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139 | 139 | | 1. Prohibits or restricts the sale, provision, or use of any contraceptives that |
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140 | 140 | | have been approved by the federal food and drug administration for contraceptive |
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141 | 141 | | purposes. |
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142 | 142 | | 2. Prohibits or restricts any person from aiding another person in obtaining any |
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143 | 143 | | contraceptives approved by the federal food and drug administration or |
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144 | 144 | | contraceptive methods. |
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145 | 145 | | 3. Exempts any contraceptives approved by the federal food and drug |
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146 | 146 | | administration from any other generally applicable law in a way that would make |
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147 | 147 | | it more difficult to sell, provide, obtain, or use those contraceptives or contraceptive |
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148 | 148 | | methods. |
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149 | 149 | | (b) This section does not supersede or otherwise affect any provision relating |
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150 | 150 | | to coverage under group health plans or group or individual health insurance |
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151 | 151 | | coverage and may not be construed as requiring the provision of specific benefits |
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152 | 152 | | under these plans or coverage. |
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153 | 153 | | (c) An individual or entity who is subject to a limitation or requirement that |
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154 | 154 | | violates this section may raise this section as a defense to any cause of action against |
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155 | 155 | | the individual or entity. |
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156 | 156 | | (5) CONSTRUCTION. (a) This section shall be liberally construed to effectuate |
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157 | 157 | | its purposes. |
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158 | 158 | | (b) Nothing in this section may be construed to do any of the following: |
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159 | 159 | | 1. Authorize any government to interfere with a health care provider's ability |
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160 | 160 | | to provide contraceptives or contraception-related information or a person's ability |
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161 | 161 | | to obtain contraceptives or to engage in contraception. |
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162 | 162 | | 2. Permit or sanction the conduct of any sterilization procedure without the |
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163 | 163 | | patient's voluntary and informed consent. |
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188 | 188 | | 25 - 5 -2023 - 2024 Legislature |
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189 | 189 | | LRB-3349/1 |
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190 | 190 | | SWB&JPC:wlj&emw |
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191 | 191 | | SECTION 1 |
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192 | 192 | | ASSEMBLY BILL 366 |
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193 | 193 | | (6) ENFORCEMENT. (a) The attorney general may commence a civil action on |
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194 | 194 | | behalf of the state against any person that violates or enforces a limitation or |
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195 | 195 | | requirement that violates this section. Notwithstanding s. 165.08 (1), in any civil |
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196 | 196 | | action brought under this paragraph, the attorney general may compromise and |
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197 | 197 | | settle the action as the attorney general determines to be in the best interest of the |
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198 | 198 | | state. |
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199 | 199 | | (b) Any individual or entity, including any health care provider or patient, |
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200 | 200 | | adversely affected by an alleged violation of this section may commence a civil action |
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201 | 201 | | against any person that violates or implements or enforces a limitation or |
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202 | 202 | | requirement that violates this section. |
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203 | 203 | | (c) A health care provider may commence an action for relief on its own behalf, |
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204 | 204 | | on behalf of the provider's staff, and on behalf of the provider's patients who are or |
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205 | 205 | | may be adversely affected by an alleged violation of this section. |
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206 | 206 | | (d) If a court finds that there has been a violation of this section, the court shall |
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207 | 207 | | hold unlawful and set aside the limitation or requirement. In any action under this |
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208 | 208 | | section, the court may award appropriate equitable relief, including temporary, |
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209 | 209 | | preliminary, or permanent injunctive relief. |
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210 | 210 | | (e) Notwithstanding the limitation under s. 814.04, in any action under this |
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211 | 211 | | section, the court shall award to any prevailing plaintiff costs and reasonable |
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212 | 212 | | attorney fees. Unless a court determines an action is frivolous, the court may not |
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213 | 213 | | hold a plaintiff liable to a defendant for costs and attorney fees in an action under |
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214 | 214 | | this section. |
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215 | 215 | | SECTION 2.0Nonstatutory provisions. |
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216 | 216 | | (1) LEGISLATIVE FINDINGS. The legislature finds all of the following: |
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240 | 240 | | 24 - 6 -2023 - 2024 Legislature LRB-3349/1 |
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241 | 241 | | SWB&JPC:wlj&emw |
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242 | 242 | | SECTION 2 ASSEMBLY BILL 366 |
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243 | 243 | | (a) The right to contraception is a fundamental right, central to a person's |
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244 | 244 | | privacy, health, well-being, dignity, liberty, equality, and ability to participate in the |
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245 | 245 | | social and economic life of the state. |
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246 | 246 | | (b) The U.S. Supreme Court has repeatedly recognized the constitutional right |
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247 | 247 | | to contraception. |
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248 | 248 | | (c) In Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965), the U.S. Supreme Court |
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249 | 249 | | first recognized the constitutional right for married people to use contraceptives. |
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250 | 250 | | (d) In Eisenstadt v. Baird, 405 U.S. 438 (1972), the U.S. Supreme Court |
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251 | 251 | | confirmed the constitutional right of all people to legally access contraceptives |
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252 | 252 | | regardless of marital status. |
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253 | 253 | | (e) In Carey v. Population Services International, 431 U.S. 678 (1977), the U.S. |
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254 | 254 | | Supreme Court affirmed the constitutional right to contraceptives for minors. |
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255 | 255 | | (f) The right to contraceptives is protected by the Wisconsin Constitution. See |
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256 | 256 | | article I, section 1, of the Wisconsin Constitution; Haase v. Sawicki, 20 Wis. 2d 308, |
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257 | 257 | | 310 n.2 (1963) (finding that article I, section 1, of the Wisconsin Constitution is |
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258 | 258 | | substantially the equivalent of the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection |
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259 | 259 | | Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment); Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479, |
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260 | 260 | | 484-86 (1965) (finding that a prohibition on the use of contraceptives violates the |
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261 | 261 | | right to privacy created by several fundamental constitutional guarantees under the |
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262 | 262 | | U.S. Constitution); and Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558, 573-74 (2003) (finding that |
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263 | 263 | | the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment protects personal decisions |
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264 | 264 | | relating to marriage, procreation, contraception, family relationships, child rearing, |
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265 | 265 | | and education). |
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266 | 266 | | (g) The right to contraception has been repeatedly recognized internationally |
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267 | 267 | | as a human right. The United Nations Population Fund has published several |
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292 | 292 | | 25 - 7 -2023 - 2024 Legislature |
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293 | 293 | | LRB-3349/1 |
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294 | 294 | | SWB&JPC:wlj&emw |
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295 | 295 | | SECTION 2 |
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296 | 296 | | ASSEMBLY BILL 366 |
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297 | 297 | | reports outlining family planning as a basic human right that advances women's |
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298 | 298 | | health, economic empowerment, and equality. |
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299 | 299 | | (h) Access to contraceptives is internationally recognized by the World Health |
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300 | 300 | | Organization as advancing other human rights such as the right to life, liberty, |
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301 | 301 | | expression, health, work, and education. |
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302 | 302 | | (i) Contraception is safe, essential health care, and access to contraceptive |
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303 | 303 | | products and services is central to people's ability to participate equally in economic |
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304 | 304 | | and social life. Contraception allows people to make decisions about their families |
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305 | 305 | | and their lives. |
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306 | 306 | | (j) Contraception is key to sexual and reproductive health. Contraception is |
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307 | 307 | | critical to preventing unintended pregnancy, and many contraceptives are highly |
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308 | 308 | | effective in preventing and treating a wide array of often severe medical conditions |
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309 | 309 | | and decrease the risk of certain cancers. |
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310 | 310 | | (k) Family planning improves health outcomes for women, their families, and |
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311 | 311 | | their communities and reduces rates of maternal and infant mortality and morbidity. |
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312 | 312 | | (L) The United States has a long history of reproductive coercion, including the |
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313 | 313 | | childbearing forced upon enslaved women, as well as the forced sterilization of Black |
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314 | 314 | | women, Puerto Rican women, indigenous women, immigrant women, and disabled |
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315 | 315 | | women, and reproductive coercion continues to occur. |
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316 | 316 | | (m) The right to make personal decisions about contraceptive use is important |
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317 | 317 | | for all people, and is especially critical for historically marginalized groups, |
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318 | 318 | | including Black, indigenous, and other people of color; immigrants; lesbian, gay, |
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319 | 319 | | bisexual, transgender, and queer people; people with disabilities; people with low |
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320 | 320 | | incomes; and people living in rural and underserved areas. Many people who are |
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321 | 321 | | part of these marginalized groups already face barriers, exacerbated by social, |
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346 | 346 | | 25 - 8 -2023 - 2024 Legislature LRB-3349/1 |
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347 | 347 | | SWB&JPC:wlj&emw |
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348 | 348 | | SECTION 2 ASSEMBLY BILL 366 |
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349 | 349 | | political, economic, and environmental inequities, to comprehensive health care, |
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350 | 350 | | including reproductive health care, that reduce their ability to make decisions about |
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351 | 351 | | their health, families, and lives. |
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352 | 352 | | (n) Policies governing pharmaceutical and insurance policies affect the |
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353 | 353 | | accessibility of contraceptives and the settings in which contraception services are |
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354 | 354 | | delivered. |
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355 | 355 | | (o) Despite the clearly established constitutional right to contraception, access |
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356 | 356 | | to contraceptives, including emergency contraceptives and long-acting reversible |
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357 | 357 | | contraceptives, has been obstructed in various ways. |
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358 | 358 | | (p) As of June 2023, at least 4 states tried to ban access to some or all |
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359 | 359 | | contraceptives by restricting access to public funding for these products and services. |
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360 | 360 | | (q) Providers' refusals to offer contraceptives and contraception-related |
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361 | 361 | | information on the basis of their own personal beliefs impede patients from obtaining |
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362 | 362 | | their preferred method. |
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363 | 363 | | (r) States have attempted to define abortion expansively so as to include |
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364 | 364 | | contraceptives in state bans on abortion and have also restricted access to emergency |
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365 | 365 | | contraception. |
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366 | 366 | | (s) In June 2022, Justice Thomas, in his concurring opinion in Dobbs v. Jackson |
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367 | 367 | | Women's Health Organization, 142 S. Ct. 2228 (2022), stated that the U.S. Supreme |
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368 | 368 | | Court “should reconsider all of this Court's substantive due process precedents, |
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369 | 369 | | including Griswold, Lawrence, and Obergefell” and that the court has “a duty to |
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370 | 370 | | correct the error established in those precedents” by overruling them. |
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371 | 371 | | (t) In order to further public health and to combat efforts to restrict access to |
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372 | 372 | | reproductive health care, action is necessary to protect access to contraceptives, |
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373 | 373 | | contraception, and contraception-related information for everyone, regardless of |
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398 | 398 | | 25 - 9 -2023 - 2024 Legislature |
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399 | 399 | | LRB-3349/1 |
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400 | 400 | | SWB&JPC:wlj&emw |
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401 | 401 | | SECTION 2 |
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402 | 402 | | ASSEMBLY BILL 366 |
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403 | 403 | | actual or perceived race, ethnicity, sex, including gender identity and sexual |
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404 | 404 | | orientation, income, disability, national origin, immigration status, or geography. |
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405 | 405 | | (END) |
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