1 | 1 | | LRB-0490/1 |
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2 | 2 | | KRP&MCP:cjs |
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3 | 3 | | 2023 - 2024 LEGISLATURE |
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4 | 4 | | 2023 ASSEMBLY BILL 895 |
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5 | 5 | | January 4, 2024 - Introduced by Representatives SORTWELL, BEHNKE, GOEBEN, |
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6 | 6 | | MURPHY, SCHMIDT and SCHRAA. Referred to Committee on Judiciary. |
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7 | 7 | | ***AUTHORS SUBJECT TO CHANGE*** |
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8 | 8 | | AN ACT to create 895.053 of the statutes; relating to: creating a civil cause of |
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9 | 9 | | action against the owner or operator of a social media website that restricts |
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10 | 10 | | religious or political speech. |
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11 | 11 | | Analysis by the Legislative Reference Bureau |
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12 | 12 | | This bill creates a civil cause of action against the owner or operator of a social |
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13 | 13 | | media website that is available to the public and that has more than 150 million |
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14 | 14 | | users, if the owner or operator of the website intentionally does any of the following: |
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15 | 15 | | 1. Deletes or censors, or uses an algorithm to delete, censor, disfavor, or |
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16 | 16 | | censure, the religious speech or political speech of a person that is a resident of this |
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17 | 17 | | state, as defined in the bill, and that subscribes to or has an account with the social |
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18 | 18 | | media website (a user). The bill defines “religious speech" as “speech relating to a |
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19 | 19 | | set of unproven answers, truth claims, faith-based assumptions, and naked |
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20 | 20 | | assertions that attempt to explain such greater questions as how the world was |
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21 | 21 | | created, what constitutes right and wrong actions by individuals, and what happens |
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22 | 22 | | after death.” The bill defines “political speech" as “speech relating to the state, |
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23 | 23 | | government, body politic, or public administration as it relates to governmental |
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24 | 24 | | policy or policy making,” including speech by the government or a candidate for office |
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25 | 25 | | and any discussion of social issues. |
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26 | 26 | | 2. Fails to notify a user that the user's religious speech or political speech has |
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27 | 27 | | been deleted, censored, disfavored, or censured, or that the user has been |
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28 | 28 | | deplatformed. The bill defines “deplatforming” as deleting or banning a user from |
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29 | 29 | | the social media website for more than 60 days. |
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34 | 34 | | ASSEMBLY BILL 895 |
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35 | 35 | | 3. Fails to allow a user who has been deplatformed to access or retrieve all of |
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36 | 36 | | the user's information, content, material, and data for at least 60 days after being |
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37 | 37 | | deplatformed. |
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38 | 38 | | 4. Fails to publish the standards, including detailed definitions, that it uses or |
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39 | 39 | | has used for determining how to delete, censor, disfavor, and censure speech on the |
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40 | 40 | | social media website and how to deplatform and shadow ban users on the social |
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41 | 41 | | media website. The bill defines “shadow banning” as limiting or eliminating the |
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42 | 42 | | exposure of a user, or content posted by a user, to other users of the social media |
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43 | 43 | | website. |
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44 | 44 | | 5. Applies censorship, deplatforming, and shadow banning standards in a |
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45 | 45 | | manner that is not consistent among its users on the social media website. |
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46 | 46 | | 6. Fails to inform each user about any changes to the social media website's user |
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47 | 47 | | rules, terms, and agreements. |
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48 | 48 | | 7. Makes changes to its user rules, terms, and agreements more than once |
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49 | 49 | | every 180 days. |
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50 | 50 | | 8. Fails to provide a mechanism for a user to request the number of other users |
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51 | 51 | | who were provided or shown the user's content or posts and provide that number to |
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52 | 52 | | the user upon request. |
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53 | 53 | | The bill provides that it is not a defense to such an action that an owner or |
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54 | 54 | | operator of the social media website considered a user's religious speech or political |
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55 | 55 | | speech to be related to content that is offensive on the basis of the owner's or |
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56 | 56 | | operator's personal moral code. |
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57 | 57 | | In addition to a user's cause of action, the bill authorizes the attorney general |
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58 | 58 | | or any district attorney to bring a civil cause of action on behalf of the user or on |
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59 | 59 | | behalf of the state, or both, with respect to an owner's or operator's intentional |
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60 | 60 | | censorship of a user's religious speech or political speech. Each party may bring a |
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61 | 61 | | cause of action independently from or in conjunction with one another. |
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62 | 62 | | If a user, the attorney general, or a district attorney prevails in a civil action, |
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63 | 63 | | the court may award all of the following relief: |
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64 | 64 | | 1. Any economic and noneconomic damages suffered by the user, which are |
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65 | 65 | | awarded to the user regardless of whether the user participated in the action. |
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66 | 66 | | 2. Statutory damages in an amount of not less than $75,000 for each intentional |
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67 | 67 | | act described in items 1 to 8 above. Statutory damages related to intentional |
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68 | 68 | | censorship are awarded to the state if the attorney general or a district attorney is |
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69 | 69 | | a prevailing party. Statutory damages related to other intentional acts are awarded |
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70 | 70 | | to the user if a prevailing party. |
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71 | 71 | | 3. If aggravating factors are present, punitive damages. Any punitive damages |
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72 | 72 | | are awarded to the state if the attorney general or a district attorney is a prevailing |
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73 | 73 | | party. |
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74 | 74 | | 4. Injunctive relief. |
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75 | 75 | | Regardless of who prevails in the civil action, the court may award the |
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76 | 76 | | prevailing party costs and reasonable attorney fees but may not assess costs or |
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77 | 77 | | attorney fees against the state. |
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78 | 78 | | The bill creates certain exceptions to liability for owners and operators of social |
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79 | 79 | | media websites. For example, an owner or operator is not liable for actions in relation - 3 -2023 - 2024 Legislature |
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81 | 81 | | KRP&MCP:cjs |
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82 | 82 | | ASSEMBLY BILL 895 |
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83 | 83 | | to speech that calls for immediate acts of violence, that is obscene or pornographic |
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84 | 84 | | in nature, or that entices criminal conduct. |
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85 | 85 | | For further information see the state fiscal estimate, which will be printed as |
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86 | 86 | | an appendix to this bill. |
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87 | 87 | | The people of the state of Wisconsin, represented in senate and assembly, do |
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88 | 88 | | enact as follows: |
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89 | 89 | | SECTION 1. 895.053 of the statutes is created to read: |
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90 | 90 | | 895.053 Social media censorship; action for. (1) DEFINITIONS. In this |
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91 | 91 | | section: |
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92 | 92 | | (a) “Algorithm" means a set of instructions designed to perform a specific task. |
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93 | 93 | | (b) “Deplatform" means to delete or ban a user from a social media website for |
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94 | 94 | | more than 60 days. |
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95 | 95 | | (c) “Hate speech" means speech concerning content that a person finds |
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96 | 96 | | offensive on the basis of the person's personal moral code. |
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97 | 97 | | (d) “Obscene" means that all of the following apply to content: |
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98 | 98 | | 1. An average individual, applying contemporary community standards, would |
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99 | 99 | | find that the content, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest. |
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100 | 100 | | 2. The content depicts or describes sexual conduct in a patently offensive way. |
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101 | 101 | | 3. The content, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or |
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102 | 102 | | scientific value. |
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103 | 103 | | (e) “Political speech" means speech relating to the state, government, body |
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104 | 104 | | politic, or public administration as it relates to governmental policy or policy making. |
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105 | 105 | | “Political speech” includes speech by the government or a candidate for office and any |
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106 | 106 | | discussion of social issues. |
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107 | 107 | | (f) “Religious speech" means speech relating to a set of unproven answers, truth |
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108 | 108 | | claims, faith-based assumptions, and naked assertions that attempt to explain such |
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129 | 129 | | KRP&MCP:cjs |
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130 | 130 | | SECTION 1 ASSEMBLY BILL 895 |
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131 | 131 | | greater questions as how the world was created, what constitutes right and wrong |
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132 | 132 | | actions by individuals, and what happens after death. |
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133 | 133 | | (g) “Shadow ban" means to limit or eliminate the exposure of a user, or content |
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134 | 134 | | or material posted by a user, to other users of the social media website through any |
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135 | 135 | | means, regardless of whether the action is determined by an individual or an |
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136 | 136 | | algorithm, and regardless of whether the action is readily apparent to a user. |
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137 | 137 | | “Shadow ban” does not include any action towards content or material that is viewed |
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138 | 138 | | by a user if the action is taken at the request of that user. |
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139 | 139 | | (h) “Social media website" means a website or application that enables users |
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140 | 140 | | to communicate with each other by posting information, comments, messages, or |
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141 | 141 | | images and to which all of the following apply: |
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142 | 142 | | 1. The website or application is available to the public. |
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143 | 143 | | 2. The website or application has more than 150 million users. |
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144 | 144 | | (i) “User” means a person that subscribes to or has an account with a social |
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145 | 145 | | media website and to whom any of the following applies: |
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146 | 146 | | 1. The person is an individual who is a U.S. citizen and has resided in this state |
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147 | 147 | | for at least 28 consecutive days before the deletion, censoring, disfavoring, or |
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148 | 148 | | censuring that is the basis of the person's cause of action under sub. (2). |
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149 | 149 | | 2. The person is not an individual and the person has its commercial domicile, |
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150 | 150 | | as defined in s. 71.22 (1g), in this state. |
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151 | 151 | | (2) CAUSE OF ACTION. Except as provided in sub. (6), a user of a social media |
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152 | 152 | | website has a civil cause of action against the owner or operator of the social media |
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153 | 153 | | website if the owner or operator intentionally does any of the following: |
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154 | 154 | | (a) Deletes or censors the user's religious speech or political speech on the social |
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155 | 155 | | media website. |
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183 | 183 | | SECTION 1 |
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184 | 184 | | ASSEMBLY BILL 895 |
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185 | 185 | | (b) Uses an algorithm to delete, censor, disfavor, or censure the user's religious |
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186 | 186 | | speech or political speech on the social media website. |
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187 | 187 | | (c) Fails to notify a user that the user's religious speech or political speech has |
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188 | 188 | | been deleted, censored, disfavored, or censured or that the user has been |
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189 | 189 | | deplatformed. |
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190 | 190 | | (d) Fails to allow a user who has been deplatformed to access or retrieve all of |
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191 | 191 | | the user's information, content, material, and data for at least 60 days after being |
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192 | 192 | | deplatformed. |
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193 | 193 | | (e) Fails to publish the standards, including detailed definitions, that it uses |
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194 | 194 | | or has used for determining how to delete, censor, disfavor, and censure the speech |
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195 | 195 | | of users on the social media website and how to deplatform and shadow ban users |
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196 | 196 | | on the social media website. |
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197 | 197 | | (f) Applies censorship, deplatforming, and shadow banning standards in a |
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198 | 198 | | manner that is not consistent among its users on the social media website. |
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199 | 199 | | (g) Fails to inform each user about any changes to the social media website's |
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200 | 200 | | user rules, terms, and agreements. |
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201 | 201 | | (h) Makes changes to its user rules, terms, and agreements more than once |
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202 | 202 | | every 180 days. |
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203 | 203 | | (i) Fails to provide a mechanism for a user to request the number of other users |
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204 | 204 | | who were provided or shown the user's content or posts and provide that number to |
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205 | 205 | | the user upon request. |
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206 | 206 | | (3) UNAVAILABLE DEFENSE. It is not a defense to an action brought under this |
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207 | 207 | | section that the owner or operator of a social media website considered a user's |
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208 | 208 | | religious speech or political speech to be hate speech. |
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234 | 234 | | SECTION 1 ASSEMBLY BILL 895 |
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235 | 235 | | (4) ENFORCEMENT BY ATTORNEY GENERAL OR DISTRICT ATTORNEYS. (a) If the owner |
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236 | 236 | | or operator of a social media website intentionally censors a user's religious speech |
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237 | 237 | | or political speech as described under sub. (2) (a), in addition and supplementary to |
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238 | 238 | | the user's cause of action that exists under sub. (2), the attorney general or any |
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239 | 239 | | district attorney, on behalf of the user or on behalf of the state or both, may commence |
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240 | 240 | | and maintain an action with respect to the intentional censorship, separately or in |
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241 | 241 | | conjunction with an action brought under sub. (2) or under this paragraph. |
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242 | 242 | | (b) In an action under this section, the user who has the cause of action under |
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243 | 243 | | sub. (2), the attorney general, or any district attorney may intervene in the action as |
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244 | 244 | | a matter of right. |
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245 | 245 | | (5) REMEDIES. (a) If a user, or the attorney general or district attorney under |
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246 | 246 | | sub. (4), prevails in a civil action under this section, the court may award appropriate |
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247 | 247 | | relief, including all of the following: |
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248 | 248 | | 1. Any economic and noneconomic damages suffered by the user, which the |
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249 | 249 | | court shall award to the user regardless of whether the user participated in the |
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250 | 250 | | action. |
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251 | 251 | | 2. Statutory damages in an amount of not less than $75,000 for each intentional |
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252 | 252 | | act described under sub. (2). If the attorney general or district attorney under sub. |
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253 | 253 | | (4) is a prevailing party, the court shall award statutory damages related to |
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254 | 254 | | intentional censorship to the state. If the user is a prevailing party, the court shall |
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255 | 255 | | award any other statutory damages to the user. |
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256 | 256 | | 3. If aggravating factors are present, punitive damages. If the attorney general |
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257 | 257 | | or district attorney under sub. (4) is a prevailing party, the court shall award any |
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258 | 258 | | punitive damages to the state. |
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259 | 259 | | 4. Injunctive relief. |
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287 | 287 | | SECTION 1 |
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288 | 288 | | ASSEMBLY BILL 895 |
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289 | 289 | | (b) The court may award a prevailing party, including the state, in a civil action |
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290 | 290 | | under this section costs and, notwithstanding s. 814.04 (1), reasonable attorney fees. |
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291 | 291 | | The court may not assess costs or attorney fees under this paragraph against the |
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292 | 292 | | state. |
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293 | 293 | | (c) The owner or operator of a social media website may mitigate damages |
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294 | 294 | | available under par. (a) by doing any of the following within a reasonable amount of |
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295 | 295 | | time: |
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296 | 296 | | 1. Restoring from deletion or disfavor or removing the censoring or censuring |
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297 | 297 | | of a user's religious speech or political speech. |
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298 | 298 | | 2. Notifying a user that the user's religious speech or political speech has been |
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299 | 299 | | deleted, censored, disfavored, or censured or that the user has been deplatformed. |
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300 | 300 | | 3. Allowing a user who has been deplatformed to access or retrieve all of the |
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301 | 301 | | user's information, content, material, and data. |
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302 | 302 | | 4. Publishing the standards, including detailed definitions, that it uses or has |
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303 | 303 | | used for determining how to delete, censor, disfavor, and censure speech on the social |
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304 | 304 | | media website and how to deplatform and shadow ban users on the social media |
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305 | 305 | | website. |
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306 | 306 | | 5. Taking actions to apply censorship, deplatforming, and shadow banning |
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307 | 307 | | standards in a manner that is consistent among its users on the social media website, |
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308 | 308 | | and to reverse any previous actions that were taken in a manner that was |
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309 | 309 | | inconsistent among users. |
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310 | 310 | | 6. Informing each user about any changes to the social media website's user |
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311 | 311 | | rules, terms, and agreements. |
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312 | 312 | | 7. Reversing any changes to its user rules, terms, and agreements that were |
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313 | 313 | | made more frequently than once every 180 days. |
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339 | 339 | | KRP&MCP:cjs |
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340 | 340 | | SECTION 1 ASSEMBLY BILL 895 |
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341 | 341 | | 8. Providing a mechanism for a user to request the number of other users who |
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342 | 342 | | were provided or shown the user's content or posts and providing that number to the |
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343 | 343 | | user upon request. |
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344 | 344 | | (6) EXCEPTIONS. This section does not apply to any of the following: |
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345 | 345 | | (a) The owner or operator of a social media website that takes an action under |
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346 | 346 | | sub. (2) in relation to a user's speech on the social media website to which any of the |
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347 | 347 | | following applies: |
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348 | 348 | | 1. The speech calls for immediate acts of violence. |
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349 | 349 | | 2. The speech is obscene or pornographic in nature. |
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350 | 350 | | 3. The speech is the result of a court order or the sharing of the speech violates |
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351 | 351 | | a court order. |
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352 | 352 | | 4. The speech comes from an inauthentic source or involves false personation. |
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353 | 353 | | 5. The speech entices criminal conduct. |
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354 | 354 | | 6. The speech involves bullying minors. |
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355 | 355 | | 7. The speech involves financial fraud. |
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356 | 356 | | (b) The owner or operator of a social media website that is affiliated with a |
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357 | 357 | | particular religion and that deletes or censors a user's religious speech, or that uses |
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358 | 358 | | an algorithm to delete, censor, disfavor, or censure a user's religious speech, on the |
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359 | 359 | | social media website. |
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360 | 360 | | (c) The owner or operator of a social media website that is affiliated with a |
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361 | 361 | | particular political party and that deletes or censors a user's political speech, or that |
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362 | 362 | | uses an algorithm to delete, censor, disfavor, or censure a user's political speech, on |
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363 | 363 | | the social media website. |
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364 | 364 | | (d) The deleting or censoring by a user of another user's speech. |
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365 | 365 | | SECTION 2.0Initial applicability. |
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390 | 390 | | 25 - 9 -2023 - 2024 Legislature |
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391 | 391 | | LRB-0490/1 |
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392 | 392 | | KRP&MCP:cjs |
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393 | 393 | | SECTION 2 |
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394 | 394 | | ASSEMBLY BILL 895 |
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395 | 395 | | (1) This act first applies to an action by the owner or operator of a social media |
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396 | 396 | | website that occurs on the effective date of this subsection. |
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397 | 397 | | SECTION 3.0Effective date. |
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398 | 398 | | (1) This act takes effect on the 30th day after the day of publication. |
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399 | 399 | | (END) |
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