Senate Study Bill 1183 - Introduced SENATE FILE _____ BY (PROPOSED COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE BILL BY CHAIRPERSON DRISCOLL) A BILL FOR An Act providing for veterinary medicine, including the 1 care of animals under the supervision of a licensed 2 veterinarian, providing penalties, and including effective 3 date provisions. 4 BE IT ENACTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE STATE OF IOWA: 5 TLSB 1917XC (2) 90 da/ns
S.F. _____ Section 1. Section 169.3, subsection 3, Code 2023, is 1 amended to read as follows: 2 3. Animal means any nonhuman primate, dog, cat, rabbit, 3 rodent, fish, reptile, and livestock, or other vertebrate or 4 nonvertebrate life forms form , living or dead , except domestic 5 poultry . 6 Sec. 2. Section 169.3, Code 2023, is amended by adding the 7 following new subsections: 8 NEW SUBSECTION . 4A. Diagnosis means the act or process 9 of identifying or determining the health status, including 10 the diagnosis of pregnancy, sterility, or infertility, of an 11 animal through manual or laboratory examination and the opinion 12 derived from that examination. 13 NEW SUBSECTION . 7A. Livestock means an animal belonging 14 to the bovine, caprine, equine, ovine, or porcine species; farm 15 deer as defined in section 170.1; ostriches, rheas, or emus; or 16 turkeys, chickens, domestic geese or ducks, or other domestic 17 fowl. 18 NEW SUBSECTION . 10A. a. Surgery means the branch of 19 veterinary science conducted under elective or emergency 20 circumstances, that treats diseases, injuries, and deformities 21 by manual or operative methods including but not limited to 22 abdominal, cosmetic, dental, reconstructive, ophthalmic, 23 orthopedic, vascular, thoracic, and obstetric procedures. 24 b. Surgery does not include an accepted livestock 25 management practice. 26 Sec. 3. Section 169.3, subsection 10, Code 2023, is amended 27 by striking the subsection and inserting in lieu thereof the 28 following: 29 10. Practice of veterinary medicine means any of the 30 following: 31 a. Representing oneself as engaged in the practice of 32 veterinary medicine. 33 b. Using words, letters, or titles in connection with, 34 or under circumstances that may induce another person to 35 -1- LSB 1917XC (2) 90 da/ns 1/ 15
S.F. _____ believe that the person using them is engaged in, the practice 1 of veterinary medicine, veterinary surgery, or veterinary 2 dentistry. 3 c. Accepting compensation for providing veterinary medical 4 services to an animal patient by doing any of the following: 5 (1) Providing a diagnosis, treatment, or correction, or 6 providing for the prevention, of a disease, defect, injury, 7 deformity, pain, or condition of an animal. 8 (2) Prescribing, dispensing, administering, or ordering 9 the administration of a drug, including a medicine or a 10 biologic; prescribing or attaching a medical appliance; or 11 providing an application or treatment of whatever nature for 12 the prevention, cure, or relief of a disease, ailment, defect, 13 injury, deformity, pain, or other condition of an animal. 14 (3) Performing any of the following: 15 (a) A surgical operation in which an animal is diagnosed or 16 receives treatment. 17 (b) Complementary or alternative therapy in which an animal 18 receives treatment. 19 (4) Doing any of the following: 20 (a) Certifying the health, fitness, or soundness of an 21 animal. 22 (b) Performing any procedure for the diagnosis of 23 pregnancy, sterility, or infertility on an animal. 24 d. Practice of veterinary medicine does not include any of 25 the following: 26 (1) Providing authorized veterinary medical services to an 27 animal patient by veterinary auxiliary personnel, if performing 28 a delegated task when acting under a level of supervision by a 29 supervising veterinarian under subchapter II. 30 (2) Practicing animal massage therapy. 31 (a) As used in this subparagraph, animal massage therapy 32 means a method of treating the body of any animal for remedial 33 or hygienic purposes through techniques that include rubbing, 34 stroking, or kneading the body of the animal. 35 -2- LSB 1917XC (2) 90 da/ns 2/ 15
S.F. _____ (b) Animal massage therapy may be applied with or without 1 the aid of a massage device that mimics the actions possible 2 using human hands. 3 (c) Animal massage therapy does not include making 4 a diagnosis; prescribing a drug, including a medicine or 5 biologic; performing surgery; performing chiropractic care; or 6 performing acupuncture. 7 Sec. 4. Section 169.3, subsection 12, Code 2023, is amended 8 by striking the subsection. 9 Sec. 5. Section 169.4, unnumbered paragraph 1, Code 2023, 10 is amended to read as follows: 11 A person may shall not practice veterinary medicine in the 12 state who is not a licensed veterinarian or the holder of a 13 valid temporary permit issued by the board. This chapter shall 14 not be construed to prohibit any of the following : 15 Sec. 6. Section 169.4, subsections 2 and 10, Code 2023, are 16 amended to read as follows: 17 2. A person who is a veterinary student in an accredited 18 or approved college of veterinary medicine from performing 19 duties or actions assigned by instructors an instructor of 20 the college , or working acting under the direct supervision 21 direction of a licensed veterinarian or the supervision of a 22 supervising veterinarian as provided in subchapter II . The 23 board shall issue to any a veterinary medicine student who 24 attends an accredited veterinary medicine college or school 25 and who has been certified as being competent by an instructor 26 of such college or school to perform veterinary duties under 27 the direction of an instructor of veterinary medicine or under 28 the direct supervision direction of a licensed veterinarian or 29 the supervision of a supervising veterinarian , a certificate 30 authorizing the veterinary medicine student to perform such 31 functions. 32 10. A graduate of a foreign college of veterinary medicine 33 who is in the process of obtaining an ECFVG certificate for 34 performing duties or actions under the direction or supervision 35 -3- LSB 1917XC (2) 90 da/ns 3/ 15
S.F. _____ of a licensed veterinarian or the supervision of a supervising 1 veterinarian as provided in subchapter II . 2 Sec. 7. Section 169.4, subsection 9, Code 2023, is amended 3 by striking the subsection. 4 Sec. 8. Section 169.5, subsection 7, paragraph i, Code 2023, 5 is amended to read as follows: 6 i. Adopt, amend, or repeal rules relating to the 7 qualifications, standards of conduct for , and disciplinary 8 action of veterinary auxiliary personnel providing authorized 9 veterinary medical services to an animal patient under 10 subchapter II. The rules may provide for the testing of 11 veterinary technicians , and the revocation or suspension of 12 certificates issued to veterinary assistants technicians . 13 However, a certificate of registration shall not be suspended 14 or revoked by less than a two-thirds vote of the entire board 15 in a proceeding conducted in compliance with section 17A.12 . 16 Sec. 9. Section 169.19, Code 2023, is amended by adding the 17 following new subsection: 18 NEW SUBSECTION . 2A. A supervising veterinarian who 19 knowingly acts in violation of subchapter II by wrongfully 20 utilizing veterinary auxiliary personnel when providing 21 authorized veterinary medical services to an animal patient is 22 guilty of a fraudulent practice as defined in section 714.8. 23 Sec. 10. NEW SECTION . 169.31 Subchapter definitions. 24 1. Accredited or approved veterinary technology program 25 means a program in veterinary technology that is accredited by 26 the American veterinary medical association and an accrediting 27 agency that has been approved by the United States department 28 of education or its successor. 29 2. Direct supervision means a level of supervision by 30 a supervising veterinarian that occurs when the supervising 31 veterinarian is readily available and on the premises where an 32 animal patient is being provided authorized veterinary medical 33 services by veterinary auxiliary personnel. 34 3. Immediate supervision means a level of supervision by 35 -4- LSB 1917XC (2) 90 da/ns 4/ 15
S.F. _____ a supervising veterinarian that occurs when the supervising 1 veterinarian is in the immediate area, and within audible and 2 visual range, of an animal patient and veterinary auxiliary 3 personnel providing the animal patient with authorized 4 veterinary medical services. 5 4. Indirect supervision means a level of supervision by 6 a supervising veterinarian, other than direct supervision or 7 immediate supervision, that occurs when all of the following 8 apply: 9 a. The supervising veterinarian is present within the 10 veterinarians usual practice area. 11 b. The supervising veterinarian has given written protocols 12 or real-time oral instructions to veterinary auxiliary 13 personnel for the treatment of an animal for which a licensed 14 veterinarian and animal patient relationship exists. 15 c. The supervising veterinarian is readily available by 16 telephone or other means of immediate communication with the 17 veterinary auxiliary personnel providing the animal patient 18 with authorized veterinary medical services. 19 5. Level of supervision means direct supervision, 20 immediate supervision, or indirect supervision. 21 6. Registered veterinary technician means a veterinary 22 technician who has been issued a valid certificate of 23 registration by the board pursuant to section 169.34. 24 7. Supervising veterinarian means a licensed veterinarian 25 who assumes responsibility for supervising authorized 26 veterinary medical services provided to an animal patient 27 by veterinary auxiliary personnel acting under a level of 28 supervision by the licensed veterinarian. 29 8. a. Veterinary assistant means an individual employed 30 to work in veterinary practice who performs tasks at the 31 direction of a licensed veterinarian. 32 b. Veterinary assistant does not include a person who is a 33 licensed veterinarian or a veterinary technician, veterinary 34 student, or graduate from a foreign college of veterinary 35 -5- LSB 1917XC (2) 90 da/ns 5/ 15
S.F. _____ medicine. 1 9. Veterinary auxiliary personnel means a registered 2 veterinary technician, a veterinary technician who is not 3 registered, a veterinary assistant, a veterinary student, or a 4 graduate of a foreign college of veterinary medicine subject to 5 the provisions of this subchapter. 6 10. Veterinary student means an individual currently 7 admitted and in good academic standing in an accredited or 8 approved college of veterinary medicine. 9 11. Veterinary technician means an individual who has 10 graduated from an accredited or approved veterinary technology 11 program. 12 Sec. 11. NEW SECTION . 169.32 Supervising veterinarian. 13 1. A licensed veterinarian may provide veterinary medical 14 services to an animal patient by acting as a supervising 15 veterinarian exercising a level of supervision as provided in 16 this subchapter and rules adopted by the board pursuant to this 17 subchapter. 18 2. A licensed veterinarian shall not act as a supervising 19 veterinarian until the licensed veterinarian examines the 20 animal patient pursuant to acceptable practices established by 21 rules adopted by the board. 22 3. A supervising veterinarian shall determine the 23 applicable level of supervision required for veterinary 24 auxiliary personnel within the limits provided in this 25 subchapter and rules adopted by the board pursuant to this 26 subchapter. Based on that determination, the supervising 27 veterinarian shall decide the specific tasks to be delegated 28 to the veterinary auxiliary personnel within the limits of the 29 applicable level of supervision, subject to any applicable 30 rules adopted by the board, as provided in this subchapter. 31 The supervising veterinarians decision must be based on 32 factors such as the veterinary auxiliary personnels training, 33 experience, and skill. The supervising veterinarian is solely 34 responsible for both the determination and decision. 35 -6- LSB 1917XC (2) 90 da/ns 6/ 15
S.F. _____ Sec. 12. NEW SECTION . 169.33 Veterinary auxiliary personnel 1 employment. 2 A licensed veterinarian may employ any number of veterinary 3 auxiliary personnel who may be delegated tasks associated with 4 providing authorized veterinary medical services to an animal 5 patient within the limits provided in this subchapter and rules 6 adopted by the board pursuant to this subchapter. 7 Sec. 13. NEW SECTION . 169.34 Veterinary technician 8 certificate of registration. 9 1. The board shall issue a certificate of registration to a 10 veterinary technician if all of the following apply: 11 a. The veterinary technician has received a passing score on 12 a national veterinary technician examination approved by the 13 board. 14 b. The veterinary technician has submitted a complete 15 application to the board that is approved by the board subject 16 to all of the following: 17 (1) The application must be in a form prescribed by the 18 board. 19 (2) To be complete, the application must include all of the 20 following: 21 (a) Information and material required by the board. 22 (b) A registration fee in an amount established by the 23 board. 24 (c) Proof as required by the board that the applicant meets 25 the requirements of a veterinary technician. 26 2. The board may issue an endorsed certificate of 27 registration to a veterinary technician if the veterinary 28 technician holds a valid registration, certificate, license, or 29 other authorization issued by a jurisdiction recognized by the 30 board, and all of the following apply: 31 a. The veterinary technician has been actively employed as a 32 veterinary technician in a jurisdiction recognized by the board 33 under section 169.35 for at least two thousand hours during the 34 five years preceding the filing of the application with the 35 -7- LSB 1917XC (2) 90 da/ns 7/ 15
S.F. _____ board. 1 b. The veterinary technician has not previously failed and 2 not subsequently passed a veterinarian technician certification 3 examination. 4 c. The veterinary technician is not subject to an 5 investigation or disciplinary action which may result or has 6 resulted in the suspension or revocation of a registration, 7 certificate, license, or other authorization issued by a 8 jurisdiction recognized by the board. 9 d. The veterinary technician has submitted a complete 10 application to the board that is approved by the board. 11 (1) The application must be in a form prescribed by the 12 board. 13 (2) To be complete, the application must include all of the 14 following: 15 (a) Information and material required by the board. 16 (b) A registration fee in an amount established by the 17 board. 18 3. A certificate of registration issued to a veterinary 19 technician under this section does not expire. 20 4. A veterinary technician is subject to investigation and 21 disciplinary action taken by the board pursuant to section 22 272C.3. However, the board shall utilize the procedures set 23 forth in section 169.14. 24 Sec. 14. NEW SECTION . 169.35 Credentials of veterinary 25 technicians. 26 1. The board shall recognize credentials of veterinary 27 technicians issued by another state, a United States territory, 28 and a province of Canada. The board may recognize credentials 29 of veterinary technicians issued by other jurisdictions. 30 2. a. A person shall not use any recognized title, 31 abbreviation, or sign to indicate that such person is a 32 registered veterinary technician unless that person is an 33 individual who has been issued a certificate of registration 34 pursuant to section 169.34. 35 -8- LSB 1917XC (2) 90 da/ns 8/ 15
S.F. _____ b. A person who violates paragraph a commits a simple 1 misdemeanor. 2 Sec. 15. NEW SECTION . 169.36 Veterinary technician scope 3 of authority. 4 1. A veterinary technician shall only perform tasks 5 associated with providing authorized veterinary medical 6 services to an animal patient under the level of supervision 7 determined by the board according to rules adopted by the 8 board under this subchapter. The board may determine a lower 9 level of supervision is required for registered veterinary 10 technicians. The board shall adopt rules designating types 11 of tasks that a veterinary technician may perform under a 12 determined level of supervision. 13 2. A veterinary technician shall not do any of the 14 following: 15 a. Treat floating teeth. 16 b. Provide for the closure of surgical wounds and 17 lacerations. 18 c. Perform treatments for gingival resection. 19 3. A supervising veterinarian shall decide the specific 20 tasks delegated to a veterinary technician for a determined 21 level of supervision pursuant to section 169.32. 22 4. A licensed veterinarian who employs a veterinary 23 technician shall alone owe the veterinarian technician the 24 amount required to be paid in exchange for performing the 25 delegated task. 26 Sec. 16. NEW SECTION . 169.37 Veterinary assistant scope 27 of authority. 28 1. A veterinary assistant shall only perform tasks 29 associated with providing authorized veterinary medical 30 services to an animal patient under the direct supervision of a 31 licensed veterinarian. The board shall adopt rules designating 32 types of tasks that a veterinary assistant may perform under 33 that determined level of supervision. 34 2. A veterinary assistant shall not do any of the following: 35 -9- LSB 1917XC (2) 90 da/ns 9/ 15
S.F. _____ a. Treat floating teeth. 1 b. Provide for the closure of surgical wounds and 2 lacerations. 3 c. Perform gingival resection. 4 3. A supervising veterinarian shall decide the specific 5 tasks delegated to a veterinary assistant for the determined 6 level of supervision pursuant to section 169.32. 7 Sec. 17. NEW SECTION . 169.38 Veterinary student scope 8 of authority. 9 1. A veterinary student shall only perform tasks associated 10 with providing authorized veterinary medical services to an 11 animal patient under the level of supervision determined by the 12 supervising veterinarian. The determination shall be based 13 on the number of academic years successfully completed by the 14 veterinary student. 15 2. A supervising veterinarian shall decide the specific 16 tasks delegated to a veterinary student for the determined 17 level of supervision pursuant to section 169.32. 18 Sec. 18. NEW SECTION . 169.39 Graduate from foreign college 19 of veterinary medicine scope of authority. 20 1. A graduate from a foreign college of veterinary 21 medicine shall only perform tasks associated with providing 22 authorized veterinary medical services to an animal patient 23 under the level of supervision determined by the supervising 24 veterinarian. The determination shall be based on whether the 25 graduate from a foreign college of veterinary medicine holds an 26 ECFVG certificate. 27 2. A supervising veterinarian shall decide the specific 28 tasks delegated to a graduate from a foreign college of 29 veterinary medicine for the determined level of supervision 30 pursuant to section 169.32. 31 Sec. 19. Section 714.8, Code 2023, is amended by adding the 32 following new subsection: 33 NEW SUBSECTION . 22. a. Practicing veterinary medicine 34 without a valid license or temporary permit issued by the board 35 -10- LSB 1917XC (2) 90 da/ns 10/ 15
S.F. _____ of veterinary medicine pursuant to chapter 169, as described 1 in section 169.19. 2 b. Acting as a supervising veterinarian, by providing 3 veterinary medical services to an animal patient in violation 4 of chapter 169, subchapter II, as described in section 169.19. 5 Sec. 20. REPEAL. Section 169.20, Code 2023, is repealed. 6 Sec. 21. CODE EDITOR DIRECTIVES. The Code editor shall do 7 all of the following: 8 1. Create a new subchapter in chapter 169 that includes 9 sections 169.1 through 169.30. 10 2. Create a new subchapter in chapter 169 that includes 11 sections 169.31 through 169.39, as enacted in this Act. 12 3. Correct internal references in the Code and in any 13 enacted legislation as necessary due to the enactment of this 14 section. 15 Sec. 22. ADMINISTRATIVE RULES. The board of veterinary 16 medicine shall submit a notice of intended action to the 17 administrative rules coordinator and the Iowa administrative 18 code editor pursuant to section 17A.4, subsection 1, paragraph 19 a, not later than September 1, 2023, for the adoption of 20 rules required to implement this Act. 21 Sec. 23. EFFECTIVE DATE. The section of this Act requiring 22 the board of veterinary medicine to submit a notice of intended 23 action for the adoption of rules, being deemed of immediate 24 importance, takes effect upon enactment. 25 EXPLANATION 26 The inclusion of this explanation does not constitute agreement with 27 the explanations substance by the members of the general assembly. 28 GENERAL. This bill amends the Iowa Veterinary Practice 29 Act (Code chapter 169) regulating the practice of veterinary 30 medicine by individuals receiving a doctor of veterinary 31 medicine degree or equivalent (veterinarians) (amended Code 32 section 162.3) and licensed by the Iowa board of veterinary 33 medicine (board) by examination or endorsement (licensed 34 veterinarians) (Code sections 169.4, 169.9, and 169.10). The 35 -11- LSB 1917XC (2) 90 da/ns 11/ 15
S.F. _____ board may issue a temporary permit to certain members of the 1 college of veterinary medicine of Iowa state university of 2 science and technology or persons waiting to be licensed (Code 3 sections 169.4 and 169.11). The bill provides definitions 4 of terms used throughout the Code chapter and creates a 5 new subchapter authorizing certain individuals to provide 6 authorized veterinary medical services to animals in a manner 7 that would otherwise constitute the practice of veterinary 8 medicine, so long as the authorized veterinary medical services 9 are provided under the supervision of a licensed veterinarian 10 (supervising veterinarian). 11 DEFINITIONS. The bill amends the term animal to expressly 12 include livestock. The bill provides new definitions for 13 the terms diagnosis and surgery. The bill rewrites the 14 definition of practice of veterinary medicine to include 15 an action taken for compensation that involves providing 16 authorized veterinary medical services to animals, including by 17 providing a diagnosis or treatment, prescribing, dispensing, 18 or administering or ordering the administration of a drug or 19 appliance, or taking an action associated with the prevention, 20 cure, or relief of disease or injury. The term does not 21 include taking an action under the direction of a supervising 22 veterinarian or practicing animal massage therapy (amended Code 23 section 169.3). 24 SUPERVISION BY LICENSED VETERINARIAN VETERINARY AUXILIARY 25 PERSONNEL. The bill provides that a licensed veterinarian 26 may act as a supervising veterinarian directing certain 27 individuals in performing delegated tasks under different 28 levels of supervision. Such an individual is classified as a 29 veterinary auxiliary personnel and includes (1) a veterinary 30 technician who has graduated from an accredited or approved 31 veterinary technology program, (2) a veterinary assistant who 32 has not graduated from that program, (3) a veterinary student 33 attending a college of veterinary medicine, and (4) a graduate 34 of a foreign college of veterinary medicine. The levels of 35 -12- LSB 1917XC (2) 90 da/ns 12/ 15
S.F. _____ supervision allowing a supervising veterinarian to delegate 1 tasks to veterinary auxiliary personnel include: (1) direct 2 supervision in which the supervising veterinarian is on the 3 premises where the animal patient is being cared for, (2) 4 immediate supervision in which a supervising veterinarian is 5 in the immediate area of the animal patient, and (3) indirect 6 supervision in which a supervising veterinarian is available by 7 telephone or other means of immediate communication. 8 SUPERVISION BY LICENSED VETERINARIAN DUTY. A licensed 9 veterinarian cannot act as a supervising veterinarian until 10 examining the animal patient. A supervising veterinarian must 11 decide the applicable level of supervision subject to the 12 requirements in the bill and the tasks that may be delegated to 13 the veterinary auxiliary personnel which may be based on the 14 level of supervision required and the training, experience, and 15 skill of the veterinary auxiliary personnel (new Code section 16 169.32). 17 VETERINARY AUXILIARY PERSONNEL CERTIFICATION OF 18 VETERINARY TECHNICIAN. The bill provides for the boards 19 certification of veterinary technicians as registered 20 veterinary technicians. An application may be based on 21 either: (1) passing a national exam (veterinary technician 22 national examination or VTNE) or (2) by endorsement when the 23 applicant veterinary technician has been actively employed as a 24 veterinarian technician in another jurisdiction for at least 25 2,000 hours during the prior five years. In each case, the 26 application must be completed as required by the board and 27 include a fee for an amount established by the board (new Code 28 section 169.34). The bill provides that a person who is not 29 registered commits a simple misdemeanor by wrongfully claiming 30 to hold such a credential. 31 VETERINARY AUXILIARY PERSONNEL SCOPE OF AUTHORITY. Each 32 type of veterinary auxiliary personnel is subject to its own 33 level of supervision which includes associated tasks that 34 may be delegated. For a veterinary technician, the level is 35 -13- LSB 1917XC (2) 90 da/ns 13/ 15
S.F. _____ established by rules adopted by the board which also provides 1 for associated tasks that may be delegated. For a veterinary 2 assistant, the level is restricted to direct supervision and 3 the board by rule provides for associated tasks that may be 4 delegated. For a veterinary student, the level of supervision 5 and the associated tasks that may be delegated are determined 6 by the supervising veterinarian based on the number of academic 7 years that the student has successfully completed. For a 8 graduate from a foreign college of veterinary medicine, the 9 level of supervision and associated tasks that may be delegated 10 are also determined by the supervising veterinarian based on 11 whether the graduate holds a current certificate issued by the 12 American veterinary medical association educational commission 13 for foreign veterinary graduates (ECFVG). 14 ADMINISTRATIVE RULES. The bill requires the board to begin 15 the process of adopting rules required to implement the bills 16 provisions by September 1, 2023. These provisions take effect 17 upon enactment. 18 PROHIBITIONS. A person who acts in violation of 19 requirements governing veterinary medicine may be guilty of 20 a fraudulent practice. This includes practicing veterinary 21 medicine without a valid license or temporary permit (Code 22 sections 169.4, 169.11, and 714.8). The bill provides that it 23 also includes a supervising veterinarian who knowingly wrongly 24 utilizes veterinary auxiliary personnel to provide medical care 25 to an animal (amended Code sections 169.19 and 714.8). 26 PENALTIES. A simple misdemeanor is punishable by 27 confinement for no more than 30 days and a fine of at least $105 28 but not more than $855. The penalties for fraudulent practice 29 range from a simple misdemeanor to a class C felony depending 30 upon the amount of money or value of the property involved. A 31 serious misdemeanor is punishable by confinement for no more 32 than one year and a fine of at least $430 but not more than 33 $2,560. An aggravated misdemeanor is punishable by confinement 34 for no more than two years and a fine of at least $855 but 35 -14- LSB 1917XC (2) 90 da/ns 14/ 15
S.F. _____ not more than $8,540. A class D felony is punishable by 1 confinement for no more than five years and a fine of at least 2 $1,025 but not more than $10,245. A class C felony is 3 punishable by confinement for no more than 10 years and a fine 4 of at least $1,370 but not more than $13,660 (Code sections 5 714.8 to 714.14). 6 -15- LSB 1917XC (2) 90 da/ns 15/ 15