STATE OF NEW YORK ________________________________________________________________________ 3286 2025-2026 Regular Sessions IN SENATE January 24, 2025 ___________ Introduced by Sens. MYRIE, COMRIE, KRUEGER -- read twice and ordered printed, and when printed to be committed to the Committee on Codes AN ACT to amend the criminal procedure law, in relation to motions for resentencing by the people The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assem- bly, do enact as follows: 1 Section 1. The Legislature finds and declares the following: 2 1. People who commit crimes grow and change over time. The commission 3 of a crime--no matter the offense--need not define a person forever. 4 Continued incarceration of people who no longer pose a risk to community 5 safety is not in the public interest and only makes our State and socie- 6 ty less humane. 7 2. Yet after a person is sentenced, we provide few meaningful mech- 8 anisms to review the length of that sentence based on how a person 9 responds to incarceration. We limit these opportunities even though at 10 the time of sentencing, all involved--including prosecutors, judges, 11 defense attorneys, and even the person sentenced--are not positioned to 12 determine with any precision how long a sentence needs to be in order to 13 fulfill the purpose of incarceration. It is impossible to predict how 14 individuals will develop during incarceration. 15 3. The result of this system is thousands of people still serving 16 prison terms despite having long-since been rehabilitated. Our system 17 traps tens of thousands of people in New York's prisons who are not a 18 safety risk, many for life or de facto life sentences. 19 4. Our failure to provide a meaningful opportunity for release also 20 traps a large number of people in prison who are serving sentences 21 imposed during the tough-on-crime era that we would not impose today. 22 5. Our overreliance on lengthy sentences helped explode New York's 23 prison population. 24 a. In 1980, New York incarcerated just over 20,000 people. Despite 25 recent efforts to reduce the state's prison population, there remain EXPLANATION--Matter in italics (underscored) is new; matter in brackets [ ] is old law to be omitted. LBD06371-01-5
S. 3286 2 1 over 45,000 people in our State's prisons, and over 70,000 people when 2 jail and prison populations are combined. Even with recent reductions, 3 New York's incarceration rate remains nearly 2.5-times what it was in 4 1980, as the State incarcerates 249 people per 100,000. 5 b. Currently, more than 9,000 people in New York prisons are serving a 6 life or virtual life sentence. This is the ninth highest percentage of 7 people in prison serving such sentences in the country. 8 c. Too many people are serving life sentences for crimes committed 9 before they even turned twenty years old. 10 d. Over a third of people in New York's prisons are serving sentences 11 of 10 years or more; more than 8,500 people have been in prison for at 12 least 20 years. 13 e. Over 90% of people in prison in New York are incarcerated for 14 either a first or second felony offense and more than 40% had never 15 previously served a jail or prison sentence. 16 6. New York's reliance on determinate sentences has particularly 17 contributed to the increased number of people serving sentences who no 18 longer pose a risk to public safety. A person serving a determinate 19 sentence in New York must serve at least 6/7 of the sentence before 20 release is possible. 21 a. The total number of people serving a determinate sentence has 22 tripled since 2001. 23 b. Currently 60% of people in prison are serving a determinate 24 sentence. 25 c. 98% of all people convicted of a drug crime in New York are serving 26 determinate sentences. 27 7. Though there have been incremental improvements in recent years, 28 New York's current system of parole provides little relief for those 29 facing lengthy sentences who have been rehabilitated. Of the over 12,000 30 people who sought release through parole in 2017, more than 7,500 people 31 were denied (63%). 32 8. Incarcerating people for long periods of time--long after a person 33 presents a risk of danger--takes away tax dollars that could be used for 34 health care, housing, education, and infrastructure. 35 a. The current average cost of imprisoning a person in New York is 36 $69,000 per year. In contrast, New York spends less than $20,000 a year 37 per student it educates. 38 b. The Fiscal Year 2020 executive budget recommended $3.38 billion for 39 the Department of Corrections and Community Supervision, an $84.2 40 million increase from the previous fiscal year. New York State prisons 41 spend $380.6 million alone on health care costs, a 20% increase from 42 three years earlier. 43 c. The increasing health care costs are largely due to New York's 44 aging prison population. It costs more to incarcerate a person as that 45 person ages because of increased health costs, and there are more than 46 10,000 people in our prisons over the age of 50. And since 1992, the 47 number of people age 50 and older incarcerated in New York State prisons 48 has steadily increased, while the population of every other age group 49 has declined dramatically. 50 9. Lengthy incarceration separates families and communities and has 51 decimated communities of color. 52 a. 61% of all people in prison in New York have at least one child, 53 including more than 70% of all women in prison. 54 b. People of color are incarcerated at disproportionate rates. A 55 Latinx person is three times more likely than a white person to be in a 56 New York prison and an African American person is eight times more like-
S. 3286 3 1 ly than a white person to be there. Though African Americans make up 2 18% of the state's population, they represent 48.2% of those the state 3 incarcerates. 4 10. New York's sentencing laws stand out when compared to the rest of 5 the world in terms of their unique cruelty and punitiveness. 6 a. It is rare for a European country to have a sentence longer than 20 7 years, and many do not have life sentences. 8 b. In Latin America, only 6 out of 19 countries allow life sentences. 9 c. Many countries allow for parole release, like Belgium, which 10 requires parole review after ten years and Germany after 15. 11 d. If New York state were a country, it would have the fifth highest 12 incarceration rate in the world. 13 11. The actions of District Attorneys have had an oversized impact on 14 the growth of prison populations since the 1980s. 15 12. The goal of prison is to protect public safety and promote reha- 16 bilitation. The continued incarceration of those who no longer present a 17 serious risk to the public's safety meets neither of those goals. 18 District Attorneys currently have no mechanism to revisit cases from the 19 past in which their office recommended sentences that today would be 20 viewed as excessive, or which no longer meet the goals of incarceration. 21 District Attorneys should be able to move for a modified sentence when 22 an incarcerated person has served a substantial amount of time in prison 23 on the original sentence, specifically: at least 20 years in prison for 24 an A felony or at least 15 years in prison for any other felony. 25 13. Providing District Attorneys with an opportunity to move to reduce 26 a sentence will not risk public safety. Research has consistently shown 27 that: 28 a. Individuals age out of committing crimes, even those convicted of 29 the most serious offenses. 30 (A) By the time individuals reach their thirties, their odds of 31 committing future crimes drop dramatically. While crime starts to peak 32 when a person is in their late teenage years to mid-20s, crime drops 33 "sharply" as adults reach their 30s. 34 (B) Much of this is due to neurological changes, which take place in 35 profound ways up until an individual turns 26. The prefrontal cortex, 36 which is highly involved in executive functioning and behavior control, 37 continues to develop until age 26, making it harder for young people to 38 make what adults consider logical and appropriate decisions. 39 b. Similarly, the odds of recidivism decrease significantly with age, 40 and a person's age--not whether they commit a prior violent crime--is 41 the number one predictor of whether a person will commit a new crime 42 once released from prison. 43 (A) Released individuals over the age of 50 have a very low recidivism 44 rate; in New York state, just 5 percent of people released from prison 45 aged 50 to 64 return to prison for new offenses; among those aged 65 or 46 higher, the rate of new offending is just six-tenths of 1 percent. 47 (B) The Office of Inspector General of the US Department of Justice 48 has found that older people in prison commit less misconduct while 49 incarcerated and have a lower rate of re-arrest once released, and has 50 recommended the early release of older people in prison to help manage 51 the population of incarcerated individuals and reduce costs at the 52 Bureau of Prisons. 53 (C) Several studies, state policies and programs, and the National 54 Institute of Corrections of the Bureau of Prisons, consider incarcerated 55 individuals aged 50 and above to be elderly because incarcerated people 56 age at an accelerated rate. They are more likely than the general public
S. 3286 4 1 to experience stresses like long histories of alcohol and drug misuse, 2 insufficient diet, lack of medical care, financial struggles, and stress 3 of maintaining safety while behind bars. 4 c. Decreasing sentences does not increase crime. 5 (A) Between 1996 and 2016, New York city reduced its jail and prison 6 population by 55% while also reducing its violent crime by 58%. 7 (B) A recent Brennan Center for Justice report documented 34 states, 8 including New York, that reduced both their prison population and their 9 crime rates. 10 (C) The Sentencing Project concluded that lengthy prison terms are 11 counterproductive for public safety. 12 (D) The Justice Policy Institute found little to no correlation 13 between time spent in prison and recidivism rates. 14 14. A District Attorney's ethical obligation is not just to secure 15 convictions and sentences, but to do justice. This act will allow DAs to 16 fulfill this ethical obligation by moving to reduce sentences where the 17 interest of justice demands it. 18 15. This act does not relieve people of the consequences of criminal 19 conduct; rather, it provides a District Attorney with the opportunity to 20 seek a reduced sentence and allows a judge to make the decision after 21 reviewing all current and relevant information. This act will help make 22 our policies consistent with the reality that many--though certainly not 23 all--people that we incarcerate have since grown, changed, and been 24 rehabilitated to the point where continued incarceration no longer is 25 required to protect the public. 26 § 2. The criminal procedure law is amended by adding a new section 27 440.48 to read as follows: 28 § 440.48 Motion for resentence; by the people. 29 1. Where a defendant is serving a sentence of incarceration for a 30 determinate or indeterminate sentence, the court in which the judgment 31 was entered, upon motion of the people, may set aside the sentence and 32 resentence the defendant if such resentencing is in the interest of 33 justice. 34 2. The people may make a motion for resentence after a defendant has 35 served at least twenty years of a sentence for a class A felony, or at 36 least fifteen years of any other sentence, including a sentence received 37 following a guilty plea. The motion shall be made upon reasonable notice 38 to the defendant and to the attorney if any who appeared for the defend- 39 ant in the last proceeding which occurred in connection with the judg- 40 ment or sentence. 41 3. The modified sentence imposed by the court shall not require the 42 defendant to serve more than the remainder of the original sentence and 43 may be below the statutory mandatory minimum term of imprisonment for 44 the offense. In calculating the modified sentence to be served by the 45 defendant, such defendant may be credited for any jail time credited 46 towards the subject conviction as well as any period of incarceration 47 credited toward the sentence originally imposed. 48 4. The court shall give notice of any sentence-modification 49 proceedings to victims or the family of the victims, if they can be 50 located with reasonable efforts. Victims and victims' families shall be 51 afforded an opportunity to be heard. 52 5. In considering an application made pursuant to this section, the 53 court shall consider any facts or circumstances relevant to whether 54 resentencing the defendant would be in the interest of justice, includ- 55 ing but not limited to:
S. 3286 5 1 (a) whether the defendant can be returned safely to the community, 2 including but not limited to: 3 (i) whether there is a reasonable probability that if released, the 4 defendant will live and remain at liberty without violating the law; or 5 (ii) evidence that reflects whether age, amount of time served, or 6 diminished physical condition or health, if any, have reduced the 7 defendant's risk for future violence; 8 (b) the defendant's disciplinary record while incarcerated; 9 (c) any measures the defendant has taken toward rehabilitation, such 10 as the defendant's record of participation or willingness to participate 11 in programming and treatment while incarcerated; 12 (d) the age of the defendant and the number of years the defendant has 13 already served of the original sentence; 14 (e) any victim impact statement from the original sentencing and any 15 supplemental statement made to the court by the victim or the victim's 16 family pursuant to this section; 17 (f) the recommendation of the department of correction and community 18 supervision; and 19 (g) evidence that reflects that circumstances have changed since the 20 defendant's original sentencing so that the defendant's continued incar- 21 ceration is no longer in the interest of justice. 22 § 3. This act shall take effect immediately.